Azaperone is a pyridinylpiperazine and butyrophenone neuroleptic drug with sedative and antiemetic effects, which is used mainly as a tranquilizer in veterinary medicine.[1] It is uncommonly used in humans as an antipsychotic drug.
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| AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
| Routes of administration | IM |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Elimination half-life | 4 hours |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.015.197 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C19H22FN3O |
| Molar mass | 327.403 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
| Melting point | 90 to 95 °C (194 to 203 °F) |
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Azaperone acts primarily as a dopamine antagonist but also has some antihistaminic and anticholinergic properties as seen with similar drugs such as haloperidol. Azaperone may cause hypotension and while it has minimal effects on respiration in pigs, high doses in humans can cause respiratory depression.
Veterinary use
editThe most common use for azaperone is in relatively small doses as a "serenic" (to reduce aggression) in farmed pigs, either to stop them fighting or to encourage sows to accept piglets. Higher doses are used for anesthesia in combination with other drugs such as xylazine, tiletamine and zolazepam. Azaperone is also used in combination with strong narcotics such as etorphine or carfentanil for tranquilizing large animals such as elephants.[2] Use in horses is avoided as adverse reactions may occur.
The European Medicines Agency has established a maximum residue limit for azaperone when administered to pigs.[3]
Azaperone (under the brand name Stresnil) was approved for use in pigs in the USA in 1983, under NADA 115-732.[4]
Synthesis
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The alkylation of 2-chloropyridine (1) with piperazine gives 1-(pyridin-2-yl)piperazine [67980-77-2] (2). The attachement of the sidechain by reaction with 4-chloro-4'-fluorobutyrophenone [3874-54-2] (3) completed the synthesis of azaperone (4).
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Posner LP, Burns P (2013). "Sedative agents: tranquilizers, alpha-2 agonists, and related agents. Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 2009:.". In Riviere JE, Papich MG (eds.). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th ed.). Somerset: Wiley. pp. 337–380 (366). ISBN 978-1-118-68590-7.
- ^ "The Elephant Formulary". Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
- ^ "Azaperone Summary Report (2)" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products. November 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-16. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
- ^ "Rules and Regulations" (PDF). Federal Register. 48 (202): 48229. 18 October 1983. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
- ^ Jaen, Juan C.; Caprathe, Bradley W.; Pugsley, Thomas A.; Wise, Lawrence D.; Akunne, Hyacinth (1993). "Evaluation of the effects of the enantiomers of reduced haloperidol, azaperol, and related 4-amino-1-arylbutanols on dopamine and .sigma. receptors". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 36 (24): 3929–3936. doi:10.1021/jm00076a022.
- ^ Janssen Paul Adriaan Jan, U.S. patent 2,958,694 (1960).
- ^ Taghizadeh, M. J., Mohammadnia, M. S., Ghalkhani, M., Sohouli, E. (April 2022). "Improved Method for the Total Synthesis of Azaperone and Investigation of Its Electrochemical Behavior in Aqueous Solution". Chemical Research in Chinese Universities. 38 (2): 546–551. doi:10.1007/s40242-021-1061-2. ISSN 1005-9040. S2CID 235614834.
- ^ Soudijn, W.; van Wijngaarden, I. (1968). "A rapid and convenient method for the synthesis of labelled tertiary amines". Journal of Labelled Compounds. 4 (2): 159–163. doi:10.1002/jlcr.2590040209.