llvmjit.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * llvmjit.c
 *    Core part of the LLVM JIT provider.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2016-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/jit/llvm/llvmjit.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
 
#include "postgres.h"
 
#include <llvm-c/Analysis.h>
#include <llvm-c/BitReader.h>
#include <llvm-c/BitWriter.h>
#include <llvm-c/Core.h>
#include <llvm-c/ExecutionEngine.h>
#if LLVM_VERSION_MAJOR > 16
#include <llvm-c/Transforms/PassBuilder.h>
#endif
#include <llvm-c/Orc.h>
#include <llvm-c/OrcEE.h>
#include <llvm-c/LLJIT.h>
#include <llvm-c/Support.h>
#include <llvm-c/Target.h>
#if LLVM_VERSION_MAJOR < 17
#include <llvm-c/Transforms/IPO.h>
#include <llvm-c/Transforms/PassManagerBuilder.h>
#include <llvm-c/Transforms/Scalar.h>
#include <llvm-c/Transforms/Utils.h>
#endif
 
#include "jit/llvmjit.h"
#include "jit/llvmjit_backport.h"
#include "jit/llvmjit_emit.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "portability/instr_time.h"
#include "storage/ipc.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/resowner.h"
 
#define LLVMJIT_LLVM_CONTEXT_REUSE_MAX 100
 
/* Handle of a module emitted via ORC JIT */
typedef struct LLVMJitHandle
{
    LLVMOrcLLJITRef lljit;
    LLVMOrcResourceTrackerRef resource_tracker;
} LLVMJitHandle;
 
 
/* types & functions commonly needed for JITing */
LLVMTypeRef TypeSizeT;
LLVMTypeRef TypeDatum;
LLVMTypeRef TypeParamBool;
LLVMTypeRef TypeStorageBool;
LLVMTypeRef TypePGFunction;
LLVMTypeRef StructNullableDatum;
LLVMTypeRef StructHeapTupleData;
LLVMTypeRef StructMinimalTupleData;
LLVMTypeRef StructTupleDescData;
LLVMTypeRef StructTupleTableSlot;
LLVMTypeRef StructHeapTupleHeaderData;
LLVMTypeRef StructHeapTupleTableSlot;
LLVMTypeRef StructMinimalTupleTableSlot;
LLVMTypeRef StructMemoryContextData;
LLVMTypeRef StructFunctionCallInfoData;
LLVMTypeRef StructExprContext;
LLVMTypeRef StructExprEvalStep;
LLVMTypeRef StructExprState;
LLVMTypeRef StructAggState;
LLVMTypeRef StructAggStatePerGroupData;
LLVMTypeRef StructAggStatePerTransData;
LLVMTypeRef StructPlanState;
 
LLVMValueRef AttributeTemplate;
LLVMValueRef ExecEvalSubroutineTemplate;
LLVMValueRef ExecEvalBoolSubroutineTemplate;
 
static LLVMModuleRef llvm_types_module = NULL;
 
static bool llvm_session_initialized = false;
static size_t llvm_generation = 0;
 
/* number of LLVMJitContexts that currently are in use */
static size_t llvm_jit_context_in_use_count = 0;
 
/* how many times has the current LLVMContextRef been used */
static size_t llvm_llvm_context_reuse_count = 0;
static const char *llvm_triple = NULL;
static const char *llvm_layout = NULL;
static LLVMContextRef llvm_context;
 
 
static LLVMTargetRef llvm_targetref;
static LLVMOrcThreadSafeContextRef llvm_ts_context;
static LLVMOrcLLJITRef llvm_opt0_orc;
static LLVMOrcLLJITRef llvm_opt3_orc;
 
 
static void llvm_release_context(JitContext *context);
static void llvm_session_initialize(void);
static void llvm_shutdown(int code, Datum arg);
static void llvm_compile_module(LLVMJitContext *context);
static void llvm_optimize_module(LLVMJitContext *context, LLVMModuleRef module);
 
static void llvm_create_types(void);
static void llvm_set_target(void);
static void llvm_recreate_llvm_context(void);
static uint64_t llvm_resolve_symbol(const char *name, void *ctx);
 
static LLVMOrcLLJITRef llvm_create_jit_instance(LLVMTargetMachineRef tm);
static char *llvm_error_message(LLVMErrorRef error);
 
/* ResourceOwner callbacks to hold JitContexts  */
static void ResOwnerReleaseJitContext(Datum res);
 
static const ResourceOwnerDesc jit_resowner_desc =
{
    .name = "LLVM JIT context",
    .release_phase = RESOURCE_RELEASE_BEFORE_LOCKS,
    .release_priority = RELEASE_PRIO_JIT_CONTEXTS,
    .ReleaseResource = ResOwnerReleaseJitContext,
    .DebugPrint = NULL          /* the default message is fine */
};
 
/* Convenience wrappers over ResourceOwnerRemember/Forget */
static inline void
ResourceOwnerRememberJIT(ResourceOwner owner, LLVMJitContext *handle)
{
    ResourceOwnerRemember(owner, PointerGetDatum(handle), &jit_resowner_desc);
}
static inline void
ResourceOwnerForgetJIT(ResourceOwner owner, LLVMJitContext *handle)
{
    ResourceOwnerForget(owner, PointerGetDatum(handle), &jit_resowner_desc);
}
 
PG_MODULE_MAGIC_EXT(
                    .name = "llvmjit",
                    .version = PG_VERSION
);
 
 
/*
 * Initialize LLVM JIT provider.
 */
void
_PG_jit_provider_init(JitProviderCallbacks *cb)
{
    cb->reset_after_error = llvm_reset_after_error;
    cb->release_context = llvm_release_context;
    cb->compile_expr = llvm_compile_expr;
}
 
 
/*
 * Every now and then create a new LLVMContextRef. Unfortunately, during every
 * round of inlining, types may "leak" (they can still be found/used via the
 * context, but new types will be created the next time in inlining is
 * performed). To prevent that from slowly accumulating problematic amounts of
 * memory, recreate the LLVMContextRef we use. We don't want to do so too
 * often, as that implies some overhead (particularly re-loading the module
 * summaries / modules is fairly expensive). A future TODO would be to make
 * this more finegrained and only drop/recreate the LLVMContextRef when we know
 * there has been inlining. If we can get the size of the context from LLVM
 * then that might be a better way to determine when to drop/recreate rather
 * then the usagecount heuristic currently employed.
 */
static void
llvm_recreate_llvm_context(void)
{
    if (!llvm_context)
        elog(ERROR, "Trying to recreate a non-existing context");
 
    /*
     * We can only safely recreate the LLVM context if no other code is being
     * JITed, otherwise we'd release the types in use for that.
     */
    if (llvm_jit_context_in_use_count > 0)
    {
        llvm_llvm_context_reuse_count++;
        return;
    }
 
    if (llvm_llvm_context_reuse_count <= LLVMJIT_LLVM_CONTEXT_REUSE_MAX)
    {
        llvm_llvm_context_reuse_count++;
        return;
    }
 
    /*
     * Need to reset the modules that the inlining code caches before
     * disposing of the context. LLVM modules exist within a specific LLVM
     * context, therefore disposing of the context before resetting the cache
     * would lead to dangling pointers to modules.
     */
    llvm_inline_reset_caches();
 
    LLVMContextDispose(llvm_context);
    llvm_context = LLVMContextCreate();
    llvm_llvm_context_reuse_count = 0;
 
    /*
     * Re-build cached type information, so code generation code can rely on
     * that information to be present (also prevents the variables to be
     * dangling references).
     */
    llvm_create_types();
}
 
 
/*
 * Create a context for JITing work.
 *
 * The context, including subsidiary resources, will be cleaned up either when
 * the context is explicitly released, or when the lifetime of
 * CurrentResourceOwner ends (usually the end of the current [sub]xact).
 */
LLVMJitContext *
llvm_create_context(int jitFlags)
{
    LLVMJitContext *context;
 
    llvm_assert_in_fatal_section();
 
    llvm_session_initialize();
 
    llvm_recreate_llvm_context();
 
    ResourceOwnerEnlarge(CurrentResourceOwner);
 
    context = MemoryContextAllocZero(TopMemoryContext,
                                     sizeof(LLVMJitContext));
    context->base.flags = jitFlags;
 
    /* ensure cleanup */
    context->resowner = CurrentResourceOwner;
    ResourceOwnerRememberJIT(CurrentResourceOwner, context);
 
    llvm_jit_context_in_use_count++;
 
    return context;
}
 
/*
 * Release resources required by one llvm context.
 */
static void
llvm_release_context(JitContext *context)
{
    LLVMJitContext *llvm_jit_context = (LLVMJitContext *) context;
    ListCell   *lc;
 
    /*
     * Consider as cleaned up even if we skip doing so below, that way we can
     * verify the tracking is correct (see llvm_shutdown()).
     */
    llvm_jit_context_in_use_count--;
 
    /*
     * When this backend is exiting, don't clean up LLVM. As an error might
     * have occurred from within LLVM, we do not want to risk reentering. All
     * resource cleanup is going to happen through process exit.
     */
    if (proc_exit_inprogress)
        return;
 
    llvm_enter_fatal_on_oom();
 
    if (llvm_jit_context->module)
    {
        LLVMDisposeModule(llvm_jit_context->module);
        llvm_jit_context->module = NULL;
    }
 
    foreach(lc, llvm_jit_context->handles)
    {
        LLVMJitHandle *jit_handle = (LLVMJitHandle *) lfirst(lc);
 
        {
            LLVMOrcExecutionSessionRef ee;
            LLVMOrcSymbolStringPoolRef sp;
 
            LLVMOrcResourceTrackerRemove(jit_handle->resource_tracker);
            LLVMOrcReleaseResourceTracker(jit_handle->resource_tracker);
 
            /*
             * Without triggering cleanup of the string pool, we'd leak
             * memory. It'd be sufficient to do this far less often, but in
             * experiments the required time was small enough to just always
             * do it.
             */
            ee = LLVMOrcLLJITGetExecutionSession(jit_handle->lljit);
            sp = LLVMOrcExecutionSessionGetSymbolStringPool(ee);
            LLVMOrcSymbolStringPoolClearDeadEntries(sp);
        }
 
        pfree(jit_handle);
    }
    list_free(llvm_jit_context->handles);
    llvm_jit_context->handles = NIL;
 
    llvm_leave_fatal_on_oom();
 
    if (llvm_jit_context->resowner)
        ResourceOwnerForgetJIT(llvm_jit_context->resowner, llvm_jit_context);
}
 
/*
 * Return module which may be modified, e.g. by creating new functions.
 */
LLVMModuleRef
llvm_mutable_module(LLVMJitContext *context)
{
    llvm_assert_in_fatal_section();
 
    /*
     * If there's no in-progress module, create a new one.
     */
    if (!context->module)
    {
        context->compiled = false;
        context->module_generation = llvm_generation++;
        context->module = LLVMModuleCreateWithNameInContext("pg", llvm_context);
        LLVMSetTarget(context->module, llvm_triple);
        LLVMSetDataLayout(context->module, llvm_layout);
    }
 
    return context->module;
}
 
/*
 * Expand function name to be non-conflicting. This should be used by code
 * generating code, when adding new externally visible function definitions to
 * a Module.
 */
char *
llvm_expand_funcname(struct LLVMJitContext *context, const char *basename)
{
    Assert(context->module != NULL);
 
    context->base.instr.created_functions++;
 
    /*
     * Previously we used dots to separate, but turns out some tools, e.g.
     * GDB, don't like that and truncate name.
     */
    return psprintf("%s_%zu_%d",
                    basename,
                    context->module_generation,
                    context->counter++);
}
 
/*
 * Return pointer to function funcname, which has to exist. If there's pending
 * code to be optimized and emitted, do so first.
 */
void *
llvm_get_function(LLVMJitContext *context, const char *funcname)
{
    ListCell   *lc;
 
    llvm_assert_in_fatal_section();
 
    /*
     * If there is a pending / not emitted module, compile and emit now.
     * Otherwise we might not find the [correct] function.
     */
    if (!context->compiled)
    {
        llvm_compile_module(context);
    }
 
    /*
     * ORC's symbol table is of *unmangled* symbols. Therefore we don't need
     * to mangle here.
     */
 
    foreach(lc, context->handles)
    {
        LLVMJitHandle *handle = (LLVMJitHandle *) lfirst(lc);
        instr_time  starttime;
        instr_time  endtime;
        LLVMErrorRef error;
        LLVMOrcJITTargetAddress addr;
 
        INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(starttime);
 
        addr = 0;
        error = LLVMOrcLLJITLookup(handle->lljit, &addr, funcname);
        if (error)
            elog(ERROR, "failed to look up symbol \"%s\": %s",
                 funcname, llvm_error_message(error));
 
        /*
         * LLJIT only actually emits code the first time a symbol is
         * referenced. Thus add lookup time to emission time. That's counting
         * a bit more than with older LLVM versions, but unlikely to ever
         * matter.
         */
        INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(endtime);
        INSTR_TIME_ACCUM_DIFF(context->base.instr.emission_counter,
                              endtime, starttime);
 
        if (addr)
            return (void *) (uintptr_t) addr;
    }
 
    elog(ERROR, "failed to JIT: %s", funcname);
 
    return NULL;
}
 
/*
 * Return type of a variable in llvmjit_types.c. This is useful to keep types
 * in sync between plain C and JIT related code.
 */
LLVMTypeRef
llvm_pg_var_type(const char *varname)
{
    LLVMValueRef v_srcvar;
    LLVMTypeRef typ;
 
    /* this'll return a *pointer* to the global */
    v_srcvar = LLVMGetNamedGlobal(llvm_types_module, varname);
    if (!v_srcvar)
        elog(ERROR, "variable %s not in llvmjit_types.c", varname);
 
    typ = LLVMGlobalGetValueType(v_srcvar);
 
    return typ;
}
 
/*
 * Return function type of a variable in llvmjit_types.c. This is useful to
 * keep function types in sync between C and JITed code.
 */
LLVMTypeRef
llvm_pg_var_func_type(const char *varname)
{
    LLVMValueRef v_srcvar;
    LLVMTypeRef typ;
 
    v_srcvar = LLVMGetNamedFunction(llvm_types_module, varname);
    if (!v_srcvar)
        elog(ERROR, "function %s not in llvmjit_types.c", varname);
 
    typ = LLVMGetFunctionType(v_srcvar);
 
    return typ;
}
 
/*
 * Return declaration for a function referenced in llvmjit_types.c, adding it
 * to the module if necessary.
 *
 * This is used to make functions discovered via llvm_create_types() known to
 * the module that's currently being worked on.
 */
LLVMValueRef
llvm_pg_func(LLVMModuleRef mod, const char *funcname)
{
    LLVMValueRef v_srcfn;
    LLVMValueRef v_fn;
 
    /* don't repeatedly add function */
    v_fn = LLVMGetNamedFunction(mod, funcname);
    if (v_fn)
        return v_fn;
 
    v_srcfn = LLVMGetNamedFunction(llvm_types_module, funcname);
 
    if (!v_srcfn)
        elog(ERROR, "function %s not in llvmjit_types.c", funcname);
 
    v_fn = LLVMAddFunction(mod,
                           funcname,
                           LLVMGetFunctionType(v_srcfn));
    llvm_copy_attributes(v_srcfn, v_fn);
 
    return v_fn;
}
 
/*
 * Copy attributes from one function to another, for a specific index (an
 * index can reference return value, function and parameter attributes).
 */
static void
llvm_copy_attributes_at_index(LLVMValueRef v_from, LLVMValueRef v_to, uint32 index)
{
    int         num_attributes;
    LLVMAttributeRef *attrs;
 
    num_attributes = LLVMGetAttributeCountAtIndex(v_from, index);
 
    if (num_attributes == 0)
        return;
 
    attrs = palloc(sizeof(LLVMAttributeRef) * num_attributes);
    LLVMGetAttributesAtIndex(v_from, index, attrs);
 
    for (int attno = 0; attno < num_attributes; attno++)
        LLVMAddAttributeAtIndex(v_to, index, attrs[attno]);
 
    pfree(attrs);
}
 
/*
 * Copy all attributes from one function to another. I.e. function, return and
 * parameters will be copied.
 */
void
llvm_copy_attributes(LLVMValueRef v_from, LLVMValueRef v_to)
{
    uint32      param_count;
 
    /* copy function attributes */
    llvm_copy_attributes_at_index(v_from, v_to, LLVMAttributeFunctionIndex);
 
    if (LLVMGetTypeKind(LLVMGetFunctionReturnType(v_to)) != LLVMVoidTypeKind)
    {
        /* and the return value attributes */
        llvm_copy_attributes_at_index(v_from, v_to, LLVMAttributeReturnIndex);
    }
 
    /* and each function parameter's attribute */
    param_count = LLVMCountParams(v_from);
 
    for (int paramidx = 1; paramidx <= param_count; paramidx++)
        llvm_copy_attributes_at_index(v_from, v_to, paramidx);
}
 
/*
 * Return a callable LLVMValueRef for fcinfo.
 */
LLVMValueRef
llvm_function_reference(LLVMJitContext *context,
                        LLVMBuilderRef builder,
                        LLVMModuleRef mod,
                        FunctionCallInfo fcinfo)
{
    char       *modname;
    char       *basename;
    char       *funcname;
 
    LLVMValueRef v_fn;
 
    fmgr_symbol(fcinfo->flinfo->fn_oid, &modname, &basename);
 
    if (modname != NULL && basename != NULL)
    {
        /* external function in loadable library */
        funcname = psprintf("pgextern.%s.%s", modname, basename);
    }
    else if (basename != NULL)
    {
        /* internal function */
        funcname = pstrdup(basename);
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * Function we don't know to handle, return pointer. We do so by
         * creating a global constant containing a pointer to the function.
         * Makes IR more readable.
         */
        LLVMValueRef v_fn_addr;
 
        funcname = psprintf("pgoidextern.%u",
                            fcinfo->flinfo->fn_oid);
        v_fn = LLVMGetNamedGlobal(mod, funcname);
        if (v_fn != 0)
            return l_load(builder, TypePGFunction, v_fn, "");
 
        v_fn_addr = l_ptr_const(fcinfo->flinfo->fn_addr, TypePGFunction);
 
        v_fn = LLVMAddGlobal(mod, TypePGFunction, funcname);
        LLVMSetInitializer(v_fn, v_fn_addr);
        LLVMSetGlobalConstant(v_fn, true);
        LLVMSetLinkage(v_fn, LLVMPrivateLinkage);
        LLVMSetUnnamedAddr(v_fn, true);
 
        return l_load(builder, TypePGFunction, v_fn, "");
    }
 
    /* check if function already has been added */
    v_fn = LLVMGetNamedFunction(mod, funcname);
    if (v_fn != 0)
        return v_fn;
 
    v_fn = LLVMAddFunction(mod, funcname, LLVMGetFunctionType(AttributeTemplate));
 
    return v_fn;
}
 
/*
 * Optimize code in module using the flags set in context.
 */
static void
llvm_optimize_module(LLVMJitContext *context, LLVMModuleRef module)
{
#if LLVM_VERSION_MAJOR < 17
    LLVMPassManagerBuilderRef llvm_pmb;
    LLVMPassManagerRef llvm_mpm;
    LLVMPassManagerRef llvm_fpm;
    LLVMValueRef func;
    int         compile_optlevel;
 
    if (context->base.flags & PGJIT_OPT3)
        compile_optlevel = 3;
    else
        compile_optlevel = 0;
 
    /*
     * Have to create a new pass manager builder every pass through, as the
     * inliner has some per-builder state. Otherwise one ends up only inlining
     * a function the first time though.
     */
    llvm_pmb = LLVMPassManagerBuilderCreate();
    LLVMPassManagerBuilderSetOptLevel(llvm_pmb, compile_optlevel);
    llvm_fpm = LLVMCreateFunctionPassManagerForModule(module);
 
    if (context->base.flags & PGJIT_OPT3)
    {
        /* TODO: Unscientifically determined threshold */
        LLVMPassManagerBuilderUseInlinerWithThreshold(llvm_pmb, 512);
    }
    else
    {
        /* we rely on mem2reg heavily, so emit even in the O0 case */
        LLVMAddPromoteMemoryToRegisterPass(llvm_fpm);
    }
 
    LLVMPassManagerBuilderPopulateFunctionPassManager(llvm_pmb, llvm_fpm);
 
    /*
     * Do function level optimization. This could be moved to the point where
     * functions are emitted, to reduce memory usage a bit.
     */
    LLVMInitializeFunctionPassManager(llvm_fpm);
    for (func = LLVMGetFirstFunction(context->module);
         func != NULL;
         func = LLVMGetNextFunction(func))
        LLVMRunFunctionPassManager(llvm_fpm, func);
    LLVMFinalizeFunctionPassManager(llvm_fpm);
    LLVMDisposePassManager(llvm_fpm);
 
    /*
     * Perform module level optimization. We do so even in the non-optimized
     * case, so always-inline functions etc get inlined. It's cheap enough.
     */
    llvm_mpm = LLVMCreatePassManager();
    LLVMPassManagerBuilderPopulateModulePassManager(llvm_pmb,
                                                    llvm_mpm);
    /* always use always-inliner pass */
    if (!(context->base.flags & PGJIT_OPT3))
        LLVMAddAlwaysInlinerPass(llvm_mpm);
    /* if doing inlining, but no expensive optimization, add inlining pass */
    if (context->base.flags & PGJIT_INLINE
        && !(context->base.flags & PGJIT_OPT3))
        LLVMAddFunctionInliningPass(llvm_mpm);
    LLVMRunPassManager(llvm_mpm, context->module);
    LLVMDisposePassManager(llvm_mpm);
 
    LLVMPassManagerBuilderDispose(llvm_pmb);
#else
    LLVMPassBuilderOptionsRef options;
    LLVMErrorRef err;
    const char *passes;
 
    if (context->base.flags & PGJIT_OPT3)
        passes = "default<O3>";
    else
        passes = "default<O0>,mem2reg";
 
    options = LLVMCreatePassBuilderOptions();
 
#ifdef LLVM_PASS_DEBUG
    LLVMPassBuilderOptionsSetDebugLogging(options, 1);
#endif
 
    /* In assertion builds, run the LLVM verify pass. */
#ifdef USE_ASSERT_CHECKING
    LLVMPassBuilderOptionsSetVerifyEach(options, true);
#endif
 
    LLVMPassBuilderOptionsSetInlinerThreshold(options, 512);
 
    err = LLVMRunPasses(module, passes, NULL, options);
 
    if (err)
        elog(ERROR, "failed to JIT module: %s", llvm_error_message(err));
 
    LLVMDisposePassBuilderOptions(options);
#endif
}
 
/*
 * Emit code for the currently pending module.
 */
static void
llvm_compile_module(LLVMJitContext *context)
{
    LLVMJitHandle *handle;
    MemoryContext oldcontext;
    instr_time  starttime;
    instr_time  endtime;
    LLVMOrcLLJITRef compile_orc;
 
    if (context->base.flags & PGJIT_OPT3)
        compile_orc = llvm_opt3_orc;
    else
        compile_orc = llvm_opt0_orc;
 
    /* perform inlining */
    if (context->base.flags & PGJIT_INLINE)
    {
        INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(starttime);
        llvm_inline(context->module);
        INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(endtime);
        INSTR_TIME_ACCUM_DIFF(context->base.instr.inlining_counter,
                              endtime, starttime);
    }
 
    if (jit_dump_bitcode)
    {
        char       *filename;
 
        filename = psprintf("%d.%zu.bc",
                            MyProcPid,
                            context->module_generation);
        LLVMWriteBitcodeToFile(context->module, filename);
        pfree(filename);
    }
 
 
    /* optimize according to the chosen optimization settings */
    INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(starttime);
    llvm_optimize_module(context, context->module);
    INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(endtime);
    INSTR_TIME_ACCUM_DIFF(context->base.instr.optimization_counter,
                          endtime, starttime);
 
    if (jit_dump_bitcode)
    {
        char       *filename;
 
        filename = psprintf("%d.%zu.optimized.bc",
                            MyProcPid,
                            context->module_generation);
        LLVMWriteBitcodeToFile(context->module, filename);
        pfree(filename);
    }
 
    handle = (LLVMJitHandle *)
        MemoryContextAlloc(TopMemoryContext, sizeof(LLVMJitHandle));
 
    /*
     * Emit the code. Note that this can, depending on the optimization
     * settings, take noticeable resources as code emission executes low-level
     * instruction combining/selection passes etc. Without optimization a
     * faster instruction selection mechanism is used.
     */
    INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(starttime);
    {
        LLVMOrcThreadSafeModuleRef ts_module;
        LLVMErrorRef error;
        LLVMOrcJITDylibRef jd = LLVMOrcLLJITGetMainJITDylib(compile_orc);
 
        ts_module = LLVMOrcCreateNewThreadSafeModule(context->module, llvm_ts_context);
 
        handle->lljit = compile_orc;
        handle->resource_tracker = LLVMOrcJITDylibCreateResourceTracker(jd);
 
        /*
         * NB: This doesn't actually emit code. That happens lazily the first
         * time a symbol defined in the module is requested. Due to that
         * llvm_get_function() also accounts for emission time.
         */
 
        context->module = NULL; /* will be owned by LLJIT */
        error = LLVMOrcLLJITAddLLVMIRModuleWithRT(compile_orc,
                                                  handle->resource_tracker,
                                                  ts_module);
 
        if (error)
            elog(ERROR, "failed to JIT module: %s",
                 llvm_error_message(error));
 
        /* LLVMOrcLLJITAddLLVMIRModuleWithRT takes ownership of the module */
    }
 
    INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(endtime);
    INSTR_TIME_ACCUM_DIFF(context->base.instr.emission_counter,
                          endtime, starttime);
 
    context->module = NULL;
    context->compiled = true;
 
    /* remember emitted code for cleanup and lookups */
    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopMemoryContext);
    context->handles = lappend(context->handles, handle);
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
 
    ereport(DEBUG1,
            (errmsg_internal("time to inline: %.3fs, opt: %.3fs, emit: %.3fs",
                             INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(context->base.instr.inlining_counter),
                             INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(context->base.instr.optimization_counter),
                             INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(context->base.instr.emission_counter)),
             errhidestmt(true),
             errhidecontext(true)));
}
 
/*
 * Per session initialization.
 */
static void
llvm_session_initialize(void)
{
    MemoryContext oldcontext;
    char       *error = NULL;
    char       *cpu = NULL;
    char       *features = NULL;
    LLVMTargetMachineRef opt0_tm;
    LLVMTargetMachineRef opt3_tm;
 
    if (llvm_session_initialized)
        return;
 
    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopMemoryContext);
 
    LLVMInitializeNativeTarget();
    LLVMInitializeNativeAsmPrinter();
    LLVMInitializeNativeAsmParser();
 
    if (llvm_context == NULL)
    {
        llvm_context = LLVMContextCreate();
 
        llvm_jit_context_in_use_count = 0;
        llvm_llvm_context_reuse_count = 0;
    }
 
    /*
     * Synchronize types early, as that also includes inferring the target
     * triple.
     */
    llvm_create_types();
 
    /*
     * Extract target information from loaded module.
     */
    llvm_set_target();
 
    if (LLVMGetTargetFromTriple(llvm_triple, &llvm_targetref, &error) != 0)
    {
        elog(FATAL, "failed to query triple %s", error);
    }
 
    /*
     * We want the generated code to use all available features. Therefore
     * grab the host CPU string and detect features of the current CPU. The
     * latter is needed because some CPU architectures default to enabling
     * features not all CPUs have (weird, huh).
     */
    cpu = LLVMGetHostCPUName();
    features = LLVMGetHostCPUFeatures();
    elog(DEBUG2, "LLVMJIT detected CPU \"%s\", with features \"%s\"",
         cpu, features);
 
    opt0_tm =
        LLVMCreateTargetMachine(llvm_targetref, llvm_triple, cpu, features,
                                LLVMCodeGenLevelNone,
                                LLVMRelocDefault,
                                LLVMCodeModelJITDefault);
    opt3_tm =
        LLVMCreateTargetMachine(llvm_targetref, llvm_triple, cpu, features,
                                LLVMCodeGenLevelAggressive,
                                LLVMRelocDefault,
                                LLVMCodeModelJITDefault);
 
    LLVMDisposeMessage(cpu);
    cpu = NULL;
    LLVMDisposeMessage(features);
    features = NULL;
 
    /* force symbols in main binary to be loaded */
    LLVMLoadLibraryPermanently(NULL);
 
    {
        llvm_ts_context = LLVMOrcCreateNewThreadSafeContext();
 
        llvm_opt0_orc = llvm_create_jit_instance(opt0_tm);
        opt0_tm = 0;
 
        llvm_opt3_orc = llvm_create_jit_instance(opt3_tm);
        opt3_tm = 0;
    }
 
    on_proc_exit(llvm_shutdown, 0);
 
    llvm_session_initialized = true;
 
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
}
 
static void
llvm_shutdown(int code, Datum arg)
{
    /*
     * If llvm_shutdown() is reached while in a fatal-on-oom section an error
     * has occurred in the middle of LLVM code. It is not safe to call back
     * into LLVM (which is why a FATAL error was thrown).
     *
     * We do need to shutdown LLVM in other shutdown cases, otherwise e.g.
     * profiling data won't be written out.
     */
    if (llvm_in_fatal_on_oom())
    {
        Assert(proc_exit_inprogress);
        return;
    }
 
    if (llvm_jit_context_in_use_count != 0)
        elog(PANIC, "LLVMJitContext in use count not 0 at exit (is %zu)",
             llvm_jit_context_in_use_count);
 
    {
        if (llvm_opt3_orc)
        {
            LLVMOrcDisposeLLJIT(llvm_opt3_orc);
            llvm_opt3_orc = NULL;
        }
        if (llvm_opt0_orc)
        {
            LLVMOrcDisposeLLJIT(llvm_opt0_orc);
            llvm_opt0_orc = NULL;
        }
        if (llvm_ts_context)
        {
            LLVMOrcDisposeThreadSafeContext(llvm_ts_context);
            llvm_ts_context = NULL;
        }
    }
}
 
/* helper for llvm_create_types, returning a function's return type */
static LLVMTypeRef
load_return_type(LLVMModuleRef mod, const char *name)
{
    LLVMValueRef value;
    LLVMTypeRef typ;
 
    /* this'll return a *pointer* to the function */
    value = LLVMGetNamedFunction(mod, name);
    if (!value)
        elog(ERROR, "function %s is unknown", name);
 
    typ = LLVMGetFunctionReturnType(value); /* in llvmjit_wrap.cpp */
 
    return typ;
}
 
/*
 * Load triple & layout from clang emitted file so we're guaranteed to be
 * compatible.
 */
static void
llvm_set_target(void)
{
    if (!llvm_types_module)
        elog(ERROR, "failed to extract target information, llvmjit_types.c not loaded");
 
    if (llvm_triple == NULL)
        llvm_triple = pstrdup(LLVMGetTarget(llvm_types_module));
 
    if (llvm_layout == NULL)
        llvm_layout = pstrdup(LLVMGetDataLayoutStr(llvm_types_module));
}
 
/*
 * Load required information, types, function signatures from llvmjit_types.c
 * and make them available in global variables.
 *
 * Those global variables are then used while emitting code.
 */
static void
llvm_create_types(void)
{
    char        path[MAXPGPATH];
    LLVMMemoryBufferRef buf;
    char       *msg;
 
    snprintf(path, MAXPGPATH, "%s/%s", pkglib_path, "llvmjit_types.bc");
 
    /* open file */
    if (LLVMCreateMemoryBufferWithContentsOfFile(path, &buf, &msg))
    {
        elog(ERROR, "LLVMCreateMemoryBufferWithContentsOfFile(%s) failed: %s",
             path, msg);
    }
 
    /* eagerly load contents, going to need it all */
    if (LLVMParseBitcodeInContext2(llvm_context, buf, &llvm_types_module))
    {
        elog(ERROR, "LLVMParseBitcodeInContext2 of %s failed", path);
    }
    LLVMDisposeMemoryBuffer(buf);
 
    TypeSizeT = llvm_pg_var_type("TypeSizeT");
    TypeDatum = llvm_pg_var_type("TypeDatum");
    TypeParamBool = load_return_type(llvm_types_module, "FunctionReturningBool");
    TypeStorageBool = llvm_pg_var_type("TypeStorageBool");
    TypePGFunction = llvm_pg_var_type("TypePGFunction");
    StructNullableDatum = llvm_pg_var_type("StructNullableDatum");
    StructExprContext = llvm_pg_var_type("StructExprContext");
    StructExprEvalStep = llvm_pg_var_type("StructExprEvalStep");
    StructExprState = llvm_pg_var_type("StructExprState");
    StructFunctionCallInfoData = llvm_pg_var_type("StructFunctionCallInfoData");
    StructMemoryContextData = llvm_pg_var_type("StructMemoryContextData");
    StructTupleTableSlot = llvm_pg_var_type("StructTupleTableSlot");
    StructHeapTupleTableSlot = llvm_pg_var_type("StructHeapTupleTableSlot");
    StructMinimalTupleTableSlot = llvm_pg_var_type("StructMinimalTupleTableSlot");
    StructHeapTupleData = llvm_pg_var_type("StructHeapTupleData");
    StructHeapTupleHeaderData = llvm_pg_var_type("StructHeapTupleHeaderData");
    StructTupleDescData = llvm_pg_var_type("StructTupleDescData");
    StructAggState = llvm_pg_var_type("StructAggState");
    StructAggStatePerGroupData = llvm_pg_var_type("StructAggStatePerGroupData");
    StructAggStatePerTransData = llvm_pg_var_type("StructAggStatePerTransData");
    StructPlanState = llvm_pg_var_type("StructPlanState");
    StructMinimalTupleData = llvm_pg_var_type("StructMinimalTupleData");
 
    AttributeTemplate = LLVMGetNamedFunction(llvm_types_module, "AttributeTemplate");
    ExecEvalSubroutineTemplate = LLVMGetNamedFunction(llvm_types_module, "ExecEvalSubroutineTemplate");
    ExecEvalBoolSubroutineTemplate = LLVMGetNamedFunction(llvm_types_module, "ExecEvalBoolSubroutineTemplate");
}
 
/*
 * Split a symbol into module / function parts.  If the function is in the
 * main binary (or an external library) *modname will be NULL.
 */
void
llvm_split_symbol_name(const char *name, char **modname, char **funcname)
{
    *modname = NULL;
    *funcname = NULL;
 
    /*
     * Module function names are pgextern.$module.$funcname
     */
    if (strncmp(name, "pgextern.", strlen("pgextern.")) == 0)
    {
        /*
         * Symbol names cannot contain a ., therefore we can split based on
         * first and last occurrence of one.
         */
        *funcname = rindex(name, '.');
        (*funcname)++;          /* jump over . */
 
        *modname = pnstrdup(name + strlen("pgextern."),
                            *funcname - name - strlen("pgextern.") - 1);
        Assert(funcname);
 
        *funcname = pstrdup(*funcname);
    }
    else
    {
        *modname = NULL;
        *funcname = pstrdup(name);
    }
}
 
/*
 * Attempt to resolve symbol, so LLVM can emit a reference to it.
 */
static uint64_t
llvm_resolve_symbol(const char *symname, void *ctx)
{
    uintptr_t   addr;
    char       *funcname;
    char       *modname;
 
    /*
     * macOS prefixes all object level symbols with an underscore. But neither
     * dlsym() nor PG's inliner expect that. So undo.
     */
#if defined(__darwin__)
    if (symname[0] != '_')
        elog(ERROR, "expected prefixed symbol name, but got \"%s\"", symname);
    symname++;
#endif
 
    llvm_split_symbol_name(symname, &modname, &funcname);
 
    /* functions that aren't resolved to names shouldn't ever get here */
    Assert(funcname);
 
    if (modname)
        addr = (uintptr_t) load_external_function(modname, funcname,
                                                  true, NULL);
    else
        addr = (uintptr_t) LLVMSearchForAddressOfSymbol(symname);
 
    pfree(funcname);
    if (modname)
        pfree(modname);
 
    /* let LLVM will error out - should never happen */
    if (!addr)
        elog(WARNING, "failed to resolve name %s", symname);
 
    return (uint64_t) addr;
}
 
static LLVMErrorRef
llvm_resolve_symbols(LLVMOrcDefinitionGeneratorRef GeneratorObj, void *Ctx,
                     LLVMOrcLookupStateRef *LookupState, LLVMOrcLookupKind Kind,
                     LLVMOrcJITDylibRef JD, LLVMOrcJITDylibLookupFlags JDLookupFlags,
                     LLVMOrcCLookupSet LookupSet, size_t LookupSetSize)
{
#if LLVM_VERSION_MAJOR > 14
    LLVMOrcCSymbolMapPairs symbols = palloc0(sizeof(LLVMOrcCSymbolMapPair) * LookupSetSize);
#else
    LLVMOrcCSymbolMapPairs symbols = palloc0(sizeof(LLVMJITCSymbolMapPair) * LookupSetSize);
#endif
    LLVMErrorRef error;
    LLVMOrcMaterializationUnitRef mu;
 
    for (int i = 0; i < LookupSetSize; i++)
    {
        const char *name = LLVMOrcSymbolStringPoolEntryStr(LookupSet[i].Name);
 
        LLVMOrcRetainSymbolStringPoolEntry(LookupSet[i].Name);
        symbols[i].Name = LookupSet[i].Name;
        symbols[i].Sym.Address = llvm_resolve_symbol(name, NULL);
        symbols[i].Sym.Flags.GenericFlags = LLVMJITSymbolGenericFlagsExported;
    }
 
    mu = LLVMOrcAbsoluteSymbols(symbols, LookupSetSize);
    error = LLVMOrcJITDylibDefine(JD, mu);
    if (error != LLVMErrorSuccess)
        LLVMOrcDisposeMaterializationUnit(mu);
 
    pfree(symbols);
 
    return error;
}
 
/*
 * We cannot throw errors through LLVM (without causing a FATAL at least), so
 * just use WARNING here. That's OK anyway, as the error is also reported at
 * the top level action (with less detail) and there might be multiple
 * invocations of errors with details.
 *
 * This doesn't really happen during normal operation, but in cases like
 * symbol resolution breakage. So just using elog(WARNING) is fine.
 */
static void
llvm_log_jit_error(void *ctx, LLVMErrorRef error)
{
    elog(WARNING, "error during JITing: %s",
         llvm_error_message(error));
}
 
/*
 * Create our own object layer, so we can add event listeners.
 */
static LLVMOrcObjectLayerRef
llvm_create_object_layer(void *Ctx, LLVMOrcExecutionSessionRef ES, const char *Triple)
{
#ifdef USE_LLVM_BACKPORT_SECTION_MEMORY_MANAGER
    LLVMOrcObjectLayerRef objlayer =
        LLVMOrcCreateRTDyldObjectLinkingLayerWithSafeSectionMemoryManager(ES);
#else
    LLVMOrcObjectLayerRef objlayer =
        LLVMOrcCreateRTDyldObjectLinkingLayerWithSectionMemoryManager(ES);
#endif
 
 
#if defined(HAVE_DECL_LLVMCREATEGDBREGISTRATIONLISTENER) && HAVE_DECL_LLVMCREATEGDBREGISTRATIONLISTENER
    if (jit_debugging_support)
    {
        LLVMJITEventListenerRef l = LLVMCreateGDBRegistrationListener();
 
        LLVMOrcRTDyldObjectLinkingLayerRegisterJITEventListener(objlayer, l);
    }
#endif
 
#if defined(HAVE_DECL_LLVMCREATEPERFJITEVENTLISTENER) && HAVE_DECL_LLVMCREATEPERFJITEVENTLISTENER
    if (jit_profiling_support)
    {
        LLVMJITEventListenerRef l = LLVMCreatePerfJITEventListener();
 
        LLVMOrcRTDyldObjectLinkingLayerRegisterJITEventListener(objlayer, l);
    }
#endif
 
    return objlayer;
}
 
/*
 * Create LLJIT instance, using the passed in target machine. Note that the
 * target machine afterwards is owned by the LLJIT instance.
 */
static LLVMOrcLLJITRef
llvm_create_jit_instance(LLVMTargetMachineRef tm)
{
    LLVMOrcLLJITRef lljit;
    LLVMOrcJITTargetMachineBuilderRef tm_builder;
    LLVMOrcLLJITBuilderRef lljit_builder;
    LLVMErrorRef error;
    LLVMOrcDefinitionGeneratorRef main_gen;
    LLVMOrcDefinitionGeneratorRef ref_gen;
 
    lljit_builder = LLVMOrcCreateLLJITBuilder();
    tm_builder = LLVMOrcJITTargetMachineBuilderCreateFromTargetMachine(tm);
    LLVMOrcLLJITBuilderSetJITTargetMachineBuilder(lljit_builder, tm_builder);
 
    LLVMOrcLLJITBuilderSetObjectLinkingLayerCreator(lljit_builder,
                                                    llvm_create_object_layer,
                                                    NULL);
 
    error = LLVMOrcCreateLLJIT(&lljit, lljit_builder);
    if (error)
        elog(ERROR, "failed to create lljit instance: %s",
             llvm_error_message(error));
 
    LLVMOrcExecutionSessionSetErrorReporter(LLVMOrcLLJITGetExecutionSession(lljit),
                                            llvm_log_jit_error, NULL);
 
    /*
     * Symbol resolution support for symbols in the postgres binary /
     * libraries already loaded.
     */
    error = LLVMOrcCreateDynamicLibrarySearchGeneratorForProcess(&main_gen,
                                                                 LLVMOrcLLJITGetGlobalPrefix(lljit),
                                                                 0, NULL);
    if (error)
        elog(ERROR, "failed to create generator: %s",
             llvm_error_message(error));
    LLVMOrcJITDylibAddGenerator(LLVMOrcLLJITGetMainJITDylib(lljit), main_gen);
 
    /*
     * Symbol resolution support for "special" functions, e.g. a call into an
     * SQL callable function.
     */
#if LLVM_VERSION_MAJOR > 14
    ref_gen = LLVMOrcCreateCustomCAPIDefinitionGenerator(llvm_resolve_symbols, NULL, NULL);
#else
    ref_gen = LLVMOrcCreateCustomCAPIDefinitionGenerator(llvm_resolve_symbols, NULL);
#endif
    LLVMOrcJITDylibAddGenerator(LLVMOrcLLJITGetMainJITDylib(lljit), ref_gen);
 
    return lljit;
}
 
static char *
llvm_error_message(LLVMErrorRef error)
{
    char       *orig = LLVMGetErrorMessage(error);
    char       *msg = pstrdup(orig);
 
    LLVMDisposeErrorMessage(orig);
 
    return msg;
}
 
/*
 * ResourceOwner callbacks
 */
static void
ResOwnerReleaseJitContext(Datum res)
{
    LLVMJitContext *context = (LLVMJitContext *) DatumGetPointer(res);
 
    context->resowner = NULL;
    jit_release_context(&context->base);
}