The Cloverleaf quasar (H1413+117, QSO J1415+1129) is a bright, gravitationally lensed quasar. It receives its name because of gravitational lensing spitting the single quasar into four images.[1]
| Cloverleaf, H1413+117, QSO 1415+1129 | |
|---|---|
 ESO image of the Cloverleaf quasar | |
| Observation data (Epoch J2000) | |
| Right ascension | 14 h 15 m 46.27 s |
| Declination | +11° 29 ′ 43.4 ″ |
| Redshift | 2.56 |
| Distance | 11 Gly |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 17 |
| Notable features | Four-image lens, bright CO emission |
| Other designations | |
| QSO J1415+1129, QSO B1413+1143, H 1413+117, Clover Leaf Quasar | |
| See also: Quasar, List of quasars | |
Quasar
editMolecular gas (notably CO) detected in the host galaxy associated with the quasar is the oldest molecular material known and provides evidence of large-scale star formation in the early universe. Thanks to the strong magnification provided by the foreground lens, the Cloverleaf is the brightest known source of CO emission at high redshift[2] and was also the first source at a redshift z = 2.56 to be detected with HCN[3] or HCO+ emission.[4] This suggests the quasar is currently undergoing an intense wave of star formations thus increasing its luminosity.[3] A radio jet has also been found on the side of quasar according to a study published in 2023.[5]
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The 4 quasar images were originally discovered in 1984; in 1988, they were determined to be a single quasar split into four images, instead of 4 separate quasars. The X-rays from iron atoms were also enhanced relative to X-rays at lower energies. Since the amount of brightening due to gravitational lensing doesn't vary with the wavelength, this means that an additional object has magnified the X-rays. The increased magnification of the X-ray light can be explained by gravitational microlensing, an effect which has been used to search for compact stars and planets in our galaxy. Microlensing occurs when a star or a multiple star system passes in front of light from a background object. If a single star or a multiple star system in one of the foreground galaxies passed in front of the light path for the brightest image, then that image would be selectively magnified.[6]
Black hole
editThe X-rays would be magnified much more than the visible light if they came from a region around the central supermassive black hole of the lensing galaxy that was smaller than the origin region of the visible light. The enhancement of the X-rays from iron ions would be due to this same effect. The analysis indicates that the X-rays are coming from a very small region, about the size of the Solar System, around the central black hole. The visible light is coming from a region ten or more times larger. The angular size of these regions at a distance of 11 billion light years is tens of thousands times smaller than the smallest region that can be resolved by the Hubble Space Telescope. This provides a way to test models for the flow of gas around a supermassive black hole.[6] Additionally, inner regions of the quasar's accretion disk around the black hole has been detected suggesting outflow wind.[7]
Lensing galaxy and partial Einstein ring
editData from NICMOS and a special algorithm resolved the lensing galaxy and a partial Einstein ring. The Einstein ring represents the host galaxy of the lensed quasar.[8]
History
editThe Cloverleaf quasar was discovered in 1988. Data on the Cloverleaf collected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory in 2004 were compared with that gathered by optical telescopes. One of the X-ray components (A) in the Cloverleaf is brighter than the others in both optical and X-ray light but was found to be relatively brighter in X-ray than in optical light. The X-rays from iron atoms were also enhanced relative to X-rays at lower energies.[6]
Gallery
edit-
Quadruple image of the quasar taken with Hubble Space Telescope. -
Graphic illustration of four images of the quasar caused by gravitational lensing.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ information@eso.org. "The Cloverleaf quasar". www.eso.org. Retrieved 2024-08-28.
- ^ S. Venturini; P. M. Solomon (2003). "The Molecular Disk in the Cloverleaf Quasar". Astrophysical Journal. 590 (2): 740–745. arXiv:astro-ph/0210529. Bibcode:2003ApJ...590..740V. doi:10.1086/375050. S2CID 761080.
- ^ a b P. Solomon; P. Vanden Bout; C. Carilli; M. Guelin (2003). "The Essential Signature of a Massive Starburst in a Distant Quasar". Nature. 426 (6967): 636–638. arXiv:astro-ph/0312436. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..636S. doi:10.1038/nature02149. PMID 14668856. S2CID 4414417.
- ^ D. A. Riechers; et al. (2006). "First Detection of HCO+ Emission at High Redshift". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 645 (1): L13–L16. arXiv:astro-ph/0605437. Bibcode:2006ApJ...645L..13R. doi:10.1086/505908. S2CID 17504751.
- ^ Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Zhi-Yu; Nightingale, James W.; Zou, Ze-Cheng; Cao, Xiaoyue; Tsai, Chao-Wei; Yang, Chentao; Shi, Yong; Wang, Junzhi; Xu, Dandan; Lin, Ling-Rui; Zhou, Jing; Li, Ran (2023-09-01). "Discovery of a radio jet in the Cloverleaf quasar at z = 2.56". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 524 (3): 3671–3682. arXiv:2212.07027. Bibcode:2023MNRAS.524.3671Z. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2069. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ a b c "Chandra :: Photo Album :: Cloverleaf Quasar (a.k.a. H1413+117) :: More Images of the Cloverleaf Quasar". chandra.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-28.
- ^ Chartas, G.; Eracleous, M.; Dai, X.; Agol, E.; Gallagher, S. (2007-06-01). "Discovery of Probable Relativistic Fe Emission and Absorption in the Cloverleaf Quasar H 1413+117". The Astrophysical Journal. 661 (2): 678–692. arXiv:astro-ph/0702742. Bibcode:2007ApJ...661..678C. doi:10.1086/516816. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ^ Chantry, Virginie; Magain, Pierre (August 2007). "Deconvolution of HST images of the Cloverleaf gravitational lens : detection of the lensing galaxy and a partial Einstein ring". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 470 (2): 467–473. arXiv:astro-ph/0612094. Bibcode:2007A&A...470..467C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066839. ISSN 0004-6361.
Further reading
edit- R. Barvainis; L. Tacconi; R. Antonucci; D. Alloin; P. Coleman (2002). "Extremely strong carbon monoxide emission from the Cloverleaf quasar at a redshift of 2.5". Nature. 371 (6498): 586–588. Bibcode:1994Natur.371..586B. doi:10.1038/371586a0. S2CID 4246365.
- C. M. Bradford; et al. (2009). "The Warm Molecular Gas Around the Cloverleaf Quasar". Astrophysical Journal. 705 (1): 112. arXiv:0908.1818. Bibcode:2009ApJ...705..112B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/705/1/112. S2CID 13889803.
External links
edit- Chandra at Havard CfA, "Cloverleaf Quasar: Chandra Looks Over a Cosmic Four-Leaf Clover", 20 February 2009