Ashide (Chinese: 阿史德; Middle Chinese: *ʔɑ-ʃɨXtək̚; Old Tibetan: A sha sde’) was one of the dominant clans of Turkic Khaganate. This clan was also the conjugal clan of the Göktürk khagans' Ashina clan.
Origin
editAccording to Zheng Qiao's 1161 Comprehensive Records (vol. 29), Ashide descended from an ancient Shǐshàn kèhán 始善可汗 (lit. "First Good Khagan"), whose identity remains unknown.[1]
Yury Zuev reconstructed Old Turkic *Ashtak, further from Middle Persian Azdahāg, from Avestan: Aži Dahāka "Serpent, Dragon", related to Azhdaha.[2] Earlier, H. W. Bailey noticed similarity with Iranian *xšaita ‘ruler’, cf. Sogd. xšēδ, axšēδ ‘ruler’.[3]
The Ashide's status as the Ashina's conjugal clan[4] is documented in the Youyang Zazu, which contains a myth that Ashina's ancestor Shemo fell in love with the sea-goddess west of the Ashide cave.[5]
Notable members
editThe baga-tarkhan (military leader) of four Göktürk khagans Tonyukuk and the mother of Chinese warlord An Lushan were both of Ashide origin.
Ashide and Ashina
editHistorian S. G. Klyashtorny said that originally Ashina and Ashide together were part of a dual system, well known among the Turkic and Mongolian peoples.[6][7]
Ashide chiefs bore the title Irkin (Hanzi: 俟斤; Pinyin: Sijin) common to tribal leaders in the Turkic Khaganate. However, their particular position is determined by kinship with the dynasty; it was no coincidence that one of Irkin Ashide tegin held the title 'the prince of the royal family'. The Ashide clan did not have a single source. The Tang Shu mentioned Da Ashide and Bayan Ashide; their tamgas differ from tamgas of Ashide.[8]
To the end of the 7th-8th centuries, it was probably more correct to speak about Ashide as one of the tribes of the khaganate, which together with Ashina was the main military and political support of the Turkic dynasty. Ashide leaders initiated the liberation revolt of the Turkuts (679-682) against the Tang dynasty.[9]
Genetics
editIn 2015-2016, a Fudan University (Shanghai) study headed by ethnogenomist Wen Shao-Qing (文少卿) in China, ran tests to determine the Y-DNA haplogroup representatives from the aristocratic Turkic Ashide clan.
They found a subclade of the Ashide clan had the haplogroup Q1a-L53.[10]
References
edit- ^ Pulleyblank E. A Sogdian Colony in Inner Mongolia. — T'oung Pao Second Series, Vol. 41, Livr. 4/5 (1952), Р.332.
- ^ Zuev, Yu. (2004) "Seyanto Khaganate and Kimeks: Turkic ethnogeography of the Central Asia in the middle of 7th century". Shygys, 2. Oriental Studies Institute, Almaty. p. 10. (in Russian)
- ^ Golden, Peter B. (August 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks". The Medieval History Journal, 21(2). 21 (2). p. 311
- ^ Zuev, Yu. A. Early Turks: Sketches of history and ideology p. 33
- ^ Youyang Zazu, vol. 1
- ^ Абрамзон С.М. Формы родоплеменной организации у кочевников Средней Азии. — ТИЭ. Н. сер. Т. 14. М., 1951. ↑ Жданко Т.А. Очерки исторической этнографии каракалпаков. М.-Л., 1950 (ТИЭ, н. сер., т. 9).
- ^ Жданко Т.А. Очерки исторической этнографии каракалпаков. М.-Л., 1950 (ТИЭ, н. сер., т. 9).
- ^ Liu Mau-tsai. Die chinesischen Nachrichten zur Geschichte der Ost-Türken. 1-2. Weisbaden, 1958. (101/102)
- ^ Кляшторный.Г. Древнетюркская надпись на каменном изваянии из Чойрэна//СНВ. Вып. XXII. М.: 1980. С. 90-102
- ^ Wen S.-Q., Muratov B.A., Suyunov R.R. The haplogroups of the representatives from ancient Turkic clans - Ashina and Ashide//BEHPS, ISSN 2410-1788, Volume 3, No. 2[1,2], March 2016, P.154-157.
Bibliography
edit- Азат Абдысадыр уулу: Первые из тюрков. Тюркютские роды "Ашина" и "Ашидэ"
- Кляшторный.Г. Древнетюркская надпись на каменном изваянии из Чойрэна//СНВ. Вып. XXII. М.: 1980. С. 90-102.