The foreign relations of Peru are managed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. is an important first-tier state in South America,[1] Peru has been a member of the United Nations since 1945,[2] and Peruvian Javier Pérez de Cuéllar served as UN Secretary General from 1981 to 1991. Former President Alberto Fujimori's tainted re-election to a third term in June 2000 strained Peru's relations with the United States and with many Latin American and European countries, mainly small countries like Yemen but relations improved with the installation of an interim government in November 2000 and the inauguration of Alejandro Toledo in July 2001.
Peru is planning full integration into the Andean Free Trade Area. In addition, Peru is a standing member of APEC and the World Trade Organization, and is an active participant in negotiations toward a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).
Diplomatic relations
editList of countries which Peru maintains diplomatic relations with:
# | Country | Date |
---|---|---|
1 | Colombia | 6 July 1822[3] |
2 | Chile | 8 October 1822[4] |
3 | Mexico | 23 January 1823[5] |
4 | United Kingdom | 10 October 1823[6] |
5 | Bolivia | 24 June 1826[7] |
6 | Brazil | 3 February 1827[8] |
7 | United States | 21 May 1827[9] |
8 | Ecuador | 26 September 1831[10] |
— | Venezuela (suspended)[11] | 23 December 1833[12] |
9 | Denmark | 18 May 1848[13] |
10 | Belgium | 16 May 1850[14] |
11 | Costa Rica | 28 April 1851[15] |
12 | Uruguay | 21 April 1852[16] |
13 | Portugal | 26 March 1853[17] |
14 | Guatemala | 20 April 1857[18] |
15 | El Salvador | 10 July 1857[19] |
16 | Nicaragua | 5 October 1857[20] |
17 | Paraguay | 5 February 1858[21] |
18 | France | 9 March 1861[22] |
19 | Italy | 25 February 1864[23] |
20 | Japan | 21 August 1873[24] |
21 | Dominican Republic | 6 April 1874[25] |
— | Holy See | 10 October 1877[26] |
22 | Spain | 15 November 1879[27] |
23 | Switzerland | 1884[28] |
24 | Argentina | 20 December 1885[29] |
25 | Cuba | 11 January 1905[30] |
26 | Panama | 2 March 1908[31] |
27 | Netherlands | 13 May 1921[32] |
28 | Czech Republic | 11 July 1922[33] |
29 | Norway | 3 August 1923[34] |
30 | Poland | 6 September 1923[35] |
31 | Sweden | 11 February 1938[36] |
32 | Romania | 10 October 1939[37] |
33 | Haiti | 13 December 1939[38] |
34 | Canada | 30 January 1944[39] |
35 | Austria | 2 November 1949[40] |
36 | Lebanon | 1949[41] |
37 | Germany | 28 June 1951[42] |
38 | Turkey | 1952[43] |
— | Sovereign Military Order of Malta | 15 April 1953[44] |
39 | Honduras | 21 December 1957[45] |
40 | Israel | 1 January 1958[46] |
41 | Luxembourg | 16 June 1962[47] |
42 | Australia | 1 March 1963[48] |
43 | India | 25 March 1963[49] |
44 | Finland | 29 March 1963[50] |
45 | South Korea | 1 April 1963[51] |
46 | Egypt | 7 October 1963[52] |
47 | Morocco | 18 June 1964[53] |
48 | Ivory Coast | 18 August 1964[54] |
49 | Thailand | 10 November 1965[55] |
50 | Niger | November 1965[56] |
51 | Greece | 3 December 1965[57] |
52 | Burkina Faso | March 1966[58] |
53 | Cyprus | 12 September 1966[59] |
54 | Tunisia | 30 May 1967[60] |
55 | Ethiopia | 10 September 1967[61] |
56 | Iceland | 14 November 1967[62] |
57 | Trinidad and Tobago | 5 February 1968[63] |
58 | Barbados | 29 February 1968[64] |
59 | Russia | 1 February 1969[65] |
60 | Hungary | 16 April 1969[66] |
61 | Bulgaria | 18 April 1969[67] |
62 | Serbia | 12 December 1969[68] |
63 | Jamaica | 29 April 1970[69] |
64 | Zambia | 5 October 1970[70] |
65 | Nigeria | 5 July 1971[71] |
66 | Guyana | 17 July 1971[72] |
67 | China | 2 November 1971[73] |
68 | Albania | 6 December 1971[74] |
69 | Algeria | 10 March 1972[75] |
70 | New Zealand | 4 July 1972[76] |
71 | Iran | 20 November 1973[77] |
72 | Libya | 28 April 1974[78] |
73 | Pakistan | 1 September 1974[79] |
74 | Philippines | 30 November 1974[80] |
75 | Guinea | 8 January 1975[81] |
76 | Sri Lanka | 17 March 1975[82] |
77 | Republic of the Congo | 12 July 1975[83] |
78 | Tanzania | 12 July 1975[83] |
79 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 3 August 1975[84] |
80 | Indonesia | 12 August 1975[85] |
81 | Syria | 16 August 1975[86] |
82 | Kuwait | 1 December 1975[87] |
83 | Iraq | 1975[88] |
84 | Nepal | 28 January 1976[89] |
85 | Kenya | 25 February 1976[90] |
86 | Cambodia | 31 May 1976[91] |
87 | Malta | 27 April 1977[92] |
88 | Suriname | 22 June 1978[93] |
89 | Singapore | 27 October 1980[94] |
90 | Equatorial Guinea | 28 April 1981[95] |
91 | Bangladesh | February 1983[96] |
92 | Grenada | 16 March 1983[97][98] |
93 | Papua New Guinea | 14 September 1983[99] |
94 | Kiribati | 29 October 1983[100] |
95 | Fiji | 1983[101] |
96 | Tonga | 20 January 1984[102] |
97 | Samoa | 23 January 1984[103] |
98 | Nauru | 1984[104] |
99 | Antigua and Barbuda | 24 June 1985[105] |
100 | Angola | 6 September 1985[106] |
101 | Jordan | 21 October 1985[107] |
102 | Saint Lucia | 1985[108] |
103 | Mozambique | 25 February 1986[109] |
104 | Dominica | 18 March 1986[110] |
105 | Saudi Arabia | 19 March 1986[111] |
106 | Malaysia | 24 April 1986[112] |
107 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 5 May 1986[109] |
108 | Oman | 14 May 1986[109] |
109 | Vanuatu | 30 May 1986[109] |
110 | United Arab Emirates | 17 June 1986[113] |
111 | Guinea-Bissau | 29 September 1986[114] |
— | Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (suspended) | 5 May 1987[115] |
112 | Ghana | 23 June 1987[109] |
113 | Cape Verde | 1 November 1988[116] |
114 | North Korea | 15 December 1988[117] |
115 | Maldives | 6 February 1989[109] |
116 | Myanmar | 17 April 1989[109] |
117 | Laos | 27 April 1989[109] |
118 | São Tomé and Príncipe | 4 May 1989[109] |
119 | Sierra Leone | 15 May 1989[109] |
120 | Eswatini | 8 June 1989[109] |
121 | Lesotho | 21 July 1989[109] |
122 | Qatar | 7 November 1989[118] |
123 | Brunei | 1 June 1990[119] |
124 | Mauritania | 19 June 1990[109] |
125 | Namibia | 11 July 1990[109] |
126 | Marshall Islands | 14 November 1991[120] |
127 | Belize | 27 November 1991[109] |
128 | Seychelles | 15 January 1992[109] |
129 | Federated States of Micronesia | 7 May 1992[109] |
130 | Ukraine | 7 May 1992[109] |
131 | Armenia | 9 September 1992[121] |
132 | Slovenia | 9 September 1992[122] |
133 | Slovakia | 1 January 1993[123] |
134 | Croatia | 12 January 1993[124] |
135 | South Africa | 28 July 1993[125] |
136 | Vietnam | 14 November 1994[109] |
137 | Estonia | 27 July 1995[126] |
138 | Moldova | 11 August 1995[127] |
139 | Azerbaijan | 25 June 1996[109] |
140 | Liechtenstein | 5 July 1996[128] |
141 | Latvia | 23 July 1996[109] |
142 | Kazakhstan | 6 February 1997[129] |
143 | Belarus | 19 February 1997[130] |
144 | Turkmenistan | 7 May 1997[131] |
145 | Mongolia | 30 May 1997[109] |
146 | Andorra | 3 June 1997[109] |
147 | Lithuania | 9 June 1997[109] |
148 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 23 January 1998[132] |
149 | Mali | 16 July 1998[133] |
150 | Ireland | 27 June 1999[134] |
151 | Kyrgyzstan | 2 July 1999[109] |
152 | Uzbekistan | 22 December 1999[109] |
153 | Tajikistan | 21 January 2000[109] |
154 | East Timor | 30 September 2002[135] |
155 | Zimbabwe | 12 December 2004[136] |
156 | North Macedonia | 29 June 2005[109] |
157 | San Marino | 29 September 2005[137] |
158 | Montenegro | 12 September 2006[138] |
159 | Bahrain | 22 September 2009[109] |
160 | Georgia | 14 January 2010[109] |
161 | Monaco | 13 October 2010[139] |
— | State of Palestine | 12 November 2010[140] |
162 | Solomon Islands | 14 March 2012[109] |
163 | Tuvalu | 29 March 2012[109] |
164 | Afghanistan | 27 September 2012[141] |
165 | Sudan | 22 July 2013[142] |
— | Cook Islands | September 2017[143] |
166 | Benin | 22 November 2017[144] |
167 | Rwanda | 7 December 2017[145] |
168 | Togo | 18 December 2017[146] |
169 | Djibouti | 28 February 2018[147] |
170 | Palau | 14 February 2019[148] |
— | Niue | 13 July 2020[149] |
171 | Uganda | 4 June 2021[109] |
172 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 24 April 2023[150] |
173 | Gabon | 3 August 2023[151] |
174 | Bahamas | Unknown |
175 | Cameroon | Unknown |
176 | Senegal | Unknown |
Bilateral relations
editAfrica
editCountry | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Algeria | 10 March 1972 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 March 1972[152] |
Angola | 6 September 1985 | |
Burkina Faso | March 1966 |
|
Congo-Brazzaville | 12 July 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 July 1975[83] |
Egypt | 7 October 1963 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1963.[155]
|
Ghana | 23 June 1987 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1987[156] |
Kenya | 25 February 1976 |
Peru formerly had an embassy from 1987 to 1990. The embassy in Nairobi was re-opened in 2023.[157]
|
Libya | 28 April 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1974.[158]
|
Morocco | 18 June 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1964[159] |
Namibia | 11 July 1990 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1990[160] |
Nigeria | 5 July 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1971[162]
|
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | 5 May 1987, broken 9 September 1996 8 September 2021, broken 18 August 2022 15 September 2022, broken 8 September 2023[163] |
|
South Africa | 28 July 1993 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 July 1993[171] |
Sudan | October 7, 1988 | |
Tanzania | 12 August 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 1975[83] |
Tunisia | September 1966 | |
Zambia | 5 October 1970 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1970[173] |
Zimbabwe | March 1986 |
Americas
editCountry | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Argentina | 10 July 1822 |
|
Bolivia | 24 June 1826 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1826[177] |
Brazil | 3 February 1827 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1827.[178] |
Canada | 30 January 1944 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 January 1944[179]
|
Chile | 8 October 1822 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 October 1822[183]
In November 1999, Peru and Chile signed three agreements which put to rest the remaining obstacles holding up implementation of the 1929 Treaty of Lima, which officially ended the 1879 War of the Pacific. In December 1999, President Alberto Fujimori made the first visit ever to Chile by a Peruvian head of state. Relations between the two nations have since mostly recovered. In 2005, the Peruvian Congress unilaterally approved a law which increased the stated sea limit with Chile. This law superseded the Peruvian supreme decree 781 for same purpose from 1947, which had autolimited its maritime border to geographical parallels only. Peru's position was that the border has never been fully demarcated, but Chile disagreed reminding on treaties in 1952 and 1954 between the countries, which supposedly defined seaborder. The border problem has still not been solved. However, Chile's Michelle Bachelet and Peru's Alan García have established a positive diplomatic relationship, and it is very unlikely any hostilities will break out because of the dispute. Nevertheless, in early April 2007, Peruvian nationalistic sectors, mainly represented by left wing ex-presidential candidate Ollanta Humala decided to congregate at 'hito uno' right at the border with Chile, in a symbolic attempt to claim sovereignty over a maritime area known in Peru as Mar de Grau (Grau's Sea) just west of the Chilean city of Arica. Peruvian police stopped a group of nearly 2,000 people just 10 km from the border, preventing them from reaching their intended destination. Despite these incidents, the presidents of both Chile and Peru have confirmed their intentions to improve the relationships between the two countries, mainly fueled by the huge amount of commercial exchange between both countries' private sectors. |
Colombia | 6 July 1822 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1822.[184] |
Costa Rica | 28 April 1851 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1851[185] |
Cuba | 11 January 1905 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 January 1905.[186] |
Dominican Republic | 6 April 1874 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 April 1874[187]
|
Ecuador | 26 September 1831 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1831[188]
|
El Salvador | 10 July 1857 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1857[191]
|
Guatemala | 20 April 1857 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 April 1857[192]
|
Guyana | 17 July 1971 |
|
Haiti | 1929 |
|
Honduras | 5 August 1856 |
|
Jamaica | 29 April 1970 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1970[197] |
Mexico | 23 January 1823 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 1823[198]
Peru and Mexico have historically had a unique relationship solidly based on that they share two of the most significant ancient cultures in the Americas. Both countries have expressed solidarity over the need to defend the recovery of cultural and archaeological heritage in the form of artifacts that have been illegally stolen from Peru and Mexico and which are to this date, illegally or legitimately kept in foreign locations. Peru's President Alan García and Mexico's Felipe Calderón signed a joint declaration in April 2011 aimed at deepening the two countries' friendship, cooperation, integration, trade, investments and the permanent fight against poverty and organized crime. The two countries aim to achieve a new model of integration within Latin America, and to represent a positive, realistic, and active example of integration amongst two "brotherly" nations.
|
Nicaragua | 28 June 1850 | |
Panama | 2 March 1908 | [201]
|
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 March 1908
Paraguay | 5 February 1858 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 February 1858[202]
|
Suriname | 23 June 1978 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1978[205]
|
Trinidad and Tobago | 5 February 1968 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 February 1968[207]
|
United States | 2 May 1826 | |
Uruguay | 13 November 1858 |
|
Venezuela | 17 February 1853 | In October 2021, the leftist government of Peru re-established diplomatic relations with the leftist Venezuelan government of President Nicolas Maduro after four years.[209] |
Asia
editCountry | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Afghanistan | 27 September 2012 |
|
Armenia | 9 September 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1992.[211]
|
Azerbaijan | 25 June 1996 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1996[212] |
Bahrain | 22 September 2009 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 2009[213]
|
Bangladesh | 28 February 1983 |
|
China | 2 November 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1971[214]
|
China (ROC) | 26 June 1874, broken 2 November 1971 |
|
Georgia | 14 January 2010 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 January 2010[215] |
India | 25 March 1963 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March 1963[216] |
Indonesia | 12 August 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 1975[217] |
Iran | 20 November 1973 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1973[218] |
Iraq | 11 October 1975 and 11 July 2012 renew diplomatic relations | |
Israel | 20 August 1957 |
|
Japan | 21 August 1873 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 August 1873.[223] |
Kazakhstan | 6 February 1997 |
|
Kuwait | 1 December 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1975[227]
|
Malaysia | 24 April 1986 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 April 1986[228]
|
Mongolia | 30 May 1997 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 May 1997[229] |
Nepal | 28 January 1976 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1976[230]
|
North Korea | 15 December 1988 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1988[231] |
Palestine | 30 April 2011 | |
Philippines | 30 November 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1974[233] |
Qatar | 7 November 1989 | At an official level, both countries began diplomatic relations in 1989.[234] |
Saudi Arabia | 19 March 1986[161] | |
Singapore | 27 October 1980 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1980[235] |
South Korea | 1 April 1963 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1963[236] |
Thailand | 10 November 1965 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1965.[237] |
Turkey | 1952[238] | |
United Arab Emirates | 17 June 1986 |
|
Uzbekistan | 22 December 1999 |
|
Vietnam | 14 November 1994 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1994[240] |
Europe
editCountry | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Albania | 6 December 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1971[241]
|
Andorra | 3 June 1997 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1997[242] |
Austria | 2 November 1949[243] | |
Belarus | 19 February 1997 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 1997[245] In 1999, Foreign Minister Sergei Martynov visited Peru.[246]
|
Belgium | 1 April 1852 |
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 23 January 1998 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 1998[247]
|
Bulgaria | 18 April 1969 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1969[248] |
Croatia | 12 January 1993 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1993[250]
|
Cyprus | 19 September 1966 | |
Czech Republic | 11 July 1922, broken 4 October 1957, restored 27 December 1968 ( with Czech Republic from 2 January 1993) | Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 27 December 1968[255]
|
Denmark | ||
Estonia | 27 July 1995 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 July 1995[258]
|
Finland | 29 March 1963 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 March 1963[260]
|
European Union | 2000[261] | |
France | 1826 | |
Germany | 28 June 1951 (Federal Republic) 28 December 1972 – 1990 (Democratic Republic) |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1871.[262]
|
Greece | 3 December 1965 | |
Hungary | 16 April 1969 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 April 1969[264] |
Iceland | 14 November 1967 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1967[265] |
Ireland | 27 June 1999 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1999[266]
|
Italy | 23 December 1874 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1874[267] |
Latvia | 23 July 1996 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 July 1996[270] |
Liechtenstein | 5 July 1996 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1996[271]
|
Lithuania | 9 June 1997 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1997[272]
|
Luxembourg | 14 June 1962 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 June 1962[273][274] |
Malta | 27 April 1977 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1977[275] |
Netherlands | 1 February 1826 | |
Norway | 3 August 1923 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1923[276] |
Poland | 6 September 1923 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 September 1923.[277] Peru refused to recognize the Polish government in London on December 29, 1945. Peru and Poland re-established diplomatic relations on 14 April 1969.[278] |
Portugal | 26 March 1853 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 March 1853[281] |
Romania | 10 October 1939, broken 5 March 1942, Re-established diplomatic relations 9 November 1968 |
Diplomatic relations' level:
Diplomatic relations' timeline:
|
Russia | 16 May 1874 to 1918 1 February 1969 |
|
San Marino | 24 February 2005 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 2005[285] |
Serbia | 10 December 1968 |
|
Slovakia | 1 January 1993 |
|
Sovereign Military Order of Malta | 15 April 1953 | |
Spain | 15 November 1879 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 1879[288] |
Sweden | 11 February 1938 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1938.[291] |
Switzerland | 16 September 1884 | |
Ukraine | 7 May 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1992[293] |
United Kingdom | 10 October 1823 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 October 1823.[6]
Both countries are members of CPTPP, the International Criminal Court, and the World Trade Organization, as well as the Andean Countries–UK Free Trade Agreement.[295] Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[296] |
Vatican City | 1 November 1852 |
|
Oceania
editCountry | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Australia | 1 March 1963 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1963[297]
Both countries have an expanding relationship in all areas. In February 2018 trade ministers from both Peru and Australia signed a free trade agreement.[298] Until 2019, the Peruvian ambassador was also accredited to New Zealand.[299] |
Fiji | 1983[101] |
|
New Zealand | 4 July 1972 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1972[300]
|
Papua New Guinea | 14 September 1983 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 1983[301]
|
Transnational issues
editIllicit drugs
editUntil recently the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru has reduced the area of coca under cultivation from 115,300 ha to 38,700 ha, or 66%, between 1995 and 1999;[302] most of cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia, Bolivia, and Brazil for processing into cocaine for the international drug market, but exports of finished cocaine are increasing by maritime conveyance to Mexico, US, and Europe.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Schenoni, Luis (2017) "Subsystemic Unipolarities?" in Strategic Analysis, 41(1): 74-86 [1]
- ^ "Peru - Countries - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov.
- ^ "Relaciones Bilaterales". Embajada de Colombia en Perú (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ^ "Síntesis de las Relaciones Bilaterales Chile -Perú" (PDF). obtienearchivo.bcn.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 June 2023.
- ^ "Hoy se conmemoran 200 años del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y México". Cancillería Perú (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ a b Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru (10 October 2023). "Perú y Reino Unido celebran 200 años del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas". gob.pe (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ "Bolivia y Perú avanzan en reuniones técnicas". Ministerio Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ Fabian Novak, Sandra Namihas. "Las Relaciones entre El Peru y Brasil (1826-2012)" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 25. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ^ "All Countries". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ "Estudio del conflicto Perú-Ecuador (1941-1942) con base en el análisis hemerografico del diario La Industria (enero 1941 - febrero 1942)" (PDF). Universidad de Piura (in Spanish). p. 30. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ "El Gobierno de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela ha decidido romper relaciones diplomáticas con la República del Perú, sobre la base del Artículo 45 de la Convención de Viena sobre Relaciones Diplomáticas de 1961" (in Spanish). 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
- ^ Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. pp. 528–529.
- ^ Memoria (in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru. 1847. p. 40. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
- ^ Annales parlementaires de Belgique: Session législative de ..., Volume 1 (in French). Belgium. Parlement. Chambre des représentants. 1851. p. 213.
- ^ "En esta fecha se cumplen 170 años de relaciones diplomáticas con la República del Perú". Ministerio Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ "RELACIONES BILATERALES" (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 July 2023.
- ^ "Tratado de Comercio y Navegacion y Protocolo de 08 de Enero de 1863 entre Per y Portugal. 26/03/1853". dipublico.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ "165 años de relaciones diplomáticas 20 de Abril de 1857 Guatemala - Peru". Minex Guatemala (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "163 años del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y El Salvador, iniciadas el 10 de julio de 1857". cultura24.tv (in Spanish). July 10, 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ Coleccion de leyes, decretos y ordenes publicadas en el Peru desde el año de 1821 hasta 31 de diciembre de 1859: Ministerio de relaciones exterior es (in Spanish). 1862. p. 399.
- ^ "Estado de la Relacion Bilateral". Embajada Paraguay en Perú (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ^ Annales du commerce extérieur 23 (in French). mpr. et librairie administratives. 1832. p. 365.
- ^ Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1886. p. 57. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ^ "148º aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y Japón". gob.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ^ "Hoy se celebran 149 años de relaciones diplomáticas con la República Dominicana, nación con la que mantenemos una histórica relación de amistad, cooperación y entendimiento mutuo". Cancillería Perú (in Spanish). April 6, 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ Memoria que presenta al Congreso nacional ... (in Spanish). Peru. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1879. p. 337.
- ^ "Relación bilateral entre Perú y España". gob.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ "Relaciones políticas entre Perú y Suiza". Embajada del Perú en Suiza y Liechtenstein. Archived from the original on 2022-12-30. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
- ^ "Biblioteca Digital de Tratados" (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.
- ^ Boletin oficial (in Spanish). Vol. 2–5. Cuba. Departamento de Estado. 1908. pp. 68–70.
- ^ "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 196. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ Discursos y documentos oficiales en el primer centenario de la independencia nacional, MCMXXI (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1921. p. 167.
- ^ Petruf, Pavol. Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (in Slovak). pp. 99–119.
- ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). April 27, 1999. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ "Establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas entre el Peru y Polonia". Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.
- ^ "Perú-Suecia" (PDF). gob.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
- ^ Boletin del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Vol. 137–138. Peru. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1940. p. 306.
- ^ "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
- ^ "Relaciones Bilaterales". Embajada de Austria en Lima.
- ^ "Mensaje a la Nacion del Presidente del Peru, General Manuel A. Odria Amoretti, 27 de Julio de 1949" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ^ "Länder" (in German). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
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{{cite thesis}}
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