Female sperm can refer to either:
- A sperm which contains an X chromosome, produced in the usual way in the testicles, referring to the occurrence of such a sperm fertilizing an egg and giving birth to a female.[1]
- A sperm which artificially contains genetic material from a female.[2]
Since the late 1980s, scientists have explored how to produce sperm where all of the chromosomes come from a female donor.[3]
Artificial female sperm production
editCreating female sperm was first raised as a possibility in a patent filed in 1991[4] by injecting a female's cells into a male's testicles, though the patent focused mostly on injecting altered male cells into a male's testes to correct genetic diseases. In 1997, Japanese scientists partially confirmed such techniques by creating chicken female sperm in a similar manner. "However, the ratio of produced W chromosome-bearing (W-bearing) spermatozoa fell substantially below expectations. It is therefore concluded that most of the W-bearing PGC could not differentiate into spermatozoa because of restricted spermatogenesis."[5] These simple transplantation methods follow from earlier observations by developmental biologists that germ stem cells are autonomous in the sense that they can begin the processes to become both sperm and eggs.
One potential roadblock to injecting a female's cells into a male's testicles is that the male's immune system might attack and destroy the female's cells. In usual circumstances, when foreign cells (such as cells or organs from other people, or infectious bacteria) are put into a human body, the immune system will reject such cells or organs. However, a special property of testicles is that they are immune-privileged, that is, a male's immune system will not attack foreign cells (such as a female's cells) injected into the sperm-producing part of the testicles. Thus, a female's cells will remain in the male's testicles long enough to be converted into sperm.
However, there are more serious challenges. Biologists have well established that male sperm production relies on certain genes on the Y chromosome, which, when missing or defective, lead to such males producing little to no sperm in their testicles. An analogy, then, is that XX cells have complete Y chromosome deficiency. While many genes on the Y chromosome have backups (homologues) on other chromosomes, a few genes such as RBMY on the Y chromosome do not have such backups, and their effects must be compensated to convert a female's cells from into sperm. In 2007, a patent application was filed[6] on methods for creating human female sperm using artificial or natural Y chromosomes and testicular transplantation.[2] Key to successful creation of female sperm (and male eggs) will be inducing male epigenetic markings for female cells that initially have female markings, with techniques for doing so disclosed in the patent application.[7]
In 2018, Chinese research scientists produced 29 viable mice offspring from two female mice by creating sperm-like structures from haploid embryonic stem cells using gene editing to alter imprinted regions of DNA. Experts noted that there was little chance of these techniques being applied to humans in the near future.[8][9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Groundbreaking new sperm sorting method could let parents chose sex of their baby". The Independent. 2019-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
- ^ a b "How to make female sperm". Human Samesex Reproduction Project. Retrieved 2024-08-16.
- ^ "BIBLIOGRAPHY and TIMELINE". Human Samesex Reproduction Project.
- ^ "Repopulation of testicular Seminiferous tubules with foreign cells, corresponding resultant germ cells, and corresponding resultant animals and progeny". U.S. Patent Office. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
- ^ Tagami, Takahiro; Matsubara, Yuko; Hanada, Hirofumi; Naito, Mitsuru (June 1997). "Differentiation of female chicken primordial germ cells into spermatozoa in male gonads". Development, Growth and Differentiation. 39 (3): 267–71. doi:10.1046/j.1440-169X.1997.t01-2-00002.x. PMID 9227893.
- ^ "Methods for Female Mammalian Spermatogenesis and Male Mammalian Oogenesis Using Synthetic Nanobiology" (PDF). Gregory Aharonian. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
- ^ "EPIGENETICS: the key to healthy female sperm". Human Samesex Reproduction Project. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
- ^ Blakely, Rhys (2018-10-12). "No father necessary as mice are created with two mothers". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2018-10-12.
- ^ Li, Zhi-Kun; Wang, Le-Yun; Wang, Li-Bin; Feng, Gui-Hai; Yuan, Xue-Wei; Liu, Chao; Xu, Kai; Li, Yu-Huan; Wan, Hai-Feng (2018-10-01). "Generation of Bimaternal and Bipaternal Mice from Hypomethylated Haploid ESCs with Imprinting Region Deletions". Cell Stem Cell. 23 (5): 665–676.e4. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2018.09.004. ISSN 1934-5909. PMID 30318303.