This article outlines notable events occurring in 1997 in spaceflight, including major launches and EVAs.

1997 in spaceflight
Launch of the Cassini and Huygens spacecraft on a Titan IVB
Orbital launches
First12 January
Last24 December
Total89
Successes83
Failures3
Partial failures3
Catalogued86
National firsts
Satellite Philippines
Rockets
Maiden flightsM-V
Titan IVB
VLS-1
Taepodong-1
RetirementsAtlas I
Crewed flights
Orbital10
Total travellers51

Cassini–Huygens launch

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Launched aboard a Titan IVB/Centaur on October 15, 1997, Cassini was active in space for nearly 20 years, with 13 years spent orbiting Saturn and studying the planet and its system after entering orbit on July 1, 2004.[1]


Orbital launches

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Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload
(⚀ = CubeSat)
Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks

January

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12 January
09:27
 Space Shuttle Atlantis  Kennedy LC-39B  United Space Alliance
 STS-81 NASA Low Earth (Mir) Shuttle-Mir flight 22 January
14:23
Successful
 SpaceHab LDM NASA/SpaceHab Low Earth (Atlantis) Logistics
Crewed orbital flight with six astronauts
17 January
16:28
 Delta II 7925-9.5  Cape Canaveral LC-17A  Boeing IDS
 GPS IIR-1 US Air Force Intended: Medium Earth Navigation +12 seconds Launch Failure
SRB structural failure caused rocket to explode; First flight of GPS Block IIR satellite
30 January
22:04
 Ariane 4 (44L)  Kourou ELA-2  Arianespace
 GE 2 GE Americom Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
 Nahuel 1A Nahuelsa Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational

February

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10 February
14:09
 Soyuz-U  Baikonur Site 1/5  Roskosmos
 Soyuz TM-25 Roskosmos Low Earth (Mir) Mir EO-23 14 August
12:17
Successful
Crewed orbital flight with three cosmonauts
11 February
08:55
 Space Shuttle Discovery  Kennedy LC-39A  United Space Alliance
 STS-82 NASA Low Earth (HST) Hubble Servicing Mission 2 21 February
08:32
Successful
Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts
12 February
04:50
 M-V  Uchinoura  ISAS
 HALCA (MUSES-B) ISAS Medium Earth Astronomy In orbit Successful
Maiden flight of M-V; Mission concluded in November 2005
14 February
03:47
 Tsyklon-3  Plesetsk Site 32  
 Gonets-D1 Gonets SatCom Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Gonets-D1 Gonets SatCom Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Gonets-D1 Gonets SatCom Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Kosmos 2337 (Strela-3) MO RF Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Kosmos 2338 (Strela-3) MO RF Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Kosmos 2339 (Strela-3) MO RF Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
17 February
01:42
 Atlas IIAS  Cape Canaveral LC-36B   International Launch Services
 JCSAT-4 JSAT Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
23 February
20:20
 Titan IVB (402)/IUS  Cape Canaveral LC-40  Lockheed Martin
 USA-130 (DSP F18) US Air Force Geosynchronous Early warning In orbit Operational
Maiden flight of Titan IVB

March

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1 March
01:07
 Ariane 4 (44P)  Kourou ELA-2  Arianespace
 Intelsat 801 Intelsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
4 March
02:00
 Start-1  Svobodniy Site 5  
 Zeya MO RF Low Earth Communications 25 October 1999 Successful
8 March
06:01
 Atlas IIA  Cape Canaveral LC-36A   International Launch Services
 Tempo 2 TCI Current: Graveyard
Operational: Geosynchronous
Communications In orbit Successful
Suffered damage from a solar flare in April 1997 and was retired on 15 August 2006.

April

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4 April
16:47
 Titan 23G  Vandenberg SLC-4W  Lockheed Martin
 USA-131 (DMSP 5D2 F14) US Air Force/NOAA Sun-synchronous Meteorology In orbit Successful
4 April
19:20
 Space Shuttle Columbia  Kennedy LC-39A  United Space Alliance
 STS-83 NASA Low Earth Microgravity research 8 April
18:33
Partial Failure
 Spacelab Long Module 1 NASA Low Earth (Columbia) Spacelab MSL-1
 EDO Pallet NASA Low Earth (Columbia) Cryogenic mission extension pallet
Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts
Fuel cell failure caused the flight to be aborted. Re-flown as STS-94 later the same year.
6 April
16:04
 Soyuz-U  Baikonur Site 1/5  Roskosmos
 Progress M-34 Roskosmos Low Earth (Mir) Logistics 2 July
06:31
Spacecraft failure
Collided with Mir during rendezvous tests on 25 June, heavily damaging the station and permanently depressurizing the Spektr module.
9 April
08:58
 Molniya-M  Plesetsk Site 16/2  
 Kosmos 2340 (Oko) MO RF Molniya Early warning In orbit Operational
16 April
23:08
 Ariane 4 (44LP)  Kourou ELA-2  Arianespace
 Thaicom 3 Thaicom Geosynchronous Communications 2 October 2006 Successful
 BSAT-1A BSAT Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
Thaicom 3 deorbited after suffering severe power degradation.[2]
17 April
13:03
 Kosmos-3M  Plesetsk Site 132/1  
 Kosmos 2341 (Parus) MO RF Low Earth Navigation In orbit Operational
21 April
11:59
 Pegasus-XL  Stargazer, Gando  Orbital Sciences
 Minisat-01 INTA Low Earth Technology development 26 February 2002 Successful
 Celestis Founders Celestis Low Earth Space burial 20 May 2002 Successful
25 April
05:49
 Atlas I  Cape Canaveral LC-36B   International Launch Services
 GOES 10 (GOES-K) NOAA Geosynchronous
Graveyard (after retirement)
Meteorology In orbit Successful
Final flight of Atlas I, satellite retired and boosted to graveyard orbit on 1 December 2009.[3]
5 May
14:55
 Delta II (7920-10C)  Vandenberg SLC-2W  Boeing IDS
 Iridium 8 Iridium Low Earth Communications 24 November 2017[4] Successful
 Iridium 7 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Iridium 6 Iridium Low Earth Communications 23 December 2017[5] Successful
 Iridium 5 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Iridium 4 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
11 May
16:17
 Long March 3A  Xichang LC-2  
 Zhongxing-6 (Chinasat-6) Chinasat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
14 May
00:33
 Molniya-M  Plesetsk Site 43/4  
 Kosmos 2342 (Oko) MO RF Molniya Early warning In orbit Operational
15 May
08:07
 Space Shuttle Atlantis  Kennedy LC-39A  United Space Alliance
 STS-84 NASA Low Earth (Mir) Shuttle-Mir flight 24 May
13:27
Successful
 SpaceHab LDM NASA/SpaceHab Low Earth (Atlantis) Logistics
Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts
15 May
12:10
 Soyuz-U  Baikonur Site 31/6  
 Kosmos 2343 MO RF Low Earth Reconnaissance 18 September Successful
20 May
07:07
 Zenit-2  Baikonur Site 45/1  
 Tselina-2 VKS Intended: Low Earth ELINT + 48 seconds Launch Failure
Stage 1 engine failure
20 May
22:39
 Delta II 7925-9.5  Cape Canaveral LC-17A  Boeing IDS
 Thor-2 Telenor Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
24 May
17:00
 Proton-K/DM-2M  Baikonur Site 81/23   International Launch Services
 Telstar 5 Loral Skynet Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational

June

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3 June
23:20
 Ariane 4 (44L)  Kourou ELA-2  Arianespace
 Inmarsat 3F4 Inmarsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
 INSAT 2D ISRO Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Spacecraft Failure
Insat 2D declared a total loss on 4 October 1997.
6 June
16:56
 Proton-K/DM-5  Baikonur Site 200/39  
 Kosmos 2344 (Araks-N) MO RF Medium Earth Reconnaissance In orbit Operational
10 June
12:01
 Long March 3  Xichang LC-1  
 Feng Yun 2A CASC Geosynchronous Meteorology In orbit Spacecraft Failure
Halted transmitting data in April 1998, resumed transmission but imaging system failed later that year in September.
18 June
14:02
 Proton-K/DM2  Baikonur Site 81/23  
 Iridium 14 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Spacecraft Failure
 Iridium 12 Iridium Low Earth Communications 2 September 2018[6] Successful
 Iridium 9 Iridium Low Earth Communications 11 March 2003 Spacecraft Failure
 Iridium 10 Iridium Low Earth Communications 6 October 2018[7] Successful
 Iridium 13 Iridium Low Earth Communications 29 April 2018[8] Successful
 Iridium 16 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Iridium 11 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Spacecraft Failure
25 June
23:44
 Ariane 4 (44P)  Kourou ELA-2  Arianespace
 Intelsat 802 Intelsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational

July

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1 July
18:02
 Space Shuttle Columbia  Kennedy LC-39A  United Space Alliance
 STS-94 NASA Low Earth Microgravity research 17 July
10:40
Successful
 Spacelab Long Module 1 NASA Low Earth (Columbia) Spacelab MSL-1
 EDO Pallet NASA Low Earth (Columbia) Cryogenic mission extension pallet
Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts, reflight of STS-83
Final flight of Spacelab Long Module 1
5 July
04:11
 Soyuz-U  Baikonur Site 1/5  Roskosmos
 Progress M-35 Roskosmos Low Earth (Mir) Logistics 7 October
17:23
Successful
9 July
13:04
 Delta II 7920-10C  Vandenberg SLC-2W  Boeing IDS
 Iridium 15 Iridium Low Earth Communications 14 October 2018[9] Successful
 Iridium 17 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Iridium 20 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Spacecraft Failure
 Iridium 18 Iridium Low Earth Communications 19 August 2018[10] Successful
 Iridium 21 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Spacecraft Failure
23 July
03:42
 Delta II 7925-9.5  Cape Canaveral LC-17A  Boeing IDS
 USA-132 (GPS IIR-2) US Air Force Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Operational
28 July
01:15
 Atlas IIAS  Cape Canaveral LC-36B   International Launch Services
 Superbird C SCC Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational

August

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1 August
20:20
 Pegasus-XL  Stargazer, Vandenberg  Orbital Sciences
 Orbview-2 GeoEye Low Earth Earth imaging In orbit Operational
5 August
15:35
 Soyuz-U  Baikonur Site 1/5  Roskosmos
 Soyuz TM-26 Roskosmos Low Earth (Mir) Mir EO-24 19 February 1998
09:10
Successful
Crewed orbital flight with two cosmonauts
7 August
14:41
 Space Shuttle Discovery  Kennedy LC-39A  United Space Alliance
 STS-85 NASA Low Earth Space sciences 19 August
11:08
Successful
  CRISTA-SPAS-2 DLR/NASA Low Earth Atmospheric research
 MFD NASDA Low Earth (Discovery) Dextrous RMS demonstration
Crewed orbital flight with six astronauts
CRISTA-SPAS deployed 7 August and retrieved 16 August
8 August
06:46
 Ariane 4 (44LP)  Kourou ELA-2  Arianespace
 PAS 6 PanAmSat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Spacecraft Failure
Spacecraft failure occurred in April 2004
14 August
20:49
 Proton-K/DM-2  Baikonur Site 200/39  
 Kosmos 2345 (Prognoz) MO RF Geosynchronous Early warning In orbit Successful
Retired on 1 January 1999
19 August
17:50
 Long March 3B  Xichang LC-2  
 Agila 2 MPSC Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
21 August
00:38
 Delta II 7920-10C  Vandenberg SLC-2W  Boeing IDS
 Iridium 26 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Iridium 25 Iridium Low Earth Communications 14 May 2018[11] Successful
 Iridium 24 Iridium Low Earth Communications 11 May 2019[12] Spacecraft Failure
 Iridium 23 Iridium Low Earth Communications 28 March 2018[13] Successful
 Iridium 22 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
23 August
06:51
 LMLV-1 (Athena I)  Vandenberg SLC-6  Lockheed Martin
 Lewis NASA Low Earth Earth observation 29 September Spacecraft failure
Control lost within three days of launch due to RCS design flaw.[14]
25 August
14:39
 Delta II 7920-8  Cape Canaveral LC-17A  Boeing IDS
 ACE NASA Earth/Sun L1 point Magnetospheric research In orbit Operational
28 August
00:33
 Proton-K/DM-2M  Baikonur Site 81/23   International Launch Services
 PAS 5 PanAmSat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
29 August
15:02
 Pegasus-XL  Stargazer, Vandenberg  Orbital Sciences
 FORTE US Air Force Low Earth Ionosphere research In orbit Operational

September

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1 September
14:00
 Long March 2C  Taiyuan LC-1  CASC
 Iridium MFS-1 Iridium Low Earth Boilerplate spacecraft In orbit Successful
 Iridium MFS-2 Iridium Low Earth Boilerplate spacecraft In orbit Successful
2 September
22:21
 Ariane 4 (44LP)  Kourou ELA-2  Arianespace
 Hot Bird 3 Eutelsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
 Meteosat 7 Eumetsat Geosynchronous Meteorology In orbit Operational
4 September
12:03
 Atlas IIAS  Cape Canaveral LC-36A   International Launch Services
 GE 3 GE Americom Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
14 September
01:36
 Proton-K/17S40  Baikonur Site 81/23  
 Iridium 29 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Iridium 32 Iridium Low Earth Communications 10 March 2019[16] Successful
 Iridium 33 Iridium Low Earth Communications 10 February 2009 Partial Failure
 Iridium 27 Iridium Low Earth Communications 1 February 2002 Spacecraft Failure
 Iridium 28 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Iridium 30 Iridium Low Earth Communications 28 September 2017[17] Successful
 Iridium 31 Iridium Low Earth Communications 20 December 2018[18] Successful
Iridium 33 destroyed in collision with Kosmos 2251[15]
23 September
16:44
 Kosmos-3M  Plesetsk Site 132/1  
 Kosmos 2346 (Parus) MO RF Low Earth Navigation In orbit Operational
 FAISAT-2V FAI Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
23 September
23:58
 Ariane 4 (42L)  Kourou ELA-2  Arianespace
 Intelsat 803 Intelsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
24 September
21:30
 Molniya-M  Plesetsk Site 43/4  
 Molniya-1T MO RF Molniya Communications In orbit Operational
26 September
02:34
 Space Shuttle Atlantis  Kennedy LC-39A  United Space Alliance
 STS-86 NASA Low Earth (Mir) Shuttle-Mir flight 6 October
21:55
Successful
 SpaceHab LDM NASA/SpaceHab Low Earth (Atlantis) Logistics
Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts
27 September
01:23
 Delta II 7920-10C  Vandenberg SLC-2W  Boeing IDS
 Iridium 19 Iridium Low Earth Communications 7 April 2018[19] Successful
 Iridium 37 Iridium Low Earth Communications 26 May 2018[20] Successful
 Iridium 36 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Iridium 35 Iridium Low Earth Communications 26 December 2018[21] Successful
 Iridium 34 Iridium Low Earth Communications 8 January 2018[22] Successful
29 September
04:47
 PSLV  Sriharikota FLP  ISRO
 IRS-1D ISRO Sun-synchronous Remote sensing In orbit Operational

October

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5 October
15:08
 Soyuz-U  Baikonur Site 1/5  Roskosmos
 Progress M-36 Roskosmos Low Earth (Mir) Logistics 19 December
13:20
Successful
 Sputnik-40 Roskosmos Low Earth Amateur communications 21 May 1998 Successful
 X-Mir DASA Low Earth (Mir) Inspect Mir 2 October 1998 Successful
5 October
21:01
 Atlas IIAS  Cape Canaveral LC-36B   International Launch Services
 Echostar 3 EchoStar Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
9 October
17:59
 Soyuz-U  Plesetsk Site 43/3  
 Foton 11 Roskosmos Low Earth Microgravity research 23 October Successful
15 October
08:43
 Titan IVB (401)/Centaur  Cape Canaveral LC-40  Lockheed Martin
 Cassini NASA Kronocentric Orbit Saturn orbiter 15 September 2017
10:31
Successful
  Huygens NASA/ESA Kronocentric Orbit Titan lander 14 January 2005
12:43
Successful
Cassini is the first spacecraft to orbit Saturn and Huygens is the first spacecraft to land on Titan.
Huygens released from Cassini on 25 December 2004.
16 October
19:13
 Long March 3B  Xichang LC-2  
 Apstar 2R APT Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
22 October
13:13
 Pegasus-XL  Stargazer, Wallops Island  Orbital Sciences
 STEP-4 US Air Force Low Earth 31 March 2001 Successful
24 October
02:32
 Titan IVA (403)  Vandenberg SLC-4E  Lockheed Martin
 USA-133 (Lacrosse 3) NRO Low Earth Reconnaissance In orbit Operational
25 October
00:46
 Atlas IIA  Cape Canaveral LC-36A  
 USA-135 (DSCS III F13) US Air Force Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
 FalconSat Gold USAFA Geosynchronous transfer Technology demonstration 27 September 1998 Successful
30 October
13:43
 Ariane 5G  Kourou ELA-3  Arianespace
 MAQSAT-H ESA Geosynchronous transfer Boilerplate In orbit Successful
 MAQSAT-B ESA Geosynchronous transfer Boilerplate In orbit Successful
 TEAMSAT ESTEC Geosynchronous transfer Technology development In orbit Operational
 YES ESTEC Geosynchronous transfer Technolovy development In orbit Operational

November

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2 November
12:25
 VLS-1 V01  Alcântara  INPE
 SCD-2A INPE Intended: Low Earth Weather satellite 2 November Launch Failure
Maiden flight of VLS-1; First Brazilian orbital launch attempt
6 November
00:30
 Delta II 7925-9.5  Cape Canaveral LC-17A  Boeing IDS
 USA-134 (GPS IIA-19) US Air Force Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Operational
8 November
02:05
 Titan IVA (401)/Centaur  Cape Canaveral LC-41  Lockheed Martin
 USA-136 (Trumpet 3) NRO Molniya SIGINT In orbit Operational
NRO Launch 4
9 November
01:34
 Delta II 7920-10C  Vandenberg SLC-2W  Boeing IDS
 Iridium 43 Iridium Low Earth Communications 11 February 2018[23] Successful
 Iridium 41 Iridium Low Earth Communications 28 July 2018[24] Successful
 Iridium 40 Iridium Low Earth Communications 23 September 2018[25] Successful
 Iridium 39 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Iridium 38 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
12 November
17:00
 Proton-K/DM-2M  Baikonur Site 200/39  
 Kupon RFCB Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Spacecraft Failure
Onboard computer failed
12 November
21:48
 Ariane 4 (44L)  Kourou ELA-2  Arianespace
 Sirius 2 NSAB Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Spacecraft Failure
 IndoStar-1 Indostar Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
Astra 5A (Sirius 2) failed on 16 January 2009
18 November
11:14
 Soyuz-U  Plesetsk  
 Resurs F-1M Roskosmos Low Earth Remote sensing 13 December Successful
19 November
19:46
 Space Shuttle Columbia  Kennedy LC-39B  United Space Alliance
 STS-87 NASA Low Earth Microgravity experiments 5 December
12:20
Successful
 SPARTAN-201 NASA Low Earth Microgravity research Failure
 EDO Pallet NASA Low Earth (Columbia) Cryogenic mission extension pallet Successful
Crewed orbital flight with six astronauts
Spartan failed to orient itself due to human error during deployment on 21 November; was retrieved on 25 November.
27 November
21:27
 H-II  Tanegashima LA-Y1  
 TRMM NASA Low Earth Environmental research 16 June 2015
06:55[27]
Successful
 Hikoboshi (ETS-7) NASDA Low Earth Docking test 13 November 2015[28] Successful
 Orihime (ETS-7) NASDA Low Earth Docking test 13 November 2015[28] Successful
The two ETS satellites docked on 7 July 1998[26]

December

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2 December
22:52
 Ariane 4 (44P)  Kourou ELA-2  Arianespace
 JCSAT 5 JSAT Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
 Equator-S DLR Geosynchronous transfer Magnetospheric research In orbit Operational
12 November
17:00
 Proton-K/DM-2M  Baikonur Site 81/23   International Launch Services
 Astra 1G SES Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
8 December
07:16
 Long March 2C  Taiyuan LC-1  CASC
 Iridium 42 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Iridium 44 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Spacecraft Failure
8 December
23:52
 Atlas IIAS  Cape Canaveral LC-36B   International Launch Services
 Galaxy 8i PanAmSat Current: Graveyard
Operational: Geosynchronous
Communications In orbit Successful
Retired in October 2002
9 December
07:17
 Tsyklon-2  Baikonur Site 90/20  
 Kosmos 2347 (EORSAT MO RF Low Earth SIGINT 11 December 1999 Successful
15 December
15:40
 Soyuz-U  Plesetsk  
 Kosmos 2348 (Yantar) MO RF Low Earth Reconnaissance 14 April 1998 Successful
20 December
08:45
 Soyuz-U  Baikonur Site 1/5  Roskosmos
 Progress M-37 Roskosmos Low Earth (Mir) Logistics 15 March 1998
23:04
Successful
20 December
13:16
 Delta II 7920-10C  Vandenberg SLC-2W  Boeing IDS
 Iridium 45 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Iridium 46 Iridium Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Iridium 47 Iridium Low Earth Communications 1 September 2018[29] Successful
 Iridium 48 Iridium Low Earth Communications 5 May 2001 Spacecraft Failure
 Iridium 49 Iridium Low Earth Communications 13 February 2018[30] Successful
22 December
00:16
 Ariane 4 (42L)  Kourou ELA-2  Arianespace
 Intelsat 804 Intelsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
23 December
19:11
 Pegasus-XL/HAPS  Stargazer, Wallops Island  Orbital Sciences
 Orbcomm A1 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Orbcomm A2 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Orbcomm A3 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Orbcomm A4 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Orbcomm A5 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Orbcomm A6 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Orbcomm A7 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
 Orbcomm A8 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
24 December
13:32
 Start-1  Svobodniy Site 5  
 Early Bird 1 EarthWatch Low Earth Earth observation 27 July 2000 Successful
24 December
23:19
 Proton-K/DM-2M  Baikonur Site 81/23   International Launch Services
 AsiaSat 3 AsiaSat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Partial Launch Failure
Upper stage failure; Performed lunar flyby to reduce orbital inclination and reach operational position.

Suborbital launches

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Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload
(⚀ = CubeSat)
Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks

January

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15 January  R-29  Submarine, Barents Sea  Russian Navy
Russian Navy Suborbital Missile test 15 January Successful
17 January
01:17
 LGM-30F Minuteman II  Vandenberg LF-03  US Air Force
 IFT-1 (EKV) US Air Force Suborbital ABM target 17 January Successful
29 January  Storm-2  White Sands LC-32  Orbital Sciences
 MTTV US Air Force Suborbital Target spacecraft 29 January Failure
 MTD-2 US Air Force Suborbital Weapons test
30 January  SR19  C-130, NAS Point Mugu  US Air Force
 AltAir (Have Gold) US Air Force Suborbital Test flight +28 seconds Launch Failure
Accidentally destroyed by range safety
30 January
07:30
 S-520  Uchinoura Pad K  ISAS
ISAS Suborbital Technology development 30 January Successful
30 January
08:42
 LGM-30G Minuteman III  Vandenberg LF-26  US Air Force
 FOT GT163GB US Air Force Suborbital Missile test 30 January Successful
31 January
01:55
 MR-12  Kapustin Yar  AN RF
 Flaksus-1 APL Suborbital Plasma research 31 January Successful

February

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5 February
02:16
 MR-12  Kapustin Yar  AN RF
 Flaksus-2 APL Suborbital Plasma research 5 February Successful
7 February  R-17 Scud  Bigen Island, Aur Atoll  US Air Force
 Willow Dune US Air Force Suborbital Target 7 February Successful
10 February
05:17
 Black Brant XII  Poker Flat  NASA
 PHAZE 2 NASA Suborbital Ionosphere research 10 February Successful
10 February
06:30
 Castor-Orbus  Nevada Test Site LA-26  Sandia
Sandia Suborbital Rocket test 10 February Successful
11 February
08:36
 Black Brant XII  Poker Flat  NASA
 Auroral Turbulance 2 NASA Suborbital Auroral/Ionosphere research 11 February Successful
12 February
21:00
 LCLV  Wallops Island  Orbital Sciences
 MDT IV Suborbital Target 12 February Successful
20 February  UGM-96 Trident I  Submarine, Eastern Range  US Navy
US Navy Suborbital Missile test 20 February Successful
20 February  UGM-96 Trident I  Submarine, Eastern Range  US Navy
US Navy Suborbital Missile test 20 February Successful
20 February  UGM-96 Trident I  Submarine, Eastern Range  US Navy
US Navy Suborbital Missile test 20 February Successful
20 February  UGM-96 Trident I  Submarine, Eastern Range  US Navy
US Navy Suborbital Missile test 20 February Successful
22 February  Castor 4B  Wake Island  Orbital Sciences
 TCMP II Suborbital Re-entry vehicle test 22 February Successful
23 February  Prithvi  Balasore  DRDO
DRDO Suborbital Missile test 23 February Successful
23 February
10:06
 LCLV  Wallops Island  Orbital Sciences
 MDT III Suborbital Target 23 February Successful
26 February
20:00
 Black Brant IX  White Sands  NASA
NASA Suborbital Rocket test 26 February Successful

March

edit
1 March  Castor 4B  Wake Island  OrbitalSciences
 TCMP II Suborbital Re-entry vehicle test 1 March Successful
6 March  Hera  White Sands LC-94  US Air Force
US Air Force Suborbital ABM Target 6 March Successful
6 March  THAAD  White Sands  US Air Force
US Air Force Suborbital ABM Interceptor 6 March Successful
13 March
10:20
 Black Brant IX  Poker Flat  NASA
NASA Suborbital Ionosphere research 13 March Successful
18 March
00:16
 UGM-133 Trident II  Submarine, Eastern Range  US Navy
US Navy Suborbital Missile test 18 March Successful
18 March  UGM-133 Trident II  Submarine, Eastern Range  US Navy
US Navy Suborbital Missile test 18 March Successful
19 March  R-17 Scud  Bigen Island, Aur Atoll  US Air Force
 Willow Dune US Air Force Suborbital Target 19 March Successful
25 March
03:15
 Black Brant IX  White Sands LC-36  NASA
NASA Suborbital Ultraviolet astronomy 25 March Successful
Studied Hale-Bopp comet
30 March
03:25
 Black Brant IX  White Sands LC-36  NASA
 EUVS NASA Suborbital Ultraviolet astronomy 30 March Successful

April

edit
6 April
03:25
 Black Brant IX  White Sands LC-36  NASA
NASA Suborbital 6 April Successful
8 April
03:55
 Black Brant IX  White Sands LC-36  NASA
 WISP NASA Suborbital Ultraviolet astronomy 8 April Successful
17 April  R-36M  Baikonur  RVSN
RVSN Suborbital Missile test 17 April Successful
28 April
16:42
 VS-30  Alcântara  INPE
 AL-VS30-223 DLR Suborbital Test rocket 28 April Successful
30 April  RH-560/300 Mk.II  Sriharikota  ISRO
ISRO Suborbital Test rocket 30 April Successful
2 May
07:30
 Black Brant IX  White Sands LC-36  NASA
NASA Suborbital X-ray Astronomy 2 May Successful
8 May
07:10
 Black Brant IX  White Sands LC-36  NASA
NASA Suborbital Astronomy 8 May Successful
8 May
08:01
 LGM-118 Peacekeeper  Vandenberg LF-05  US Air Force
 9 re-entry vehicles US Air Force Suborbital Missile test 8 May Successful
15 May
19:16
 Black Brant IX  White Sands LC-36  NASA
 NCAR/CU-6 NASA Suborbital Ultraviolet astronomy/Solar observation 15 May Successful
21 May
08:27
 LGM-30G Minuteman III  Vandenberg LF-04  US Air Force
 FOT GT164GM/SHARP US Air Force Suborbital Missile and re-entry vehicle test 21 May Successful
23 May
21:44
 Terrier-Orion  Wallops Island  NASA
 MSX SMDC Suborbital Target 23 May Successful
29 May
04:56
 Black Brant IX  White Sands LC-36  NASA
NASA Suborbital Radio astronomy 29 May Successful
30 May  UGM-133 Trident II  Submarine, Eastern Range  US Navy
US Navy Suborbital Missile test 30 May Successful

June

edit
10 June  UR-100NU  Baikonur  RVSN
RVSN Suborbital Missile test 10 June Successful
18 June
14:02
 LGM-30G Minuteman III  Vandenberg LF-10  US Air Force
 FOT GT165GM US Air Force Suborbital Missile test 18 June Successful
24 June
03:39
 LGM-30F Minuteman II  Vandenberg LF-03  US Air Force
 MSLS IFT-1A US Air Force Suborbital ABM target 24 June Partial Failure
Some decoys failed to deploy
24 June
04:00
 Payload Launch Vehicle  Meck Island, Kwajalein  Orbital Sciences
 IFT-1A EKV US Air Force Suborbital ABM Test 24 June Partial Failure
Poor system performance; Non-destructive flyby

July

edit
8 July
12:25
 RT-2PM Topol  Plesetsk Site 158  RVSN
RVSN Suborbital Missile test 8 July Successful
9 July  KSR-II  Anhueng  KARI
KARI Suborbital X-ray astronomy/Ionosphere research 9 July Successful
23 July  R-29  Submarine, Barents Sea  Russian Navy
Russian Navy Suborbital Missile test 23 July Successful

August

edit
8 August
13:19
 Super Loki  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 8 August Successful
8 August
13:24
 Terrier-Orion  Wallops Island  NASA
 COORS NASA Suborbital Ionosphere/Aeronomy research 8 August Failure
8 August
16:29
 Black Brant VC  White Sands  NASA
NASA Suborbital Ionosphere/Aeronomy research 8 August Successful
9 August
13:29
 Super Loki  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 9 August Successful
9 August
22:57
 Super Loki  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 9 August Successful
10 August
13:36
 Viper  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 10 August Successful
10 August
21:30
 Super Loki  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 10 August Successful
11 August
13:38
 Super Loki  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 11 August Successful
11 August
13:43
 Viper  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 11 August Successful
11 August
18:18
 Black Brant IX  White Sands  NASA
NASA Suborbital Ultraviolet astronomy 11 August Successful
11 August
21:34
 Super Loki  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 11 August Successful
12 August
12:10
 Super Loki  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 12 August Successful
12 August
12:15
 Viper  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 12 August Successful
12 August
12:26
 Super Loki  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 12 August Successful
12 August
21:41
 Super Loki  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 12 August Successful
13 August
13:50
 Super Loki  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 13 August Successful
13 August
13:55
 Super Loki  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 13 August Successful
13 August
21:40
 Super Loki  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital 13 August Successful
14 August
12:22
 Super Loki  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 14 August Successful
14 August
12:27
 Viper  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 14 August Successful
14 August
21:53
 Viper  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 14 August Successful
15 August
10:58
 Viper  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 15 August Successful
15 August
20:25
 Super Loki  Wallops Island  NASA
NASA Suborbital Aeronomy research 15 August Successful

September

edit
2 September
07:00
 Terrier-Orion Anna Plains  NASA
 DUNDEE 1 NASA Suborbital Target 2 September Successful
5 September
04:00
 Terrier-Orion Anna Plains  NASA
 DUNDEE 2 NASA Suborbital Target 5 September Successful
10 September
02:00
 Terrier-Orion Anna Plains  NASA
 DUNDEE 3 NASA Suborbital Target 10 September Successful
10 September
14:40
 Black Brant IX  White Sands  NASA
NASA Suborbital Test rocket 10 September Successful
10 September
15:10
 Black Brant IX  White Sands  NASA
NASA Suborbital Microgravity research 10 September Successful
11 September
20:15
 Terrier-Orion Anna Plains  NASA
 DUNDEE 4 NASA Suborbital Target 11 September Successful
17 September
08:01
 LGM-118 Peacekeeper  Vandenberg LF-05  US Air Force
 7 re-entry vehicles US Air Force Suborbital Missile test 17 September Successful
19 September
13:00
 Black Brant IX  White Sands  NASA
NASA Suborbital Ionosphere research 19 September Successful
24 September  Storm-2  White Sands LC-32  US Air Force
 MTTV-4 US Air Force Suborbital Target 24 September Successful
25 September
00:30
 TR-1  Tanegashima LA-T NASDA
NASDA Suborbital Microgravity research 25 September Successful
30 September
20:10
 Black Brant IX  White Sands LC-36  NASA
 HRTS 10 NASA Suborbital Solar research 30 September Successful

October

edit
3 October
07:07
 RT-2PM Topol  Plesetsk Site 158  RVSN
RVSN Suborbital Missile test 3 October Successful
4 October
18:30
 Castor-Orbus  Nevada Test Site LA-26  Sandia
Sandia Suborbital Test rocket 4 October Failure
10 October  UGM-133 Trident II  Submarine, Eastern Range  Royal Navy
Royal Navy Suborbital Missile test 10 October Successful
10 October  UGM-133 Trident II  Submarine, Eastern Range  Royal Navy
Royal Navy Suborbital Missile test 10 October Successful
12 October
16:42
 VS-30  Andøya  INPE
 AL-VS30-226 DLR Suborbital Aeronomy research 12 October Successful
16 October
19:00
 Black Brant IX  White Sands  NASA
NASA Suborbital Solar research 16 October Successful

November

edit
5 November
20:02
 Terrier-Orion  Andøya  NASA
 Combined Sodium and Sporadic Layers NASA Suborbital Ionosphere research 5 November Successful
5 November
21:01
 LGM-118 Peacekeeper  Vandenberg LF-02  US Air Force
 8 re-entry vehicles US Air Force Suborbital Missile test 5 November Successful
14 November
05:00
 Black Brant IX  White Sands  NASA
 SCARI NASA Suborbital Ultraviolet astronomy 14 November Successful
17 November  Hera  Fort Wingate LC-96  US Air Force
 MTV US Air Force Suborbital ABM Target 17 November Failure
18 November
19:35
 Black Brant IX  White Sands LC-36  NASA
 SERTS-97 NASA Suborbital Solar observation 18 November Successful
19 November  RT-23  Nenoksa  RVSN
Russian Navy Suborbital Test rocket 19 November Failure

December

edit
2 December
08:42
 Black Brant IX  SvalRak  NASA
NASA Suborbital Plasma research 2 December Successful
3 December
09:06
 Black Brant IX  SvalRak  NASA
NASA Suborbital Plasma research 3 December Successful
18 December  UGM-133 Trident II  Submarine, Eastern Range  US Navy
US Navy Suborbital Missile test 18 December Successful

Deep-space rendezvous

edit
Date (GMT) Spacecraft Event Remarks
20 February Galileo 2nd flyby of Europa
5 April Galileo 3rd flyby of Ganymede
7 May Galileo 4th flyby of Ganymede
25 June Galileo 2nd flyby of Callisto
27 June NEAR Flyby of 253 Mathilde Closest approach: 1,200 kilometres (750 mi)
4 July Mars Pathfinder Landed on Mars Location: Ares Vallis; first Mars rover and rover on another planet
11 September Mars Global Surveyor Areocentric orbit injection
17 September Galileo 3rd flyby of Callisto
6 November Galileo 3rd flyby of Europa
16 December Galileo 4th flyby of Europa
Start Date/Time Duration End Time Spacecraft Crew Function Remarks
14 February
04:34
6 hours
42 minutes
11:16 STS-82
Discovery
 Mark C. Lee
 Steven Smith
Swapped out the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph for the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer and replaced the Faint Object Spectrograph with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. Stowed the GHRS and FOS for return to Earth in the payload bay.[31] Hubble Space Telescope servicing
15 February
03:25
7 hours
27 minutes
10:52 STS-82
Discovery
 Gregory J. Harbaugh
 Joseph R. Tanner
Replaced a Fine Guidance Sensor and an Engineering and Science Tape Recorder with spare replacement units. Also installed the Optical Control Electronics Enhancement Kit.[32] Hubble Space Telescope servicing
16 February
02:53
7 hours
11 minutes
10:04 STS-82
Discovery
 Mark C. Lee
 Steven Smith
Replaced a Data Interface Unit with a spare unit and replaced a reel-to-reel tape drive Engineering and Science Tape Recorder with a solid-state digital version. Also replaced one of the four Reaction Wheel Assembly units that help point the telescope at targets.[33] Hubble Space Telescope servicing
17 February
03:45
6 hours
34 minutes
10:19 STS-82
Discovery
 Gregory J. Harbaugh
 Joseph R. Tanner
Replaced the Solar Array Drive Electronics package with a spare, also replaced the covers of the satellite's magnetometers. Installed thermal blankets over areas of degraded insulation.[34] Hubble Space Telescope servicing
18 February
03:15
5 hours
17 minutes
08:32 STS-82
Discovery
 Mark C. Lee
 Steven Smith
Installed more thermal insulation on three more areas that had undergone degradation.[35] Hubble Space Telescope servicing
29 April
05:10
4 hours
59 minutes
10:09 Mir EO-23
Kvant-2
 Vasily Tsibliyev
 Jerry M. Linenger
Installed the Optical Properties Monitor on the exterior of Kristall. Used the Strela crane to move to the Kvant-2 module. At Kvant-2 they retrieved two American experiments, the Partial Impact Experiment and the Mir Sample Experiment, from the Kvant-2 hull, and installed the Benton Radiation Dosimeter on Kvant-2.[36] First use of the new Orlan-M space suit.
22 August
11:14
3 hours
16 minutes
14:30 Mir EO-24
Transfer compartment of DOS-7
 Anatoly Solovyev
 Pavel Vinogradov
Reconnected power cabling to the Spektr solar arrays, thus restoring part of the power lost in the collision. Although the spacewalkers were able to recover equipment and supplies from the module, they were not able to find the puncture hole.[37] Internal EVA to inspect the damaged Spektr module
6 September
01:07
6 hours 07:07 Mir EO-24
Kvant-2
 Anatoly Solovyev
 / Michael Foale
Solovyev rode the Strela crane operated by Foale on the base block to Spektr to inspect for damage. Although an extensive documentation and search of Spektr, he was unable to find the hole. Before he returned to the airlock, Foale collected the radiation dosimeter installed outside earlier.[38] Foale became the first person to conduct EVAs in both American and Russian spacesuits.[39]
1 October
17:29
5 hours
1 minute
22:30 STS-86
Mir Atlantis
 Scott E. Parazynski
 Vladimir Titov
Retrieved the four Mir Environmental Effects Packages from the docking module surface. Also installed the Solar Array Cap to the docking module, to be used to plug the hole in the Spektr module on a future EVA. To close out the EVA, the spacewalkers tested the Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue jet packs.[40]
20 October
09:40
6 hours
38 minutes
16:18 Mir EO-24
Transfer compartment of DOS-7
 Anatoly Solovyev
 Pavel Vinogradov
Attempted to install three control cables between the solar array servo motors to the special adapter plate that seals Spektr from the rest of Mir. After cleaning up some of the debris and loose items in Spektr, Solovyev was able to connect the three cables to the servos. But even after an effort that extended into the "emergency oxygen supply" of the Orlan space suits, Solovyev was only able to connect two of the cables to the adapter plate.[41] Internal EVA to repair the damaged Spektr module
3 November
03:32
6 hours
4 minutes
09:36 Mir EO-24
Kvant-2
 Anatoly Solovyev
 Pavel Vinogradov
Released a minispunik (mini-satellite) into orbit. The spacewalkers then dismantled the old solar panel MSB-4 on Kvant-1. They stowed the panel on the outside of the base block.[42]
6 November
00:12
6 hours
12 minutes
06:24 Mir EO-24
Kvant-2
 Anatoly Solovyev
 Pavel Vinogradov
Installed a new solar array on Kvant-1 to replace the panel removed on their previous spacewalk.[43]
25 November
00:02
7 hours
43 minutes
07:45 STS-87
Columbia
 Winston E. Scott
 Takao Doi
Captured the Spartan satellite by hand and secured it in the payload bay. Then the spacewalking team set up and tested a crane that will be used to construct the International Space Station.[44] Doi became the first Japanese spacewalker.
3 December
09:09
4 hours
59 minutes
14:09 STS-87
Columbia
 Winston E. Scott
 Takao Doi
Conducted more testing and evaluation of the crane in the payload bay. They repeated many of the same crane motion tests with smaller objects than in the earlier EVA. During the EVA a small free-flying video camera was deployed to record the work.[45]

References

edit
  • Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
  • Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
  • Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.[dead link]
  • Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
  • Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  • McDowell, Jonathan. "GCAT Orbital Launch Log".
  • Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
  • Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
  • Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
  • Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
  • "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
  • "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
  • "Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[dead link]
  • "Space Information Center". JAXA.[dead link]
  • "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).
Generic references:
  Spaceflight portal

Footnotes

edit
  1. ^ Jonathan Corum (18 December 2015). "Mapping Saturn's Moons". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  2. ^ ":: Thaicom 3 ::". Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
  3. ^ "NOAA Deactivates GOES-10 after 12 Years of Tracking Storms". NOAA. 2 December 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
  4. ^ "IRIDIUM 8". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  5. ^ "IRIDIUM 6". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  6. ^ "IRIDIUM 12". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  7. ^ "IRIDIUM 10". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  8. ^ "IRIDIUM 13". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  9. ^ "IRIDIUM 15". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  10. ^ "IRIDIUM 18". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  11. ^ "IRIDIUM 25". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  12. ^ "IRIDIUM 46[24]". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  13. ^ "IRIDIUM 23". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  14. ^ "Lewis Spacecraft". ASTRONET. 23 June 1998. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  15. ^ Iannotta, Becky (11 February 2009). "U.S. Satellite Destroyed in Space Collision". Space.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
  16. ^ "IRIDIUM 32". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  17. ^ "IRIDIUM 30". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  18. ^ "IRIDIUM 31". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  19. ^ "IRIDIUM 19". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  20. ^ "IRIDIUM 37". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  21. ^ "IRIDIUM 35". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  22. ^ "IRIDIUM 34". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  23. ^ "IRIDIUM 43". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  24. ^ "IRIDIUM 41". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  25. ^ "IRIDIUM 40". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  26. ^ "Rendezvous Docking Experiment Plan and Results". Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. 16 September 1999. Archived from the original on 28 August 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2008.
  27. ^ "Rainfall Spacecraft Re-enters Over Tropics". NASA. 16 June 2015. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  28. ^ a b "ETS 7". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  29. ^ "IRIDIUM 47". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  30. ^ "IRIDIUM 49". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  31. ^ Dumoulin, Jim (2001). "STS-82 Day 4 Highlights". NASA Space Shuttle Launch Archive. NASA. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  32. ^ Dumoulin, Jim (2001). "STS-82 Day 5 Highlights". NASA Space Shuttle Launch Archive. NASA. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  33. ^ Dumoulin, Jim (2001). "STS-82 Day 6 Highlights". NASA Space Shuttle Launch Archive. NASA. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  34. ^ Dumoulin, Jim (2001). "STS-82 Day 7 Highlights". NASA Space Shuttle Launch Archive. NASA. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  35. ^ Dumoulin, Jim (2001). "STS-82 Day 8 Highlights". NASA Space Shuttle Launch Archive. NASA. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  36. ^ van der Berg, Chris (29 April 1997). "MIRNEWS 29 APRIL 1997 (357)". MirNews. SpaceOnLine. Archived from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  37. ^ van der Berg, Chris (25 August 1997). "MIRNEWS 25AUGUST 1997 (380)". MirNews. SpaceOnLine. Archived from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  38. ^ van der Berg, Chris (6 September 1997). "MIRNEWS.382". MirNews. SpaceOnLine. Archived from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  39. ^ Foale, Colin (1999). Waystation to The Stars. London: Headline Book Publishing. p. 235. ISBN 0-7472-7380-4.
  40. ^ Dumoulin, Jim. "STS-86 Day 7 Highlights". NASA Space Shuttle Launch Archive. NASA. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  41. ^ van der Berg, Chris (22 October 1997). "MIRNEWS.391 22 OCTOBER 1997 (391)". MirNews. SpaceOnLine. Archived from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  42. ^ van der Berg, Chris (3 November 1997). "MIRNEWS 3 NOVEMBER 1997 (393)". MirNews. SpaceOnLine. Archived from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
  43. ^ van der Berg, Chris (6 November 1997). "MIRNEWS 6 NOVEMBER 1997 (394)". MirNews. SpaceOnLine. Archived from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
  44. ^ Dumoulin, Jim (25 November 1997). "STS-87 Day 7 Highlights". NASA Space Shuttle Launch Archive. NASA. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
  45. ^ Dumoulin, Jim (3 December 1997). "STS-87 Day 15 Highlights". NASA Space Shuttle Launch Archive. NASA. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2009.