Wikipedia

Bank of Scotland

This article is about the commercial and clearing bank. For banks in Scotland, see List of banks in Scotland. For state-owned investment bank, see Scottish National Investment Bank. For the central bank of Scotland, see Bank of England.
Not to be confused with Royal Bank of Scotland.

The Bank of Scotland plc (Scottish Gaelic: Banca na h-Alba) is a commercial and clearing bank based in Edinburgh, Scotland, and is part of the Lloyds Banking Group. The bank was established by the Parliament of Scotland in 1695 to develop Scotland's trade with other countries, and aimed to create a stable banking system in the United kingdom .[2] The bank is the ninth oldest bank in continuous operation.[3]

Bank of Scotland plc
Native name
Banca na h-Alba (Gaelic)
Bank o Scotland (Scots)
Company typePublic limited company
IndustryFinancial services
FoundedThe Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland
17 July 1695; 329 years ago (1695-07-17)
HeadquartersEdinburgh, Scotland, UK
ProductsBanking and Insurance
Total assets£359 billion (2016) [1]
Number of employees
20,000
ParentLloyds Banking Group
Divisions
WebsiteBank of Scotland

With a history dating to the end of the 17th century, the Bank of Scotland was the first bank to have been established in Scotland, and,[4] it is the fifth-oldest extant bank in the United Kingdom (the Bank of England having been established one year earlier). It is the only commercial institution created by the Parliament of Scotland, when Scotland was an independent, sovereign state, to remain in existence. It was the first bank in Europe to successfully print its own banknotes,[5] and it continues to print its own sterling banknotes under legal arrangements that allow Scottish banks to issue currency.

In June 2006, the HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006 was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, allowing the bank's structure to be simplified. As a result, The Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland became Bank of Scotland plc on 17 September 2007.[6] Bank of Scotland has been a subsidiary of Lloyds Banking Group since 19 January 2009, when HBOS was acquired by Lloyds TSB.

History

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Establishment

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Bank of Scotland Act 1695
Act of Parliament
 
Parliament of Scotland
Long titleAct of Parliament for erecting a Bank in Scotland.
Citation1695 c. 88
 
The bank was established by the Parliament of Scotland, the legislature of the Kingdom of Scotland in 1695
 
Bank of Scotland coat of arms, Head Office, The Mound, Edinburgh

The Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland was established by an act of the Parliament of Scotland on 17 July 1695,[7] the Act for erecting a Bank in Scotland, opening for business in February 1696. Although established soon after the Bank of England (1694), the Bank of Scotland was a very different institution. Whereas the Bank of England was established specifically to finance defence spending by the English government, the Bank of Scotland was established by the Scottish government to support Scottish business, and was prohibited from lending to the government without parliamentary approval.[7]

The founding act granted the bank a monopoly on public banking in Scotland for 21 years, permitted the bank's directors to raise a nominal capital of £1,200,000 pound Scots (£100,000 pound sterling), gave the proprietors (shareholders) limited liability, and in the final clause (repealed only in 1920) made all foreign-born proprietors naturalised Scotsmen "to all Intents and Purposes whatsoever".[7] John Holland, an Englishman, was one of the bank's founders.[7] Its first chief accountant was George Watson.[8]

18th and 19th centuries

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Golden statue of Fame on top of the main dome, Bank of Scotland Head Office, Edinburgh by John Rhind

The Bank of Scotland was suspected of Jacobite sympathies.[7] Its first rival, the Royal Bank of Scotland, was formed by royal charter in 1727.[7] This led to a period of great competition between the two banks as they tried to drive each other out of business.[7] Although the "Bank Wars" ended in around 1751,[7] competition soon arose from other sources, as other Scottish banks were founded throughout the country.[7] In response, the Bank of Scotland itself began to open branches throughout Scotland.

Following the Acts of Union in 1707, the bank supervised the reminting of the old Scottish coinage into Sterling. It was one of the first banks in Europe to print its own banknotes, and it continues to print its own sterling banknotes under legal arrangements that allow Scottish banks to issue currency.[9]

The bank also took the lead in establishing the security and stability of the entire Scottish banking system, which became more important after the insolvency of Alexander Fordyce and collapse of the Ayr Bank in 1772,[10] in the crisis following the collapse of the London house of Neal, James, Fordyce and Down.

Henry Dundas was Governor of the Bank of Scotland from 1790 to 1811. As well as governor, he was also Home Secretary in William Pitt the Younger's government. In 1792, Dundas was successful in passing the Slave Trade Bill in the House of Commons.[11]

The bank was housed in the southern (1588) section of the Gourlay house on Melbourne Place before being moved to the customised bank building on the Mound in 1805.[12]

The Western Bank collapsed in 1857, and the Bank of Scotland stepped in with the other Scottish banks to ensure that all the Western Bank's notes were paid.[13] The first branch in London opened in 1865.[14]

20th century

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In the 1950s, the Bank of Scotland was involved in several mergers and acquisitions with different banks. In 1955, the Bank merged with the Union Bank of Scotland.[15] The Bank also expanded into consumer credit with the purchase of Chester-based, North West Securities (Later Capital Bank).[16] In 1971, the Bank agreed to merge with the British Linen Bank,[16] owned by Barclays Bank. The merger saw Barclays Bank acquire a 35% stake in the Bank of Scotland, a stake it retained until the 1990s.[17]

In 1959, the Bank of Scotland became the first bank in the UK to install a computer to process accounts centrally.[16] At 11:00 on 25 January 1985, the Bank of Scotland introduced HOBS (Home and Office Banking Services), an early example of remote access technology being made available to banking customers. This followed a small-scale service operated jointly with the Nottingham Building Society for two years but developed by the Bank of Scotland. The new HOBS service enabled customers to access their accounts directly on a television screen, using the Prestel telephone network.[18]

International expansion

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Main article: Bank of Scotland International
 
Bank of Scotland offices in central Edinburgh

The arrival of North Sea oil to Scotland in the 1970s allowed the Bank of Scotland to expand into the energy sector. The bank later used this expertise in energy finance to expand internationally. The first international office opened in Houston, Texas, followed by more in the United States, Moscow and Singapore. In 1987, the bank acquired Countrywide Bank of New Zealand (later sold to Lloyds TSB in 1998). In 1995 the bank expanded into the Australian market by acquiring Perth based Bankwest.[16][19]

A controversial period in the bank's history was the attempt in 1999 to enter the United States retail banking market via a joint venture with evangelist Pat Robertson. The move was met with criticism from civil rights groups in the UK, owing to Robertson's controversial views on homosexuality. The bank was forced to cancel the deal when Robertson described Scotland as a "dark land overrun by homosexuals".[20]

HBOS

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Main article: HBOS

Formation of HBOS

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Headquarters of the Bank of Scotland, located on The Mound, at North Bank Street, Edinburgh (the street is named in honour of the bank having moved there in 1806)

In the late 1990s, the UK financial sector market underwent a period of consolidation on a large scale. Many of the large building societies were demutualising and becoming banks in their own right or merging with existing banks. For instance Lloyds Bank and TSB Bank merged in 1995 to create Lloyds TSB.[21] In 1999, the Bank of Scotland made a takeover bid for National Westminster Bank.[22] Since the Bank of Scotland was significantly smaller than the English-based NatWest, the move was seen as an audacious and risky move. However, The Royal Bank of Scotland tabled a rival offer, and a bitter takeover battle ensued, with the Royal Bank the victor.[23]

The Bank of Scotland was now the centre of other merger opportunities. A proposal to merge with the Abbey National was explored, but later rejected.[24] In 2001, the Bank of Scotland and the Halifax agreed a merger to form HBOS ("Halifax Bank of Scotland").[25]

HBOS Reorganisation Act

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In 2006, HBOS secured the passing of the HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006, a local act of Parliament that would allow the group to operate within a simplified structure. The act allowed HBOS to make the Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland a public limited company, Bank of Scotland plc, which became the principal banking subsidiary of HBOS. Halifax plc and Capital Bank plc transferred their undertakings to Bank of Scotland plc, and although the Halifax brand name was retained, Halifax then began to operate under the latter company's UK banking licence.[26] Capital Bank branding was phased out.

The provisions in the act were implemented on 17 September 2007.[27]

Lloyds Banking Group

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In 2008, HBOS Group agreed to be taken over by Lloyds TSB Group during the Great Recession.[28]

Sponsorships

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Bank of Scotland sponsored the Scottish Premier League from its inception in 1998 to season 2006/2007 when it declined to renew the deal in favour of investing in grassroots sport instead. They also sponsored Scottish Athletics for a number of years.

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Henry Dundas was Governor of the Bank of Scotland from 1790 to 1811. As well as governor, he was also Home Secretary in William Pitt the Younger's government. In 1792 Dundas was successful in passing the Slave Trade Bill in the House of Commons.[29]

Banknotes

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See also: Banknotes of Scotland

Although the Bank of Scotland today is not a central bank, it retains the right (along with two other Scottish commercial banks) to issue pound sterling banknotes to this day. These notes are equal in value to notes issued by the Bank of England, the central bank of the United Kingdom.

Banknote history

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Along with the Bank of England, the Bank of Scotland was one of the first European banks to issue paper currency redeemable for cash on demand (which was an extremely useful facility given the poor state of the Scottish coinage at the end of the 17th century) on a sustainable basis after the earlier failed attempt of the Swedish Stockholms Banco in 1661–64. Following the Acts of Union in 1707, the bank supervised the reminting of the old Scottish coinage into Sterling. Up until the middle of the 19th century, privately owned banks in Great Britain and Ireland were permitted to issue their own banknotes, and money issued by provincial Scottish,[30] English, Welsh and Irish banking companies circulated freely as a means of payment.[31]

In 1826, there was outrage in Scotland at the attempt of the United Kingdom Parliament to prevent the production of banknotes of less than five pounds face value. Sir Walter Scott wrote a series of letters to the Edinburgh Weekly Journal under the pseudonym "Malachi Malagrowther", which provoked such a response that the government was forced to relent and allow the Scottish banks to continue printing £1 notes.[32]

1995 series

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The Tercentenary Series £50 note (1995)

Bank of Scotland's previous note issue was in 1995, known as the Tercentenary Series as they were issued in the year of the three hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the bank. Each denomination features Sir Walter Scott on the front, and on the back are representations of industries that Scotland excels in:

  • £5 note featuring a vignette of oil and energy
  • £10 note featuring a vignette of distilling and brewing
  • £20 note featuring a vignette of education and research
  • £50 note featuring a vignette of arts and culture
  • £100 note featuring a vignette of leisure and tourism.

These notes are no longer in circulation.

2007 "Bridges" series

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A £20 note of the 2007 issue.

Bank of Scotland began issuing a new series of banknotes in the Autumn of 2007, which feature the common theme of Scottish bridges.[33] It will take at least three years for the current issue of Bank of Scotland notes to be phased out of circulation. In keeping with the bank's tradition, the front of the notes depict an image of Sir Walter Scott; the image on the 2007 series is based on the portrait of Scott painted by Henry Raeburn.[34]

Some new security features have also been added to the new design. These include a metallic security thread embedded in every banknote, which contains the numerical value of the note and the note's bridge image. A new hologram and foil patch has been introduced on the front of the £20, £50 and £100 notes, which features the Bank of Scotland logo and the numerical value of the note.

On 1 March 2018 the Bank of Scotland decided to withdraw all of its paper £5 and £10 notes, and fully replace them with its polymer equivalents (see below).[35]

2016 Polymer series

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Bank of Scotland began issuing new banknotes on polymer in 2016, beginning with the £5 note. The main theme of the bridges of Scotland are kept for this series, but have been redesigned to incorporate additional design features. The portrait of Sir Walter Scott by Henry Raeburn is the same as the 2007 issues, but have been shifted from the centre to the right side of the notes. The bank's headquarters, "The Mound" is featured at the centre of the note. The size of the notes for this series is also reduced.[36][37][38]

Corporate structure

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Associated brands include:

Intelligent Finance

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Bank of Scotland plc trading as Intelligent Finance
Intelligent Finance
Company typeDivision
IndustryFinance
Founded1999; 25 years ago (1999)
Headquarters
Edinburgh  
ProductsFinancial services
Number of employees
287 Scotland
ParentLloyds Banking Group
Websitewww.if.com

Intelligent Finance (IF) is a UK offset bank, a division of Bank of Scotland. It was established as a division of Halifax plc in 1999 by Jim Spowart, who helped establish other direct financial services firms including Direct Line.

Following a reorganisation of the HBOS group, it is now a division of Bank of Scotland plc. IF's registered headquarters are in Edinburgh, with customer service operations based in Scotland (Livingston, West Lothian, and Rosyth, Fife). Its postal address is no longer in Livingston; it is now Leeds.

IF was set up at a time when many banks were exploring opportunities to use new technology to reduce the costs of providing financial services. IF established what it marketed as "intelligent" products whereby customer pick a combination of all or some of a range of bank accounts including current account, savings account, mortgage and credit card. The credit balance in a person's current account and saving accounts would "offset" any debit balances in the person's mortgage and credit card accounts. The customer would then pay interest on the net balance, potentially allowing savings to be made on borrowings. However, in June 2005 IF withdrew its offset credit card, citing high running costs.

Although the bank was hit by technical problems at its launch, it quickly gained a significant market share in the mortgage and current account market, and is still one of the largest in the U.K

Intelligent Finance sponsored the Scottish First Division football team Livingston FC. From 2006 to 2008 it sponsored the if.comedies award, successor to the Perrier Comedy Award, at the Edinburgh Fringe.

In July 2009, Intelligent Finance withdrew its mortgage and current account products to new customers, although existing customers were unaffected. In March 2013, Intelligent Finance withdrew all its remaining products to new customers. As with mortgages, existing customers continued to be able to operate their accounts. Its Visa Debit cards do not support contactless payment and cannot be added to smartphone near-field communication applications (NFC, e.g. Samsung Pay, Apple Pay, Google Pay.

In Summer 2014, Intelligent Finance asked its savings customers to consider moving their accounts to TSB Bank. Lloyds Banking Group was asked to close Intelligent Finance to new business by the European Commission in order to reduce their market share.[39]

In May 2023, Intelligent Finance announced, without explanation and without any mention on its website, that it would be closing all its current accounts by the end of 2023 and that customers would have to switch to a new current account or have their funds returned to them.[40]

List of governors of the Bank of Scotland

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  1. John Holland 1696–1697
  2. David Melville, 3rd Earl of Leven 1697–1728
  3. Alexander Hume, 2nd Earl of Marchmont 1728–1740
  4. Charles Hope, 1st Earl of Hopetoun 1740–1742
  5. Colonel John Stratton 1742
  6. John Hay, 4th Marquess of Tweeddale 1742–1762
  7. Hugh Hume, 3rd Earl of Marchmont 1763–1790
  8. Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville 1790–1811
  9. Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville 1812–1851
  10. James Broun Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie 1851–1860[41]
  11. John Campbell, 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane 1861–1862
  12. George Hamilton-Baillie, 11th Earl of Haddington 1863–1870
  13. John Dalrymple, 10th Earl of Stair 1870–1903
  14. Alexander Bruce, 6th Lord Balfour of Burleigh 1904–1921
  15. William Mure 1921–1924
  16. Sidney Elphinstone, 16th Lord Elphinstone 1924–1955
  17. Sir John Craig 1955–1957
  18. Steven Bilsland, 1st Baron Bilsland 1957–1966
  19. Henry Hepburne-Scott, 10th Lord Polwarth 1966–1972
  20. Ronald Colville, 2nd Baron Clydesmuir 1972–1981
  21. Sir Thomas Risk 1981–1991
  22. Sir Bruce Pattullo 1991–1998
  23. Sir Alistair Grant 1998–1999
  24. Sir John Shaw 1999–2001
  25. Sir Peter Burt 2001–2003
  26. George Mitchell 2003–2006
  27. Dennis Stevenson, Baron Stevenson of Coddenham 2006– 2007

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Companies House (29 November 2020). "Companies Accounts". Companies House. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  2. ^ "Bank of Scotland". Archived from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  3. ^ "10 oldest operational banks in the world". The Business Standard. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  4. ^ "BOS - Internet Banking - Unavailable". www.bankofscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  5. ^ "BOS - Internet Banking - Unavailable". www.bankofscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  6. ^ "Bank of Scotland plc". Companies House. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Rampant Scotland". Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2005.
  8. ^ "Bank of Scotland by Richard Saville Page XXXIII". Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  9. ^ "Banknotes: Why do Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own money?". BBC. 10 March 2020. Archived from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  10. ^ Hamilton, Henry (1956). "The Failure of the Ayr Bank, 1772". The Economic History Review. 8 (3): 405–417. JSTOR 2598492. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  11. ^ Cobbett, William (1817). Cobbett's Parliamentary History of England.
  12. ^ Grant's Old and New Edinburgh vol 1 Ch 12
  13. ^ "Bank of Scotland by Richard Saville Page 393". Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  14. ^ "Bank of Scotland by Richard Saville Page 413". Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  15. ^ Bank of Scotland Corporate to move back to 110 St Vincent Street Archived 11 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ a b c d "Timeline: Bank of Scotland". Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
  17. ^ "RBI 750 retrospective: two-thirds of branches axed". Retail Banker International. 26 June 2018. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  18. ^ "Bank of Scotland". Archives Hub. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  19. ^ Energetic Scots buy BankWest for $900m Australian Financial Review 21 September 1995
  20. ^ "Bank drops evangelist". BBC News. 5 June 1999. Archived from the original on 25 September 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
  21. ^ "Lloyds Bank to merge with TSB Group". Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  22. ^ "Battle for Natwest resumes as DTI clears £22bn Bank of Scotland bid". Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  23. ^ "Bank admits defeat over Natwest". Archived from the original on 26 May 2004. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
  24. ^ "Bank of Scotland to continue talks with Abbey National". Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
  25. ^ "Bank of Scotland and Halifax agree merger". Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
  26. ^ "Bank Licence List Investor Compensation". Financial Advice. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  27. ^ "HBoS Reorganisation Act 2006". Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  28. ^ Lloyds: What happens next? Archived 26 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ Parliament, Great Britain (1817). Cobbett's Parliamentary History of England. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  30. ^ "Bank of Scotland 'family tree'". HBOS History. Archived from the original on 15 September 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  31. ^ "British Provincial Banknotes". pp. 1–6. Archived from the original on 19 November 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  32. ^ "Malachi Malagrowther and the Scottish banknote". BBC. 22 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  33. ^ "Current Banknotes : Bank of Scotland". The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers. Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
  34. ^ "Bank of Scotland to launch new series of banknotes". Bank of Scotland press releases. HBOS plc. 21 June 2007. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
  35. ^ "The Bridges series – withdrawn". scotbanks.org.uk. Committee of Scottish Clearing Banks. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  36. ^ Bank of Scotland new 5-pound note confirmed Archived 7 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine Banknote News (banknotenews.com). 12 October 2016. Retrieved on 5 June 2017.
  37. ^ Bank of Scotland new 10-pound polymer note unveiled Archived 7 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine Banknote News (banknotenews.com). 29 May 2017. Retrieved on 5 June 2017.
  38. ^ Scotland BOS new 20-pound polymer notes unveiled Archived 7 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine Banknote News (banknotenews.com). 7 November 2019. Retrieved on 7 November 2019.
  39. ^ "MyIF.com". Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  40. ^ "Leicester Mercury". Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  41. ^ Saville, Richard (1996). Bank of Scotland: a history, 1695–1995. Edinburgh University Press. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-7486-0757-0. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
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