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Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres

The men's 100 meters at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea saw world champion Ben Johnson of Canada defeat defending Olympic champion Carl Lewis of the United States in a world record time of 9.79, breaking his own record of 9.83 that he had set at the 1987 World Championships in Rome. Two days later, Johnson was stripped of his gold medal and world record by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) after he tested positive for stanozolol. The gold medal was then awarded to the original silver medalist Lewis, who had run 9.92. On 30 September 1989, following Johnson's admission to steroid use between 1981 and 1988, the IAAF rescinded his world record of 9.83 from the 1987 World Championship Final and stripped Johnson of his World Championship gold medal, which was also awarded to Lewis, who initially finished second.[1][2][3][4] This made Lewis the first man to repeat as Olympic champion in the 100 metres (second, if Archie Hahn's 1906 Intercalated Games title is recognized).

Men's 100 meters
at the Games of the XXIV Olympiad
VenueOlympic Stadium
Date23 & 24 September
Competitors102 from 69 nations
Winning time9.92 WR
Medalists
1st place, gold medalist(s) Carl Lewis
 United States
2nd place, silver medalist(s) Linford Christie
 Great Britain
3rd place, bronze medalist(s) Calvin Smith
 United States
← 1984
1992 →

Lewis's 9.92 from the Olympic final was also recognized as the official world record, breaking the 9.93 mark that Calvin Smith had set in 1983 and Lewis had since equalled twice. Smith also participated in this race and originally finished fourth, but was elevated to third place and awarded the bronze medal, and Linford Christie of the United Kingdom, who originally won the bronze medal, was elevated to silver. It would take eleven years for an athlete to run a "clean" 9.79 in the 100 meters, which was accomplished by Maurice Greene in Athens, Greece in 1999.

The other participants in this race, in order of finish, were Dennis Mitchell of the United States, who would go on to win the bronze medal in this event in Barcelona; Robson da Silva of Brazil, who won bronze in the 200 meters in Seoul; Johnson's teammate Desai Williams, a bronze medalist in the 4 x 100 meter relay in Los Angeles four years earlier; and Ray Stewart of Jamaica, who won a silver medal in the same relay at the Los Angeles Olympics.[5]

102 competitors from 69 countries competed.[6] Each nation was limited to three athletes under the rules laid down at the 1930 Olympic Congress.

Aftermath

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Johnson was not the only participant whose success was questioned: Lewis had tested positive at the Olympic Trials for pseudoephedrine, ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine. Lewis defended himself, claiming that he had accidentally consumed the banned substances. After the supplements that he had taken were analyzed to prove his claims, the USOC accepted his claim of inadvertent use, since a dietary supplement he ingested was found to contain "Ma huang", the Chinese name for Ephedra (ephedrine is known to help weight loss).[7] Fellow Santa Monica Track Club teammates Joe DeLoach and Floyd Heard were also found to have the same banned stimulants in their systems, and were cleared to compete for the same reason.[8][9]

The highest level of the stimulants Lewis recorded was 6 ppm, which was regarded as a positive test in 1988 but is now regarded as negative test. The acceptable level has been raised to ten parts per million for ephedrine and twenty-five parts per million for other substances.[7] According to the IOC rules at the time, positive tests with levels lower than 10 ppm were cause of further investigation but not immediate ban. Neal Benowitz, a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco who is an expert on ephedrine and other stimulants, agreed that "These [levels] are what you'd see from someone taking cold or allergy medicines and are unlikely to have any effect on performance."[7]

Christie was found to have metabolites of pseudoephedrine in his urine after a 200m heat at the same Olympics, but was later cleared of any wrongdoing.[1][10][11][12] Of the top five competitors in the race, only former world record holder and eventual bronze medalist Smith never failed a drug test during his career. Smith later said: "I should have been the gold medalist."[13][14]

The CBC radio documentary, Rewind, "Ben Johnson: A Hero Disgraced" broadcast on September 19, 2013, for the 25th anniversary of the race, stated 20 athletes tested positive for drugs but were cleared by the IOC at this 1988 Seoul Olympics. An IOC official stated that endocrine profiles done at those games indicated that 80 percent of the track and field athletes tested showed evidence of long-term steroid use, although not all were banned.

Background

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This was the twenty-first time the event was held, having appeared at every Olympics since the first in 1896. For the first time, the number of competitors topped 100.

Algeria, Bahrain, Burkina Faso, Hong Kong, the Maldives, Papua New Guinea, San Marino, Togo, Tonga, Vanuatu, South Yemen, and Zimbabwe appeared in the event for the first time. It was also the first appearance of "Chinese Taipei," though the Republic of China had competed before. The United States made its 20th appearance in the event, the most of any country, having missed only the boycotted 1980 Games.

Competition format

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The event retained the same basic four round format introduced in 1920: heats, quarterfinals, semifinals, and a final. The "fastest loser" system, introduced in 1968, was used again to ensure that the quarterfinals and subsequent rounds had exactly 8 runners per heat; this time, the system was used in both the preliminaries and quarterfinals.

The first round consisted of 13 heats, each with 7 or 8 athletes. The top three runners in each heat advanced, along with the next nine fastest runners overall. This made 48 quarterfinalists, who were divided into 6 heats of 8 runners. The top two runners in each quarterfinal advanced, with four "fastest loser" places. The 16 semifinalists competed in two heats of 8, with the top four in each semifinal advancing to the eight-man final.[6][15]

Records

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These were the then-recognized world and Olympic records (in seconds) prior to the 1988 Summer Olympics.

World Record 9.831   Ben Johnson Rome (ITA) August 30, 1987
Olympic Record 9.95   Jim Hines Mexico City (MEX) October 14, 1968

1 This time was rescinded by the IAAF Council in September 1989 after Johnson admitted to using steroids between 1981 and 1988. Not including that time, the world record was 9.93.

The following Olympic records were set during this competition.

Date Athlete Time OR WR
September 24, 1988   Carl Lewis (USA) 9.92 OR WR

Following Johnson's disqualification, Carl Lewis's time of 9.92 was recognized as a new Olympic record, and also became a new world record after Johnson's time was rescinded.

Results

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Heats

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Heat 1

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Robson da Silva   Brazil 10.37 Q
2 Ezio Madonia   Italy 10.40 Q
3 Cheng Hsin-fu   Chinese Taipei 10.48 Q
4 Thierry Lauret   France 10.56 q
5 Boevi Lawson   Togo 10.59
6 Leung Wing Kwong   Hong Kong 10.82
7 Mohamed Fahd Al-Bishi   Saudi Arabia 10.85
8 Jerry Jeremiah   Vanuatu 10.96
Wind: +0.6 m/s

Heat 2

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Calvin Smith   United States 10.28 Q
2 Attila Kovács   Hungary 10.39 Q
3 Mardi Lestari   Indonesia 10.40 Q
4 Andrey Razin   Soviet Union 10.58
5 Henri Ndinga   Republic of the Congo 10.74
6 Fabian Muyaba   Zimbabwe 10.75
7 Moustafa Kamel Salmi   Algeria 11.08
8 Markus Büchel   Liechtenstein 11.21
Wind: +0.9 m/s

Heat 3

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Talal Mansour   Qatar 10.42 Q
2 Juan Núñez   Dominican Republic 10.47 Q
3 Amadou M'Baye   Senegal 10.64 Q
4 Fabian Whymns   Bahamas 10.70
5 Neville Hodge   Virgin Islands 10.73
6 Horace Dove-Edwin   Sierra Leone 10.89
7 Alexandre Yougbare   Burkina Faso 10.90
8 Henrico Atkins   Barbados 11.01
Wind: +0.7 m/s

Heat 4

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Emmanuel Tuffour   Ghana 10.31 Q
2 Koji Kurihara   Japan 10.46 Q
3 Andrew Smith   Jamaica 10.49 Q
4 Zheng Chen   China 10.51 q
5 István Tatár   Hungary 10.52 q
6 Christian Haas   West Germany 10.54 q
7 John Hou   Papua New Guinea 10.96
8 Ehab Fuad Ahmed Nagi   South Yemen 11.53
Wind: +0.8 m/s

Heat 5

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Linford Christie   Great Britain 10.19 Q
2 Max Morinière   France 10.34 Q
3 Sven Matthes   East Germany 10.35 Q
4 Li Tao   China 10.47 q
5 Samuel Nchinda-Kaya   Cameroon 10.60
6 Lee Shiunn-long   Chinese Taipei 10.69
7 Bill Trott   Bermuda 10.69
8 Frank Maziya   Swaziland 11.52
Wind: +1.1 m/s

Heat 6

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Chidi Imoh   Nigeria 10.62 Q
2 Charles-Louis Seck   Senegal 10.64 Q
3 Issa Alassane-Ousséni   Benin 10.72 Q
4 John Regis   Great Britain 10.76
5 Mothobi Kharitse   Lesotho 10.97
6 Robert Loua   Guinea 11.20
7 Samuel Birch   Liberia 11.68
— Pedro Agostinho   Portugal DNF
Wind: +1.4 m/s

Heat 7

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Ray Stewart   Jamaica 10.22 Q
2 Pierfrancesco Pavoni   Italy 10.36 Q
3 Vitaliy Savin   Soviet Union 10.52 Q
4 György Fetter   Hungary 10.54 q
5 Khaled Ibrahim Jouma   Bahrain 10.80
6 Muhammad Afzal   Pakistan 10.91
7 Claude Roumain   Haiti 11.22
Wind: +1.8 m/s

Heat 8

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Ben Johnson   Canada 10.37 Q
2 Cai Jianming   China 10.55 Q
3 Sim Deok-Seop   South Korea 10.56 Q
4 Carlos Moreno   Chile 10.70
5 Abdullah Salem Al-Khalidi   Oman 10.90
6 Mohamed Shah Jalal   Bangladesh 10.94
7 Joseph Ssali   Uganda 10.95
8 St. Clair Soleyne   Antigua and Barbuda 11.17
Wind: +2.0 m/s

Heat 9

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Desai Williams   Canada 10.24 Q
2 Peter Wekesa   Kenya 10.50 Q
3 Olapade Adeniken   Nigeria 10.56 Q
4 Eduardo Nava   Mexico 10.68
5 Jailto Bonfim   Brazil 10.75
6 Lindel Hodge   British Virgin Islands 10.79
7 Visut Watanasin   Thailand 10.88
8 Arménio Fernandes   Angola 10.92
Wind: +1.0 m/s

Heat 10

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Vladimir Krylov   Soviet Union 10.34 Q
2 Arnaldo da Silva   Brazil 10.44 Q
3 Michele Lazazzera   Italy 10.47 Q
4 Kennedy Ondiek   Kenya 10.51 q
5 Takahiko Kasahara   Japan 10.62
6 Jimmy Flemming   Virgin Islands 10.70
7 Jihad Salame   Lebanon 11.49
8 Gilbert Bessi   Monaco 11.55
Wind: +1.4 m/s

Heat 11

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Dennis Mitchell   United States 10.37 Q
2 Isiaq Adeyanju   Nigeria 10.45 Q
3 Ousmane Diarra   Mali 10.53 Q
4 Oliver Daniels   Liberia 10.68
5 Luís Cunha   Portugal 10.80
6 Evaristo Ortíz   Dominican Republic 11.01
7 Nguyễn Đình Minh   Vietnam 11.09
8 Secundino Borabota   Equatorial Guinea 11.52
Wind: +1.0 m/s

Heat 12

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 John Myles-Mills   Ghana 10.31 Q
2 Andreas Berger   Austria 10.40 Q
3 Barrington Williams   Great Britain 10.51 Q
4 Patrick Stevens   Belgium 10.51 q
5 Enrique Talavera   Spain 10.61
6 Tomohiro Osawa   Japan 10.71
7 Dominique Canti   San Marino 11.11
8 Ismail Asif Waheed   Maldives 11.49
Wind: +1.4 m/s

Heat 13

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Carl Lewis   United States 10.14 Q
2 Jean-Charles Trouabal   France 10.39 Q
3 José Javier Arqués   Spain 10.44 Q
4 John Mair   Jamaica 10.44
5 Harouna Pale   Burkina Faso 10.76
6 Peauope Suli   Tonga 10.94
7 Maloni Bole   Fiji 11.19
Wind: +0.9 m/s

Quarterfinals

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Quarterfinal 1

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Linford Christie   Great Britain 10.11 Q
2 Dennis Mitchell   United States 10.13 Q
3 Ben Johnson   Canada 10.17 q
4 John Mair   Jamaica 10.41
5 Charles-Louis Seck   Senegal 10.42
6 Li Tao   China 10.53
7 Kennedy Ondiek   Kenya 10.57
8 Ousmane Diarra   Mali 10.61
Wind: +1.2 m/s

Quarterfinal 2

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Desai Williams   Canada 10.16 Q
2 Arnaldo da Silva   Brazil 10.25 Q
3 Vladimir Krylov   Soviet Union 10.26 q
4 Attila Kovács   Hungary 10.27 q
5 Michele Lazazzera   Italy 10.50
6 Thierry Lauret   France 10.51
7 Zheng Chen   China 10.72
8 Chidi Imoh   Nigeria 11.44
Wind: +1.7 m/s

Quarterfinal 3

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Ray Stewart   Jamaica 10.25 Q
2 Juan Núñez   Dominican Republic 10.33 Q
3 Sven Matthes   East Germany 10.36
4 Jean-Charles Trouabal   France 10.41
5 José Javier Arqués   Spain 10.43
6 Amadou M'Baye   Senegal 10.45
7 Barrington Williams   Great Britain 10.55
8 Christian Haas   West Germany 10.57
Wind: +0.9 m/s

Quarterfinal 4

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Calvin Smith   United States 10.16 Q
2 Olapade Adeniken   Nigeria 10.30 Q
3 Andreas Berger   Austria 10.34
4 Emmanuel Tuffour   Ghana 10.37
5 Talal Mansour   Qatar 10.38
6 Patrick Stevens   Belgium 10.50
7 Cheng Hsin-Fu   Chinese Taipei 10.54
8 György Fetter   Hungary 10.55
Wind: +0.2 m/s

Quarterfinal 5

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Carl Lewis   United States 9.99 Q
2 Robson da Silva   Brazil 10.24 Q
3 Isiaq Adeyanju   Nigeria 10.32 q
4 Pierfrancesco Pavoni   Italy 10.33
5 Vitaliy Savin   Soviet Union 10.36
6 Koji Kurihara   Japan 10.49
7 István Tatár   Hungary 10.68
8 Issa Alassane-Ousséni   Benin 10.83
Wind: +1.4 m/s

Quarterfinal 6

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 John Myles-Mills   Ghana 10.21 Q
2 Mardi Lestari   Indonesia 10.32 Q
3 Max Morinière   France 10.37
4 Ezio Madonia   Italy 10.38
5 Peter Wekesa   Kenya 10.43
6 Sim Deok-Seop   South Korea 10.55
7 Andrew Smith   Jamaica 10.63
8 Cai Jianming   China 10.76
Wind: +0.3 m/s

Semifinals

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Semifinal 1

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Carl Lewis   United States 9.97 Q
2 Calvin Smith   United States 10.15 Q
3 Ray Stewart   Jamaica 10.18 Q
4 Desai Williams   Canada 10.24 Q
5 Arnaldo da Silva   Brazil 10.32
6 Olapade Adeniken   Nigeria 10.33
7 Mardi Lestari   Indonesia 10.39
8 John Myles-Mills   Ghana 10.43
Wind: +0.6 m/s

Semifinal 2

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
1 Ben Johnson   Canada 10.03 Q
2 Linford Christie   Great Britain 10.11 Q
3 Dennis Mitchell   United States 10.23 Q
4 Robson da Silva   Brazil 10.24 Q
5 Attila Kovács   Hungary 10.31
6 Juan Núñez   Dominican Republic 10.35
7 Isiaq Adeyanju   Nigeria 10.60
– Vladimir Krylov   Soviet Union DNS
Wind: -1.2 m/s

Final

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Rank Athlete Nation Time Notes
  Carl Lewis   United States 9.92 WR
  Linford Christie   Great Britain 9.97 NR
  Calvin Smith   United States 9.99
4 Dennis Mitchell   United States 10.04
5 Robson da Silva   Brazil 10.11
6 Desai Williams   Canada 10.11
7 Ray Stewart   Jamaica 12.26
DQ Ben Johnson   Canada 9.79
Wind: +1.1 m/s

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Duncan Mackay (April 18, 2003). "The dirtiest race in history Olympic 100m final, 1988". Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
  2. ^ Moore, Richard (2012). The Dirtiest Race in History: Ben Johnson, Carl Lewis and the Seoul Olympic 100m Final. Wisden Sports Writing. ISBN 9781408135952. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
  3. ^ Montague, James (July 23, 2012). "Hero or villain? Ben Johnson and the dirtiest race in history". CNN.
  4. ^ Mehaffey, John (September 23, 2013). "Smith true winner of 'dirtiest race' in history". Reuters. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
  5. ^ "Athletics at the 1988 Seoul Summer Games: Men's 100 metres". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  6. ^ a b "100 metres, Men". Olympedia. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  7. ^ a b c Wallechinsky and Loucky, The Complete Book of the Olympics (2012 edition), page 61
  8. ^ "Scorecard". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
  9. ^ "Carl Lewis's positive test covered up". Smh.com.au. April 18, 2003. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
  10. ^ "Lewis: 'Who cares I failed drug test?'". the Guardian. April 24, 2003.
  11. ^ "Christie suspended after drugs shock". BBC News.
  12. ^ Wilson, Duff (May 3, 2008). "Gold Medalist Listed as Banned-Drug User". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
  13. ^ "The most corrupt race ever". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
  14. ^ Duncan Mackay (April 23, 2003). "Lewis: 'Who cares if I tested positive'". The Guardian.
  15. ^ Official Report, vol. 2, pp. 270–71.

Works cited

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