The English word "conviviality" means "the enjoyment of festive society, festivity", or, as applied to people, "convivial spirit or disposition".[1]
Etymology
editFrench root (convivialité)
editOne root of conviviality originated in 19th‐century France. Convivialité is very common in contemporary French and has also established itself in English as a loanword, as well as more recently[compared to?] as a term in discussions about cohabitation in immigrant societies. Its coinage can be traced back to Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin and his book Physiologie du goût from 1825. The gastrophilosopher understood conviviality as the situation, common at the table, when different people come together over a good long meal, and time passes swiftly in excited conversations.[2]
Spanish root (convivencia)
editIn Spanish, convivencia has long been interpreted literally as “living in the company of others” but in 1948 Américo Castro introduced la convivencia to mean the peaceful coexistence between different religious groups in Spain between the eighth and fifteenth centuries.[3]
Conviviality in left-wing politics
editConviviality, or Convivialism, is the ability of individuals to interact creatively and autonomously with others and their environment to satisfy their own needs.[citation needed] This interpretation is related to, but distinct from, several synonyms and cognates, including in French the enjoyment of the social company of others (convivialité), and Catalan popular discourse, informal neighborhood level politics, and social cohesion policy (Convivència) that views conflict in shared public space as inevitable and ultimately productive and preferable to order imposed by authorities.
This interpretation was introduced by Ivan Illich as a direct contrast to industrial productivity that produces consumers that are alienated from the way that things are produced. Its[ambiguous] focus on joyful simple living, the localisation of production systems, links to Marxist economics, and Illich’s simultaneous criticism of overconsumption have resulted in conviviality being taken up by a range of academic and social movements, including as a pillar of degrowth theory and practice.[citation needed]
Ivan Illich
editAs described here, this new usage for the term conviviality was introduced by Ivan Illich in his 1973 book, Tools for Conviviality. Illich recognised that the term in English was more likely to be associated with “tipsy jolliness” but derived his definition from the French and Spanish cognates, resulting in an interpretation that he felt was closer to a modern version of eutrapelia. Illich introduced the term as the opposite of industrial productivity, with conviviality indicating a society where individual autonomy and creativity dominated. He contrasted this with industrialised societies where individuals are reduced to “mere consumers”, unable to choose what is produced or how things are made in a world governed by a “radical monopoly”[4] that divided the population into experts that could use the tools and laypeople that could not.[5]
As the title of the book suggests, the initial focus for Illich was how industrial tools and the expertise required to operate them constrained individuals’ autonomy. He also argued that these tools alienated individuals from the production processes of goods and services that shape our daily lives and led to the distortion of use values into exchange values.[6]
Illich broadly interpreted tools as rationally designed devices. These include hardware used to produce goods and services that ranged from small scale items like drills to “large machines like cars and power stations”, but also productive institutions (like factories) and also productive systems that created what he called “intangible commodities… [like] education, health, knowledge or decisions”.[4] Examples of non-convivial tools that Illich was railing against included open-pit mines, road networks and schools, this last example linking to his previous work critiquing mass education systems, Deschooling Society. By contrast, convivial tools were those that promoted and extended autonomy, including most hand tools, bicycles, and telephones. Convivial tools share many similarities with the intermediate technology or ‘technology with a human face’ described in Small is Beautiful by Illich’s contemporary E.F. Schumacher. In his 2012 book La sociedad de la abundancia frugal Serge Latouche also highlights the “human scale” of convivial tools.[5]
In the 1978 collection of essays published as Towards a History of Needs Illich moved away from a focus on the tools of conviviality to explore the politics of conviviality which he defined as “the struggle for an equitable distribution of the liberty to generate use-values” that prioritised the liberty of those “least advantaged”.[7] Herein, he focused on socially critical thresholds[clarification needed] that delimited whether conviviality was possible and argued that such thresholds should be translated[how?][by whom?] into society-wide limits.
Contemporary uses in academia
editIn the early 21st Century, the term conviviality has been used in a variety of contexts and with a variety of interpretations. However, there is a common understanding which is dominant in the definitions and interpretations of the term: the idea of living together with difference. This concept is employed to analyse the everyday experiences, social encounters, interdependencies and community integration of people living in diverse communities or urban settings.[8][9] This understanding of conviviality is used in the open access book Conviviality at the Crossroads: The Poetics and Politics of Everyday Encounters, which was published in 2020[10] and focuses on how people live with and are at ease with each other’s differences in diverse societies. It claims there is an urgent need to bring the three concepts of conviviality, cosmopolitanism, and creolisation back into focus and into dialogue with each other. Anthropologist Brad Erickson places Catalan bottom-up convivència in contrast to civility imposed from above and explores the tension between them as shaping basic social categories and governmental projects.[11][12][13]
Recent[compared to?] understandings of conviviality also often include analyses of racial difference, structural inequality, and divergent histories within a multicultural or multi-racial community or urban space, and how these factors impact conviviality and community cohesion in both positive and negative ways.[14][15] Scholars also analyse the use of public space and architecture in terms of its impact on conviviality in such diverse communities.[15] The focus on these issues has been referred to as the “convivial turn” in academia.[16]
Conviviality has also been applied to online contexts, in analyses of the ways in which people relate to each other and build communities online.[17]
Contemporary movements
editAnti-Utilitarian Movement and Convivialism
editAlain Caillé, a French sociologist and founding member of the Anti-Utilitarian Movement in Social Sciences (MAUSS), defines convivialism as a broad-based humanist, civic, and political philosophy that spells out the normative principles that sustain the art of living together at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The “ism” in “convivialism” makes clear that, on a theoretical level[clarification needed], the systematization of social and political-theoretical perspectives must stand in the foreground[clarification needed]. The focus is consequently a dual one: convivialism can be seen as a social scientific or political idea, while conviviality can be seen as a lived praxis. Alain Caillé published in 2020 The Second Convivialist Manifesto: Towards a Post-Neoliberal World,[18] signed by three hundred intellectuals from thirty-three countries.
Degrowth
editConviviality is one of the core concepts of the Degrowth movement, appearing in representative texts such as Degrowth: A Vocabulary for a New Era.[19] The understanding of conviviality within degrowth is strongly influenced by the work of Ivan Illich (discussed above), namely his critique of development and overconsumption and his promotion of a society that values “joyful sobriety and liberating austerity”, creating and using “responsibly limited” convivial tools.[4] Illich’s understanding of convivial tools as emancipatory, democratic, and responsive to direct human needs contrasts with society’s current dependence on energy slaves[clarification needed], experts, and the growth-based capitalist model of production for its tools and technologies. These ideas[ambiguous], and particularly this conceptualisation of conviviality, are a central part of Degrowth theory: as such, Illich’s work is considered one of the early “intellectual roots of Degrowth”.[20]
Most texts that discuss conviviality in the recent Degrowth literature are focused on technologies (including digital technologies), as an expansion or adaptation of Illich’s focus on convivial tools.[21][22] It is generally accepted within this literature that any technologies suitable for a degrowth society must be convivial. To this end, Andrea Vetter has developed the Matrix for Convivial Technology (MCT) as a Degrowth-oriented (convivial) tool for self-[clarification needed]assessment of tools and technologies, political education, and research.[22]
Conviviality is also employed in the Degrowth literature to describe things such as public spaces, goods, conservation movements, and even humans. For example, Giorgos Kallis, a prominent Degrowth scholar, refers to “...convivial goods, such as new public squares, open spaces, community gardens, etc.” and the “convivial yet simple and content, enlightened human” as the ideal “Degrowth human”.[23] Although less common than Degrowth literature that explores conviviality in terms of tools and technologies, there are various examples of conviviality being used as a characteristic of many aspects of a Degrowth society, including society itself. Indeed, some scholars describe the transition to a convivial society as one of the three core objectives of Degrowth.[24]
Appropriate Technology Movement
editBased on the “intermediate technology” by the economist Ernst Friedrich "Fritz" Schumacher in his work Small is beautiful, the Appropriate Technology movement encompasses convivial technological choice, to promote characteristics such as autonomy, energy efficiency, decentralization, local production, and sustainable development.
Incompleteness
editFrancis Nyamnjoh uses the concept of conviviality in his essay on incompleteness. For Nyamnjoh incompleteness is "the normal order of things",[25] and that “things, words, deeds, and beings are always incomplete, not because of absences but because of their possibilities”.[25] It is because of these possibilities that we are driven us towards collaboration, interconnectedness, and interdependency as we try supplement our own desire to fulfill our endless possibilities through conviviality. Erickson similarly predicates convivència's capacity to facilitate change and liberation on Bakhtin's unfinished grotesque body and Paolo Freire's conception of human beings as unfinished, aware of their incomplete condition, and thus engaged in social problem solving.[26]
Conviviality in art and design
editThe various interpretations of conviviality also attracted the attention of artists and designers across the world. Recent exhibitions and collaborations centred on one or more interpretations of conviviality include:
- 2009: The way of tea: an art of conviviality at Kube in Poole, U.K.[27]
- 2012: Tools for Conviviality at The Power Plant in Toronto, Canada[28]
- 2013: Gordian Conviviality at Import Projects, Berlin, Germany[29]
- 2017–2021 4Cs: From Conflict to Conviviality through Creativity and Culture. An international collaboration between artists and academics[30]
- 2018: ‘Convivial Tools’ at The Design Museum, in London, U.K.[31]
- 2018: ‘Community, Care and Conviviality: Freemasonry in Lithgow’ at Eskbank House Museum, in Lithgow, Australia[32]
- 2020: Anna Ehrenstein - Tools for Conviviality at C/O Berlin in Berlin, Germany[33]
See also
edit- Agreeableness – Personality trait
- Community
- Eutrapelia – The ability of a person to have pleasant conversation
- Playfulness – Voluntary, intrinsically motivated recreation
- Rapport – Close and harmonious relationship
- Social connection – Term in psychology referring to the experience of feeling close and connected to others
- Wit – Form of humour
- Alain Caillé – French sociologist and economist
- Criticism of technology
- Degrowth – Political, economic and social movement
- Lee Felsenstein – American computer engineer
- Gift economy – Mode of exchange where valuables are given without rewards
- Serge Latouche – French economist and philosopher (born 1940)
- Post-industrial society – Society whose service sector provides more economic value than manufacturing
- EF Schumacher – British statistician and economist (1911–1977)
References
edit- ^ "conviviality". Oxford English Dictionary.
- ^ Adloff, Frank (April 2019). "Practices of Conviviality and the Social and Political Theory of Convivialism". Novos Estudos - CEBRAP. 38 (1): 35–47.
- ^ Gutiérrez Rodríguez, Encarnación (2020), Hemer, Oscar; Povrzanović Frykman, Maja; Ristilammi, Per-Markku (eds.), "Creolising Conviviality: Thinking Relational Ontology and Decolonial Ethics Through Ivan Illich and Édouard Glissant", Conviviality at the Crossroads: The Poetics and Politics of Everyday Encounters, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 105–124, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28979-9_6, ISBN 978-3-030-28979-9, S2CID 213935581
- ^ a b c Illich, Ivan (1973). Tools for conviviality. London: Calder and Boyars. ISBN 0-7145-0973-6. OCLC 828971.
- ^ a b Kallis, Giorgos (2018). Degrowth. Newcastle upon Tyne. ISBN 978-1-911116-81-3. OCLC 1050955200.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Deriu, Marco (2015). D'Alisa, Giacomo; Demaria, Federico; Kallis, Giorgos (eds.). Degrowth: A vocabulary for a new era. Routledge. pp. 79–82. ISBN 9781138000773.
- ^ Illich, Ivan (1978). Toward a history of needs (1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-394-41040-8. OCLC 3294617.
- ^ Erickson, B. (2006). Els castells: el cos social, la convivència i l’autonomia. L’Aleta, 75, 20–21.
- ^
- Neal, Sarah; Bennett, Katy; Cochrane, Allan; Mohan, Giles (2019-02-01). "Community and Conviviality? Informal Social Life in Multicultural Places". Sociology. 53 (1): 69–86. doi:10.1177/0038038518763518. ISSN 0038-0385. S2CID 150035844.
- Elshater, Abeer (2020-01-02). "Food consumption in the everyday life of liveable cities: design implications for conviviality". Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability. 13 (1): 68–96. doi:10.1080/17549175.2019.1666026. ISSN 1754-9175. S2CID 204370083.
- ^ Hemer, Oscar; Povrzanović Frykman, Maja; Ristilammi, Per-Markku, eds. (2020). Conviviality at the Crossroads: The Poetics and Politics of Everyday Encounters. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28979-9. ISBN 978-3-030-28978-2. S2CID 212968020.
- ^ Erickson, B. (2011). Utopian virtues: Muslim neighbors, ritual sociality, and the politics of convivència. American Ethnologist, 38(1), 114–131. 10.1111/j.1548-1425.2010.01296.x
- ^ Erickson, B. (2020). Grotesque logic: Catalan carnival utopias and the politics of laughter. Visual Studies, 36(4–5), 507–523. 10.1080/1472586X.2020.1798810
- ^ Erickson, B. (2011). Les virtuts cíviques del caganer. Caramella: Revista de Música i Cultura Popular, 25, 47–50. http://www.revistacaramella.cat/les-virtuts-civiques-del-caganer/
- ^ Costa, Sérgio (April 2019). "The Neglected Nexus Between Conviviality and Inequality". Novos Estudos CEBRAP. 38 (1): 15–32. doi:10.25091/s01013300201900010003 (inactive 31 January 2024). ISSN 0101-3300.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link) - ^ a b Rishbeth, Clare; Rogaly, Ben (2018). "Sitting outside: Conviviality, self-care and the design of benches in urban public space". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 43 (2): 284–298. doi:10.1111/tran.12212. ISSN 1475-5661.
- ^ Nayak, Anoop (2017). "Purging the nation: race, conviviality and embodied encounters in the lives of British Bangladeshi Muslim young women". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 42 (2): 289–302. doi:10.1111/tran.12168. ISSN 1475-5661.
- ^ Vásquez, Camilla; Creel, Samantha (2017-12-01). "Conviviality through creativity: Appealing to the reblog in Tumblr Chat posts". Discourse, Context & Media. 20: 59–69. doi:10.1016/j.dcm.2017.08.005. ISSN 2211-6958.
- ^ International, Convivialist (2020-06-16). "The Second Convivialist Manifesto: Towards a Post-Neoliberal World". Civic Sociology. 1 (1): 12721. doi:10.1525/001c.12721. ISSN 2637-9155. S2CID 241687429.
- ^ Degrowth: a vocabulary for a new era. Giacomo D'Alisa, Federico Demaria, Giorgos Kallis. New York. 2015. ISBN 978-1-138-00076-6. OCLC 879538910.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Martínez-Alier, Joan; Pascual, Unai; Vivien, Franck-Dominique; Zaccai, Edwin (2010-07-15). "Sustainable de-growth: Mapping the context, criticisms and future prospects of an emergent paradigm". Ecological Economics. 69 (9): 1741–1747. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.04.017. ISSN 0921-8009.
- ^
- Kerschner, Christian; Wächter, Petra; Nierling, Linda; Ehlers, Melf-Hinrich (2018-10-01). "Degrowth and Technology: Towards feasible, viable, appropriate and convivial imaginaries". Journal of Cleaner Production. 197: 1619–1636. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.147. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 158931964.
- Muraca, Barbara; Neuber, Frederike (2018-10-01). "Viable and convivial technologies: Considerations on Climate Engineering from a degrowth perspective". Journal of Cleaner Production. 197: 1810–1822. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.159. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 157931718.
- Pansera, Mario; Ehlers, Melf-Hinrich; Kerschner, Christian (2019-12-01). "Unlocking wise digital techno-futures: Contributions from the Degrowth community". Futures. 114: 102474. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2019.102474. hdl:20.500.11850/371476. ISSN 0016-3287. S2CID 210382385.
- ^ a b Vetter, Andrea (2018-10-01). "The Matrix of Convivial Technology – Assessing technologies for degrowth". Journal of Cleaner Production. 197: 1778–1786. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.195. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 152158836.
- ^ Kallis, Giorgos (2011-03-15). "In defence of degrowth". Ecological Economics. 70 (5): 873–880. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.12.007. ISSN 0921-8009.
- ^ Cosme, Inês; Santos, Rui; o'Neill, Daniel W. (2017-04-15). "Assessing the degrowth discourse: A review and analysis of academic degrowth policy proposals". Journal of Cleaner Production. 149: 321–334. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.016. ISSN 0959-6526.
- ^ a b Nyamnjoh, Francis B (2017-05-01). "Incompleteness: Frontier Africa and the Currency of Conviviality". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 52 (3): 253–270. doi:10.1177/0021909615580867. ISSN 0021-9096. S2CID 155632957.
- ^ Erickson, B. (2020). Grotesque logic: Catalan carnival utopias and the politics of laughter. Visual Studies, 36(4–5), 507–523. 10.1080/1472586X.2020.1798810
- ^ "The way of tea: an art of conviviality". ArtRabbit.com.
- ^ "Tools for Conviviality". ThePowerPlant.org.
- ^ "Gordian Conviviality". Frieze (10). 16 May 2013.
- ^
- "4Cs: From Conflict to Conviviality through Creativity and Culture". 4cs-conflict-conviviality.eu.
- "4Cs: From Conflict to Conviviality through Creativity and Culture". Royal College of Art.
- ^ "Convivial Tools". DesignMuseum.org.
- ^ "Community, Care and Conviviality: Freemasonry in Lithgow". Eskbank House Museum.
- ^ "Anna Ehrenstein - Tools for Conviviality". C/O Berlin.