Cannikin was an underground nuclear weapons test performed on November 6, 1971, on Amchitka island, Alaska, by the United States Atomic Energy Commission.[1] The experiment, part of the Operation Grommet nuclear test series, tested the unique W71 warhead design for the LIM-49 Spartan anti-ballistic missile.[2][3] With an explosive yield of almost 5 megatons of TNT (21 PJ), the test was the largest underground explosion ever detonated by the United States.[4]
Prior to the main five-megaton test in 1971, a 1 Mt (4.2 PJ) test took place on the island on October 2, 1969, for calibration purposes, and to ensure the subsequent Cannikin test could be contained.[4] This test, Milrow, was included in the Operation Mandrel nuclear test series.
The Cannikin test faced considerable opposition on environmental grounds. The campaigning environmental organization Greenpeace grew out of efforts to oppose the test.
Siting
editThe Cannikin test was too large to be conducted safely at Nevada Test Site.[4] Amchitka had been considered in the 1950s as a potential nuclear test site, but had been deemed unsuitable at that time.[5] In 1965, a single nuclear test, Long Shot, was carried out on the island for the purposes of seismic test detection development, under program Vela Uniform. The Amchitka site was again investigated as an atmospheric nuclear test site for intercontinental ballistic missile silo design under Project Rufus in the 1960s, but the atmospheric testing component was abandoned following the establishment of the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.[6]
Preparation
editPreparation for the test took place over five years and involved hundreds of staff from the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, later the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Drilling for the shaft for the Milrow test began in March 1967, with drilling for the Cannikin test commencing in August 1967.[7]
To perform the test, 400 tons of equipment was placed in a shaft 1,870 metres (6,150 ft) deep and 2.3 metres (90 in) wide. Test support equipment was designed to survive a ground upheaval of 4.6 metres (15 ft) at test time.[2]
The chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, James R. Schlesinger, brought his wife and two daughters to Amchitka for the test to emphasize the safety of the test.[8]
Opposition
editBoth the 1969 calibration test and Cannikin itself attracted protest. Because of the 1964 Alaska earthquake, the plans raised concerns that tests might trigger earthquakes and cause a tsunami. A 1969 demonstration of 7,000[9] people blocked a major U.S.–Canada border crossing in British Columbia, carrying signs reading "Don't Make A Wave. It's Your Fault If Our Fault Goes".[10] Further demonstrations occurred at Canada–US border crossings in Ontario and Quebec.[11] The Canadian Don't Make a Wave Committee, founded that year in Vancouver, attempted to halt further nuclear testing on the Aleutian Islands chain.[12] With the intention of sailing to Amchitka to protest the 1971 test, the committee chartered a ship it renamed Greenpeace. During the voyage to Amchitka, the test was delayed a month. The ship was turned back by the U.S. Coast Guard, although a letter given to the Greenpeace crew showed support for the protest by some on the intervening Coast Guard ship. Under their own ship's name, the organization created for the protest continued to exist as the campaigning environmental organization Greenpeace.
In July 1971, the anti-nuclear Committee for Nuclear Responsibility filed suit against the Atomic Energy Commission, asking the court to stop the test.[13] The suit was unsuccessful, with the Supreme Court denying the injunction by 4 votes to 3.[14] The test was carried out but, although it triggered small earthquakes, did not cause a tsunami as feared.
Test results
edit
Cannikin was detonated on November 6, 1971 51°28′13.20″N 179°6′40.75″E / 51.4703333°N 179.1113194°E, as the thirteenth test of the Operation Grommet (1971–1972) underground nuclear test series. The announced yield was 5 megatons (21 PJ) – the largest underground nuclear test in U.S. history.[15][16][17] (Estimates for the precise yield range from 4.4[18] to 5.2[19] megatons or 18 to 22 PJ). The ground lifted 20 feet (6 m), caused by an explosive force almost 400 times the power of the Hiroshima bomb.[20] Subsidence and faulting at the site created a new lake, several hundred meters wide.[21]: 11 The explosion caused a seismic shock of 7.0 on the Richter scale, causing rockfalls and turf slides of a total of 35,000 square feet (3,300 m2).[17] Though earthquakes and tsunamis predicted by environmentalists did not occur,[14] a number of small tectonic events did occur in the following weeks, (some registering as high as 4.0 on the richter scale) thought to be due to the interaction of the explosion with local tectonic stresses.[22]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Mark Nuttall (2004). Encyclopedia of the Arctic. Routledge. ISBN 1579584365.
the AEC instituted an extensive bioenvironmental program on Amchitka, and within a few years had completed Project Milrow, Project Long Shot, and Project Cannikin
- ^ a b "Accomplishments in the 1970s: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory". Archived from the original on February 17, 2005. Retrieved October 9, 2006.
- ^ Robert Rogalski (March 14, 2007). Classification Bulletin – TNP-29 – The fact that the Cannikin event was a proof test of the W71 warhead for the Spartan missile system (Report). Archived from the original on April 26, 2023.
Pursuant to section 142d of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, you determine that the following information can be published without undue risk to the common defense and security and can therefore be declassified and removed from the Formerly Restricted Data category: The fact that the Cannikin event was a proof test of the W71 warhead for the Spartan missile system.
- ^ a b c
The containment of underground nuclear explosions. 1989.
This test, by far the highest-yield underground test ever conducted by the United States, was too large to be safely conducted in Nevada
- ^ Giblin, Michael O.; David C. Stahl; Jodi A. Bechtel. Surface remediation in the Aleutian Islands: A case study of Amchitka Island, Alaska (PDF). WM '02 Conference, Tucson AZ, February 24–28, 2002. Archived from the original on February 27, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
- ^ Project Larkspur, Amchitka Island, Alaska, Investigations of Areas 1, 2, 3 and 4 (PDF) (Report). U.S. Army Engineer District, North Pacific Division, U.S. Corps of Engineers. March 1965. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 3, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
- ^ "Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program: Facility List" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
For the Milrow detonation, drilling began March 9, 1967
- ^ Jim Clarke (June 29, 1997). "Scientists Hunt for H-Bomb Fallout". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
James Schlesinger, then AEC chairman, brought his wife and two daughters to Amchitka for the Cannikin blast
- ^ "Protests fail to stop Nuclear Test countdown", The Free-Lance Star - October 2, 1969, Accessed via Google News Archive October 4, 2009.
- ^ Brown, Michael; May, John (1991). The Greenpeace Story (2nd ed.). London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-86318-691-2.
- ^ "Alaska is Braced for Atomic Shock", St. Petersburg Times - October 2, 1969. Accessed via Google News Archive October 4, 2009. Has a subtitle - Demonstrators picket US Embassy in Ottawa.
- ^ "The Story of Project Cannikin: In 1971, the U.S. Military Nuked Alaska". July 17, 2017. Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
- ^ "Round 2 at Amchitka". U.S. Time. New York City. July 17, 1971. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved October 9, 2006.
- ^ a b "The Amchitka Bomb Goes Off". Time. November 15, 1971. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved October 9, 2006.
- ^ "Alaskan blast fails to cause quakes, waves or radiation". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. November 7, 1971. p. 1.
- ^ "Nuclear test sites studied by scientists". The Bulletin. (Bend, Oregon). UPI. November 8, 1971. p. 1.
- ^ a b Miller, Pam (1996). "Nuclear Flashback: Report of a Greenpeace Scientific Expedition to Amchitka Island, Alaska – Site of the Largest Underground Nuclear Test in U.S. History" (PDF). pp. 3, 5–6, 20, 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2006. Retrieved October 9, 2006.
- ^ Sykes, Lynn R.; Graham C. Wiggins (January 1986). "Yields of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions at Novaya Zemlya, 1964–1976, from Seismic Body and Surface Waves". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 83 (2): 201–5. Bibcode:1986PNAS...83..201S. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.2.201. PMC 322824. PMID 16593645.
- ^ Fritz, Stacey (April 2000). "The Role of National Missile Defense in the Environmental History of Alaska". University of Alaska Fairbanks. Archived from the original on December 30, 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2006.
- ^ Perlman, David (December 17, 2001). "Blast from the past: Researchers worry that radiation from nuclear test decades ago may be damaging marine life today". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 11, 2006.
- ^ Hassan, Ahmed; Karl Pohlmann; Jenny Chapman (2002). "Modeling Groundwater Flow and Transport of Radionuclides at Amchitka Island's Underground Nuclear Tests: Milrow, Long Shot, and Cannikin" (PDF). USDOE Technical Report. doi:10.2172/806659. DOE/NV/11508-51. Retrieved October 9, 2006.
- ^ Engdahl, E. R. (December 1972). "Seismic effects of the MILROW and CANNIKIN nuclear explosions" (PDF). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 62 (6): 1411–1423. doi:10.2172/4687405.