The Dung Gate (Hebrew: שער האשפות Sha'ar Ha'ashpot), also known in Arabic as the Silwan Gate[1] and Mughrabi Gate (Arabic: باب المغاربة, romanized: Bab al-Maghariba, lit. 'Gate of the Maghrebis'),[2][1] is one of the Gates of the Old City of Jerusalem.[3] It was built as a small postern gate in the 16th century by the Ottomans, first widened for vehicular traffic in 1952 by the Jordanians, and again in 1985 by the Israeli authorities.[4] The Dung Gate is a main passage for vehicles coming out of the Old City and for buses headed to the Western Wall.
| Dung Gate / Silwan Gate / Maghrabi Gate | |
|---|---|
 Dung Gate | |
  Location in Old Jerusalem | |
| General information | |
| Type | city gate |
| Town or city | Jerusalem |
| Coordinates | 31°46′29″N 35°14′2″E / 31.77472°N 35.23389°E |
| Construction started | 1537 |
| Completed | 1541 |
Names
editThe Dung Gate was originally known as the Maghrebi Gate. This name alludes to the Mughrabi Quarter, a neighborhood of North African Kutama Fatimids, which was historically situated just inside the gate. The same name also refers to a different gate which overlooks the old Mughrabi Quarter site and allows entrance into the Temple Mount above.
The Maghrebi Muslims were renowned for their valour in fighting alongside Salah al-Din, who resettled them on the western side of Al-Aqsa Mosque in order to re-Islamize the city. His son, al-Afdal Ali, later founded the Mughrabi quarter (Harat al-Maghariba) along with the Preferred School. The entire neighborhood was razed by Israel in the aftermath of the Six-Day War in order to make way for the Western Wall Plaza.[5]
In the 19th century, Zionists began to refer to the gate as Dung Gate (Hebrew: שער האשפות Sha'ar Ha'ashpot). This was done in commemoration of an ancient gate in the Jerusalem wall from the Hebrew Bible (Nehemiah 3:13–14) which was located near the Pool of Siloam in the days of the Second Temple. It was probably named after the residue that was taken from the Jewish Temple into the Valley of Hinnom, where it was burned. The name was transferred to this small gate - at first, a small rectangular postern in the tower of the wall - in the 19th century.[1][3]
The name Silwan Gate refers to the village of Silwan, that lies outside the gate, broadly southeast of it.[1]
History
edit
The original gate was built after the establishment of the Maghrebi Quarter in the aftermath of the liberation of Jerusalem by Saladin in 1187. The Maghrebi Gate was rebuilt in 1313, during the Mamluk period, by Al-Nasir Muhammad bin Qalawun, during the same time that the Chain Gate was renovated.[6]
Fortified Ottoman postern
editThe current gate was built as part of the new city walls erected under Suleiman the Magnificent between 1537 and 1541. The original opening was just 1.5 metres wide, topped by an arch and only designed for pedestrians and pack animals to pass through.[4] Initially the gate, or more precisely the postern, included an inner gate tower, which was demolished before the end of the Ottoman period.[7] Towards the end of Ottoman rule, a new gate tower or gatehouse was added, but this time outside the wall, in a style that blended in with the 16th-century fortifications.[7] This outer tower was demolished by the British Mandate officials in 1938, probably as part of their drive to restore the walls to their original look, this bringing back to light the old stone decorations.[7][8]
Jordanian and Israeli modernisation
editIn 1952, when the gate was widened by the Jordanian authorities to allow cars and buses to pass through it, a reinforced concrete girder was installed under the old stone arch.[4][8] In 1984-85 the gate was again enlarged, the old arch and the other decorative elements being raised, so that the opening reached a height of 4.5 metres.[4][8] The modern gate is built of reinforced concrete, but clad in stone, and the new design helps the old and new elements blend together without disturbing the general style of the city wall,[4] with the gate's opening closing in a more curvy line instead of the straight Jordanian lintel.[7] Landscape architect Shlomo Aronson cooperated with architect Arthur Kutcher at implementing the decision of the Jerusalem Foundation established by then-mayor Teddy Kollek, motivated by the sharp increase in pilgrims traffic.[4]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d "Dung Gate". Jerusalem Municipality. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
- ^ Michael Avi-Yonah (1973). Jérusalem. Keter. p. 78. ISBN 9780706513257.
Dung Gate (Bab al-Maghariba, or Moor Gate, because of its proximity to the quarter of the Maghreb Muslims)
- ^ a b Jerusalem Municipality, Dung Gate
- ^ a b c d e f "Dung Gate Jerusalem". Shlomo Aronson Architects. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ^ Al-Jallad, I. (2017). معالم المسجد الأقصى تحت المجهر [Al-Aqsa Mosque landmarks under the microscope]. Baytul Maqdis Center for Literature.
- ^ Ghosheh, M. Hashim. (2005). Guide to the Masjid al-Aqsa; an Architectural and Historical Guide to the Islamic Monuments in the Masjid al-Aqsa. Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs.
- ^ a b c d "The Conservation of Jerusalem's City Walls: The Dung Gate Section". Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ^ a b c Dung Gate. The Jerusalem Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
External links
edit- Bab al-Maghariba Archived 2019-10-15 at the Wayback Machine
- Pictures of the Dung Gate
- Moors site