Cumberland (/ˈkʌmbərlənd/ KUM-bər-lənd) is a county in North-West England, today forming part of the Ceremonial County of Cumbria. The county was bordered by Northumberland to the north-east, County Durham to the east, Westmorland to the south-east, Lancashire to the south, and the Scottish counties of Dumfriesshire and Roxburghshire to the north. The area includes the city of Carlisle, part of the Lake District and North Pennines, and the Solway Firth coastline.
| Cumberland | |
|---|---|
| Historic county | |
 | |
 | |
| Area | |
| • 1831 | 969,490 acres (3,923.4 km2)1831 Census cited in Vision of Britain – Ancient county data |
| • 1911 | 973,086 acres (3,937.94 km2) |
| • 1961 | 973,146 acres (3,938.18 km2) |
| Population | |
| • 1911 | 265,746 Vision of Britain – Cumberland population (density and area) |
| • 1961 | 294,303 |
| Density | |
| • 1911 | 0.27/acre (0.67/ha) |
| • 1961 | 0.3/acre (0.74/ha) |
| History | |
| • Origin | Historic |
| • Created | 12th Century |
| Status |
|
| Chapman code | CUL |
| Government | Cumberland County Council (1889–1974) |
| • HQ | Carlisle |
 Arms of Cumberland County Council | |
| Subdivisions | |
| • Type | Wards |
| • Units | |
 | |
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Cumberland had an administrative and local government function from the 12th century until 1974, when that was subsumed into Cumbria, along with Westmorland and parts of Yorkshire and Lancashire. Cumbria as a Non-Metropolitan County and its County Council was abolished on 31st March 2023, although it continues to exist as a Ceremonial County. Since 1st April 2023, Cumberland has given its name to the unitary authority area of Cumberland, which has 90% of the population of Cumberland, but only 77% of the territory, excluding towns like Penrith and Alston.
Early history
editIn the Early Middle Ages, Cumbria was part of the Kingdom of Strathclyde in the Hen Ogledd, or "Old North", and its people spoke a Brittonic language now called Cumbric. The first record of the term 'Cumberland' appears in AD 945, when the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that the area was ceded to Malcolm I, king of Alba (Scotland), by King Edmund I of England. As with 'Cymru', the native Welsh name for Wales, the names 'Cumberland' and 'Cumbria' are derived from kombroges in Common Brittonic, which originally meant "compatriots".[1][2]
At the time of the Domesday Book (AD 1086) most of the future county was part of Scotland, although some villages around Millom, which were the possessions of the Earl of Northumbria, had been incorporated into Yorkshire.[3]
In AD 1092, King William Rufus of England invaded the Carlisle district, settling it with colonists. He created an Earldom of Carlisle, and granted the territory to Ranulf le Meschin. In 1133, Carlisle was made the see of a new diocese, largely identical with the area of the earldom. However, on the death of King Henry I of England in 1135, the area was regained by King David I of Scotland. He was able to consolidate his power and made Carlisle one of his chief seats of government, while England descended into a lengthy civil war. The Cumbric language is believed to have become extinct in the 12th century.[4]
The area returned to the English crown in 1157, when Henry II of England took possession of the area (from Malcolm IV of Scotland). Henry II formed two new counties from the former earldom: Westmorland and Carliol – originally an abbreviation of the Latin Carlioliensis '[bishop] of Carlisle'. Westmorland also included areas formerly part of the Earldom of Lancaster. The lead- and silver-mining area of Alston, previously associated with the Liberty of Tynedale was later also added to the new county of Carliol for financial reasons.[5] By 1177, Carliol had become known as Cumberland.[6] The border between England and Scotland was made permanent by the Treaty of York in 1237.
Geography
editThe boundaries formed in the 12th century were not changed substantially over the county's existence. There are four English historic counties and two Scottish counties that it borders: Northumberland and County Durham to the east; Westmorland to the south, the Furness part of Lancashire to the southwest; Dumfriesshire to the north and Roxburghshire to the northeast.
To the west the county is bounded by the Solway Firth and the Irish Sea. The northern boundary is formed by the Solway Estuary and the border with Scotland running east to Scotch Knowe at Kershope Burn. The boundary runs south from Scotch Knowe along the Cheviot Hills, then followed a tributary of the River Irthing and crossed Denton Fell to the River Tees. From Tees Head the boundary crosses the Pennines to descend Crowdundale Beck, from where it followed the rivers Eden and Eamont to the centre of Ullswater. The line follows Glencoin Beck to the top of Helvellyn ridge at Wrynose Pass and along the River Duddon (near Millom) to the sea .
The highest point of the county is Scafell Pike, at 3,208 feet (978 m), the highest mountain in England. Carlisle is the county town.
Sub-divisions
edit
The Earldom of Carlisle was partitioned into baronies. When the County of Cumberland was created, the baronies were subdivided as wards, a county sub-division also used in Durham, Northumberland and Westmorland. These originated as military subdivisions used to organise the male inhabitants for the county's defence from Scottish troop incursions.[7]
Each ward was composed of a number of parishes, areas originally formed for ecclesiastical administration. In common with other northern England counties, many ancient parishes in Cumberland were very large, often consisting of a number of distinct townships and hamlets. Many of these ancient parishes eventually became civil parishes and form the lowest level of local government.
Allerdale above Derwent
edit| Parishes[8] | Notes |
|---|---|
| Arlecdon | |
| Beckermet St John | Included part of township of Calder & Beckermet or Calderbridge |
| Beckermet St Bridget | Included townships of Ennerdale & Kinniside, Eskdale & Wasdale |
| Bootle | |
| Brigham | Included townships of Blindbothel, Buttermere, Cockermouth, Eaglesfield, Embleton, Greysouthen, Mosser, Setmurthey, Whinfell |
| Cleator | |
| Corney | |
| Crosthwaite (part) | Included township of Borrowdale |
| Dean | |
| Drigg and Carlton | |
| Egremont | |
| Gosforth | Included township of Bolton |
| Haile | |
| Harrington | |
| Irton with Santon | Included township of Santon & Murthwaite |
| Lamplugh | Included townships of Kelton & Winder, Murton |
| Lorton | Included townships of Brackenthwaite, Wythop |
| Loweswater | |
| Millom | Included hamlet of Birker with Austhwaite, township of Ulpha |
| Moresby | Included township of Parton |
| Muncaster | |
| Ponsonby | Included part of township of Calder & Beckermet or Calderbridge |
| St Bees | Include townships of Hensingham, Lowside Quarter, Netherwasdale, Preston Quarter, Rottington, Sandwith, Wheddicarr, Whitehaven |
| Waberthwaite | |
| Whicham | |
| Whitbeck | |
| Workington | Included townships of Great Clifton, Little Clifton, Stainburn, Winscales |
Allerdale below Derwent
edit| Parishes[8] | Notes |
|---|---|
| Allhallows | |
| Aspatria | Including townships of Hayton & Mealo, Oughterside & Allerby |
| Bassenthwaite | |
| Bolton | Including townships of Bolton Gate, Bolton Wood & Quarry Hill, Bolton Lowside, Isel Old Park, Sunderland |
| Bridekirk | Including townships of Dovenby, Great Broughton, Little Broughton |
| Bromfield (part) | Including townships of Allonby, Langrigg & Mealrigg, Papcastle, Tallentire, Westnewton |
| Caldbeck (part) | |
| Cammerton | Including township of Seaton |
| Crosscanonby | Including townships of Birkby & Canonby, Blennerhasset & Kirkland, Crosby, Maryport |
| Crosthwaite (part) | Included townships of Castlerigg St John's & Wythburn, Keswick, Ribton, Underskiddaw |
| Dearham | Including township of Ellenborough & Ewanrigg |
| Flimby | |
| Gilcrux | |
| Holme Cultram | Including townships of Abbey Quarter (or Holme Abbey), Holme East Waver Quarter, Holme St Cuthbert's Quarter, Holme Low Quarter |
| Ireby | Including townships of High Ireby, Low Ireby |
| Isel | Including township of Blindcrake and Redmain |
| Plumbland | |
| Torpenhow | Including townships of Bewaldeth and Snittlegarth, Bothel & Thrupland |
| Uldale | |
| West Ward |
Eskdale
edit| Parishes[8] | Notes |
|---|---|
| Arthuret | Included townships of Braconhill, Lineside, Longtown, Netherby |
| Bewcastle | |
| Brampton | |
| Castlecarrock | |
| Crosby | High & Low |
| Cumrew | Outside and Inside |
| Cumwhitton | Included township of Northsceugh |
| East Farlam | |
| Hayton | Included townships of Little Crosby, Fenton & Faugh, Talkin |
| Irthington | Included townships of Kingwater, Laversdale, Newby, Newtown |
| Kingmoor (hamlet) | Extra-parochial liberty belonging to the Corporation of Carlisle |
| Kirkandrews upon Esk | Included townships of Kirkandrews Moat, Kirkandrews Nether Quarter, Kirkandrews Upper Quarter, Nichol Forest |
| Kirklinton | Included townships of Hethersgill, Westlinton (or Levington) |
| Lanercost | Included townships of Askerton, Burtholme & Banks, Lineside |
| Nether Denton | |
| Scaleby | East and West |
| Stanwix | |
| Stapleton | Included townships of Belbank, Solport Quarter, Trough |
| Upper Denton | |
| Walton | High and Low |
| West Farlam |
Leath
edit| Parishes[8] | Notes |
|---|---|
| Addingham | Included townships of Gamblesby, Glassonby, Hunsonby & Winskill |
| Ainstable and Rushcroft | |
| Alston with Garrigill | Included the Chapelry of Garrigill |
| Caldbeck (part) | Township of Mosedale |
| Carlisle, St Mary's (part) | Township of Middlesceugh & Braithwaite |
| Castle Sowerby | |
| Croglin | |
| Dacre | |
| Edenhall | Included township of Langwathby |
| Great Salkeld | |
| Greystoke | Included townships of Berrier & Murrah, Bowscale, Hutton John, Hutton Roof, Hutton Soil, Matterdale, Mungrisdale, Threlkeld, Watermillock |
| Hesket in the Forest | |
| Hutton in the Forest | |
| Kirkland | Included townships of Culgaith, Kirkland & Blencarn |
| Kirkoswald | Included township of Staffield |
| Lazonby | Included township of Plumpton Wall |
| Melmerby | |
| Newton Reigny | Included township of Catterlen |
| Ousby | |
| Penrith | |
| Renwick | |
| Skirwith |
Cumberland Ward
editCumberland Ward included Carlisle and Wigton as well as parts of Inglewood Forest. The parish of Stanwix just to the north of Carlisle was partly in both Eskdale and Cumberland wards.
| Parishes[8] | Notes |
|---|---|
| Aikton | |
| Beaumont | |
| Bowness | Included townships of Anthorn, Drumburg, Fingland |
| Bromfield (part) | Included townships of Blencogo, Dundraw |
| Burgh by Sands | |
| Carlisle, St Mary's (part)* | Townships of Caldewgate Quarter, Cummersdale Quarter, Wreay |
| Carlisle St Mary Within* | Included township of Rickergate Quarter |
| Carlisle St Cuthbert's Within* | |
| Carlisle St Cuthbert's Without* | |
| Dalston | |
| Eaglesfield Abbey* | |
| Grinsdale | |
| Kirkandrews upon Eden | |
| Kirkbampton | |
| Kirkbride | |
| Orton | Included township of Baldwinholme |
| Rockcliffe | |
| Sebergham | Low and High Quarters |
| Thursby | |
| Warwick | |
| Wetheral | |
| Wigton | Included townships of Oulton Water, Waverton High & Low, Woodside Quarter |
* Parts or all of these parishes and townships constituted the City of Carlisle, and were largely outside the jurisdiction of Cumberland Ward.
Local government from the 19th century
editDuring the 19th century a series of reforms reshaped the local government of the county, creating a system of districts with directly elected councils.
Poor law and municipal reform
edit
The first changes concerned the administration of the poor law, which was carried at parish level. The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 provided for the grouping of parishes into poor law unions, each with a central workhouse and an elected board of guardians. Cumberland was divided into nine unions: Alston with Garrigill, Bootle, Brampton, Carlisle, Cockermouth, Longtown, Penrith, Whitehaven and Wigton.
In the following year the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 was passed, reforming boroughs and cities in England and Wales as municipal boroughs with a uniform constitution. The corporation of the City of Carlisle was accordingly remodelled with a popularly elected council consisting of a mayor, aldermen and councillors.
Local boards and sanitary districts
editOutside of municipal boroughs, there was no effective local government until the 1840s. In response to poor sanitary conditions and outbreaks of cholera, the Public Health Act 1848 (11 & 12 Vict. c. 63) and the Local Government Act 1858 allowed for the formation of local boards of health in populous areas. Local boards were responsible inter alia for water supply, drainage, sewerage, paving and cleansing. Eleven local boards were initially formed at Brampton, Cleator Moor, Cockermouth, Egremont, Holme Cultram, Keswick, Maryport, Millom, Penrith, Whitehaven, Wigton and Workington.
Further reform under the Public Health Act 1875 (38 & 39 Vict. c. 55) saw the creation of sanitary districts throughout England and Wales. The existing municipal boroughs and local boards became "urban sanitary districts", while "rural sanitary districts" were formed from the remaining areas of the poor law unions.
Three more local boards were formed: Arlecdon and Frizington in 1882, Harrington in 1891 and Aspatria in 1892. In addition Workington and Whitehaven received charters of incorporation to become municipal boroughs in 1883 and 1894 respectively.
Local government acts of 1888 and 1894
editIn 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888, the Cumberland County Council was created as the county council for Cumberland, taking over administrative functions from the Court of Quarter Sessions. The Local Government Act 1894 reconstituted the existing sanitary districts as urban districts and rural districts, each with an elected council.
The Act of 1888 also allowed any municipal borough with a population of 50,000 people or more to become a "county borough", independent of county council control. In 1914, Carlisle successfully applied for this status, ceasing to form part of the administrative county, although remaining within Cumberland for the purposes such as Lieutenancy and shrievalty.
Reform in 1934
editThe Local Government Act 1929 imposed the duty on county councils of reviewing the districts within their administrative county so as to form more efficient units of local government. In general, this meant the merging of small or lightly populated areas into larger units. A review was carried in Cumberland in 1934. The following table lists the urban and rural districts before and after the changes.
| District 1894–1934 | District 1934–1974 |
|---|---|
| Alston with Garrigill RD | |
| Arlecdon & Frizington UD | Part of Ennerdale RD |
| Aspatria UD | Absorbed by Wigton RD |
| Bootle RD | Part of Millom RD |
| Brampton RD | Part of Border RD |
| Carlisle RD | Part of Border RD |
| Cleator Moor UD | Part of Ennerdale RD |
| Cockermouth RD | |
| Cockermouth UD | |
| Egremont UD | Part of Ennerdale RD |
| Harrington UD | Absorbed by Workington MB |
| Holme Cultram UD | Absorbed by Wigton RD |
| Keswick UD | |
| Longtown RD | Part of Border RD |
| Maryport UD | |
| Penrith RD | |
| Penrith UD | |
| Whitehaven RD | Part of Ennerdale RD |
The distribution of population in 1971 was as follows:1971 Census; Small Area Statistics
| District | Population |
|---|---|
| County Borough of Carlisle | 71,580 |
| Cockermouth Urban District | 6,366 |
| Keswick Urban District | 5,184 |
| Maryport Urban District | 11,612 |
| Penrith Urban District | 11,308 |
| Municipal Borough of Whitehaven | 26,721 |
| Municipal Borough of Workington | 28,431 |
| Alston with Garrigill Rural District | 1,917 |
| Border Rural District | 29,267 |
| Cockermouth Rural District | 21,520 |
| Ennerdale Rural District | 30,983 |
| Millom Rural District | 14,088 |
| Penrith Rural District | 11,380 |
| Wigton Rural District | 21,830 |
In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative county and county borough were abolished and their former area was combined with Westmorland and parts of Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire to form the new county of Cumbria. The area from Cumberland went on to form the districts of Carlisle, Allerdale, Copeland and part of Eden.[9]
Legacy
editThe name continues in use as a geographical and cultural term, and it survives in Cumberland sausages; HMS Cumberland; the Cumberland Fell Runners Club; the Cumberland Athletics Club; and various organisations and companies, such as the local newspapers The Cumberland News, and The West Cumberland Times and Star, and the Cumberland Building Society. It is also mentioned in Macbeth as the kingdom given to Prince Malcolm, and is also the initial setting for the Geoffrey Trease historical novel Cue for Treason.
In June 1994, during the 1990s UK local government reform, the Local Government Commission published draft recommendations, suggesting as one option a North Cumbria unitary authority (also including Appleby, the historic county town of Westmorland). It also suggested that Cumberland could be reinstated as an independent ceremonial county. The final recommendations, published in October 1994, did not include such recommendations, apparently due to lack of expression of support for the proposal to the commission.
The Grass-of-Parnassus was the county flower. It had been associated with the county since 1951, when it was included in the coat of arms granted to the Cumberland County Council. It subsequently featured in the arms granted to Cumbria County Council and Copeland Borough Council, in both cases to represent Cumberland. The flower was also attributed to Cumbria in 2002 as part of a national County flowers of the United Kingdom campaign by the charity Plantlife. In 2012, a flag based on the arms of the former Cumberland County Council was registered as the flag of Cumberland with the Flag Institute.
In 2013, the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, Eric Pickles, formally recognised and acknowledged the continued existence of England's 39 historic counties, including Cumberland.[10][11][12]
In 2021, it was announced that on 1 April 2023 local government in Cumbria would be reorganised into two unitary authorities, one of which is Cumberland and includes most of the historic county, with the exception of Penrith and the surrounding area.[13] The new authority covers 77% of the area and 90% of the population of the historic county.
See also
edit
- List of Lord Lieutenants for Cumberland
- List of High Sheriffs for Cumberland
- Custos Rotulorum of Cumberland - Keepers of the Rolls
- List of MPs for Cumberland constituency
- Broughan (Cumberland surname)
References
edit- ^ "Cymric". Online Etymological Dictionary. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
- ^ Davies, John (2007) [1990]. A History of Wales. Penguin Books. pp. 68–69.
- ^ Barrow, G. W. S. (2006). The Kingdom of the Scots: Government, Church and Society from the Eleventh to the Fourteenth Century (2nd ed.). Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1803-1.
- ^ W. F. H. Nicolaisen, Scottish Place Names, p. 131
- ^ "Carlisle Diocese: History and Description". Clergy of the Church of England database. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
- ^ Marr, J. E. (1910). Cambridge County Geographies: Cumberland. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ W L Warren (1984). "The Myth of Norman Administrative Efficiency: The Prothero Lecture". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Fifth Series. 34: 113–132. doi:10.2307/3679128. JSTOR 3679128. S2CID 162793914.
- ^ a b c d e The wards and their constituent parishes were as of 1821. Youngs, Frederic A Jr. (1991). Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol.2: Northern England. London: Royal Historical Society. pp. 648–649. ISBN 0-86193-127-0.Whillier, Thomas (1825). A General Directory to all the Counties, Hundreds, Ridings, Wapentakes, Divisions, Cities, Boroughs, Liberties, Parishes, Townships, Tythings, Hamlets, Precincts, Chapelries &c. &c. in England. London: Joseph Butterworth & Son. pp. 28–31.
- ^ Local government in England and Wales: A Guide to the New System. London: HMSO. 1974. ISBN 0-11-750847-0.
- ^ "Eric Pickles: celebrate St George and England's traditional counties". Department for Communities and Local Government. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- ^ Kelner, Simon (23 April 2013). "Eric Pickles's championing of traditional English counties is something we can all get behind". The Independent. London. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- ^ Garber, Michael (23 April 2013). "Government 'formally acknowledges' the Historic Counties to Celebrate St George's Day". Association of British Counties. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- ^ "Names for two controversial Cumbria councils revealed". BBC News. 5 November 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
Further reading
edit- Cumberland Heritage by Molly Lefebure (Chapters include Camden, Briathwaite, Millbeck, Fellwalkers, Carlisle Canal, Armboth, John Peel (farmer) and the Blencathra), with endpaper maps of old Cumberland.Detail taken from a copy of Cumberland Heritage published by Victor Gollancz, London in 1970, ISBN 0575003766