The Complutensian Polyglot Bible is the name given to the first printed polyglot of the entire Bible. The edition was initiated and financed by Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros (1436–1517) and published by Complutense University in Alcalá de Henares, Spain. It includes the first printed editions of the Greek New Testament, the complete Septuagint, and the Targum Onkelos, a translation of the Torah. Of the 600 six-volume sets which were printed, only 123 are known to have survived to date.
History
edit
Precedents
editThe polyglot Bible was the result of Spain's long-lasting tradition of translations of texts. Through centuries the intellectual class of the Iberian peninsula had developed a deep understanding of the issues of translation and the difficulty of conveying, or even interpreting meaning correctly across languages. Religious texts were known to be particularly difficult due to their high metaphorical content and how dependent on the context in which they were written they tended to be. This sparked a debate in Spain about the convenience of continuing the translation of religious texts, and the best way to do it, over a century prior to the Reformation.[1]
The customary answer to this debate was to ask religious authorities to examine the translation and cross-check and compare different translations with contemporary Castilian, but that in turn created a debate about the qualifications of the religious authority itself to properly translate from the original sources. One of the answers to this debate was the polyglot Bible, which Cisneros hoped would end the issue forever.[1]
Translation process
editDiego López de Zúñiga was the chief editor, and was fluent in Latin as well as both Aramaic and Arabic. He was given a team of various translators. Converted translators and academics were favoured and specifically sought since they were fluent in the source languages and the cultures of the texts. Second in command, Alfonso de Zamora (1476–1544) was a converted Jewish scholar, an expert in Talmudic studies, and spoke Hebrew as his first language. Other conversos working on the project were Alfonso de Alcalá and Pablo de Coronel. Demetrius Ducas (a scholar from Crete), Hernán Núñez de Toledo ("The Pincian") and Juan de Vergara were in charge of the translation from Greek manuscripts. Antonio de Nebrija was specifically called for the translation of the Latin Vulgate. Hernán Núñez de Toledo was also the chief Latinist.[2] The scholars met in Alcalá de Henares, a city near Madrid also known by its Latin name Complutum, at Complutense University.[3]
The New Testament was completed and printed in 1514, but its publication was delayed while work on the Old Testament continued, so they could be published together as a complete work.[4]
Delays
editThe Complutensian Old Testament was completed in 1517. Cardinal Cisneros died in July 1517, five months after the Polyglot's completion, and never saw its publication.[4] Further delays happened when, following the death of Cardinal Cisneros, the text was confiscated by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.[5]: 62
Erasmus's four-year exclusive privilege in 1516 (and the papal privilege given to the First Biblia Rabbinica in 1518)[6]: 9 may have also been a delaying factor: Pope Leo X finally sanctioned it in 1520. At which time the civil war in Castile, the Revolt of the Comuneros broke out, causing delays.[5]: 62
Influence
editThe direct influence of the Complutensian Polyglot was attenuated because, according to a much later letter of King Philip II of Spain, a significant number of copies were lost in a shipwreck in transit to Italy around 1521.[7]
The Aldine Press based the Old Testament text in the 1518 Aldine Bible on the Complutensian's Greek Septuagint, paired with a New Testament based to some extent on Erasmus's version.
Erasmus acknowledged using the Complutensian in the 1527 edition of his Novum Testamentum.[8]
Contents
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The Complutensian Polyglot Bible was published as a six-volume set. The first four volumes contain the Old Testament. Each page consists of three parallel columns of text: Hebrew on the outside, the Latin Vulgate in the middle (edited by Antonio de Nebrija), and the Greek Septuagint on the inside. On each page of the Pentateuch, the Aramaic text (the Targum Onkelos) and its own Latin translation are added at the bottom. The fifth volume, the New Testament, consists of parallel columns of Greek and the Latin Vulgate. The sixth volume contains various Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek dictionaries and study aids.[4]
Jerome's Latin version of the Old Testament was placed between the Greek and Hebrew versions, symbolizing the Roman Church of Christ being surrounded and crucified by the Greek Church and the Jews.[9] This text was collated by Antonio de Nebrija from manuscript sources, but was left uncorrected. Nebrija eventually resigned from the project after Cisneros refused to allow him to improve the translation, in deference to the desires of the Papacy.[10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b García Oro, José (2005). Cisneros: un cardenal reformista en el trono de España (1436–1517). Esfera de los Libros. ISBN
- ^ Mendoza, J. Carlos Vizuete; Llamazares, Fernando; Sánchez, Julio Martín; Mancha, Universidad de Castilla-La (2002). Los arzobispos de Toledo y la universidad española: 5 de marzo-3 de junio, Iglesia de San Pedro Mártir, Toledo. Univ de Castilla La Mancha'
- ^ The new Cambridge modern history, page 124, R. B. (Richard Bruce) Wernham (1906-): "... he and his fellow convert, Pablo de Coronel, were also engaged on the Hebrew and Aramaic sections of the Complutensian Polyglot Bible."
- ^ a b c Bart D. Ehrman (2005). Misquoting Jesus. San Francisco: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-073817-4.
- ^ a b Pinilla, Ignacio Garcia (2016). Reconsidering the Relationship, Basel 1516: Erasmus' edition of the New Testament. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-154522-1.
- ^ Rummel, Erika (25 June 2008). A Companion to Biblical Humanism and Scholasticism in the Age of Erasmus. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004145733.I-335.5.
- ^ Garcia Pinilla, Ignacio (2017). Reconsidering the Relationship between the Complutensian Polyglot Bible and Erasmus’ Novum Testamentum in Erasmus’ Edition of the New Testament. Basel: Mohr Siebeck. p. 62. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
- ^ Garcia Pinilla, Ignacio (2017). Reconsidering the Relationship between the Complutensian Polyglot Bible and Erasmus’ Novum Testamentum in Erasmus’ Edition of the New Testament. Basel: Mohr Siebeck. p. 70. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
- ^ Ehrman, 76
- ^ Rummel, Erika (2008). Biblical Humanism and Scholasticism in the Age of Erasmus. Leiden, Ned.: Brill. pp. 4-5.
Further reading
edit- Lyell, James P. R. (1917), Cardinal Ximenes, Statesman, Ecclesiastic, Soldier, and Man of Letters: with an Account of the Complutensian Polyglot Bible. London: Coptic House, 1917.
- Rummel, Erika. Jiménez de Cisneros, On the Threshold of Spain’s Golden Age. Tempe, Arizona: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 1999.
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Editions of the Bible
- Catholic Encyclopedia "Polyglot Bibles"
- GFS Complutensian Greek
- Robert Proctor's announcement of his Otter Greek font: A New Fount of Greek Type, Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 2, No. 6 (Aug., 1903), pp. 358-360
External links
editScanned copies
- Complutensian Polyglot Bible WDL
- Biblia Políglota Complutense. Volúmenes I-V. Biblioteca digital de Castilla-La Mancha. Archived 2018-05-21 at the Wayback Machine
- "Vetus testamentū multiplici lingua nūc primo impressum ... adiūcta vnicuique sua latina interpretatione", 1514, volúmenes II-VI, digitalizada en la Biblioteca Digital Hispánica de la Spanish National Library(In Spanish)