铋-209
基本 | |
---|---|
符号 | 209Bi |
名称 | 铋-209、Bi-209 |
原子序 | 83 |
中子数 | 126 |
核素数据 | |
丰度 | 100% |
半衰期 | 2.01×1019年[1] |
母同位素 | 209Pb (β−) 209Po (β+) 213At (α) |
衰变产物 | 205Tl |
原子量 | 208.9803987 u |
自旋 | 9/2− |
过剩能量 | −18 258.461± 2.4 keV |
结合能 | 7847.987± 1.7 keV |
衰变模式 | |
衰变类型 | 衰变能量(MeV) |
α衰变 | 3.1373 |
铋的同位素 完整核素表 |
铋-209(209Bi)是铋的同位素之一,具有极微弱的放射性,半衰期长达2.01×1019年,是铋最稳定的同位素,也是所有发生α衰变的放射性同位素中已知半衰期最长的。它有83个质子和126个中子,原子质量为208.9803987原子质量单位。其中子数126为幻数,因此具有特别的稳定性。铋-209是铋最普遍的同位素,几乎占天然铋的100%。
衰变特性
[编辑]长期以来,人们认为铋-209是所有元素中最重的稳定同位素,但2003年,法国奥赛天体物理和空间研究所的一个研究小组发现209Bi具有放射性,其发生α衰变的半衰期约为1.9×1019年[2][3],超过宇宙年龄的十亿倍。[4]现在公认最稳定的最大质量数核素是铅-208。
在不受外界影响的情况下,铋-209衰变产生3.14兆电子伏的α粒子,并嬗变为铊-205:[5]
在人工干预下(比如在反应堆中或使用加速器),铋-209可以参加铅-铋中子俘获循环。铅-206/207/208直到铋-209都可以参加这一循环,但是俘获截面都相当低。[6][7]
由于铋-209超长的半衰期,对于其应用来说,209Bi仍然可以被当作非放射性物质处理。它的放射性比人体的放射性低得多,因此不会造成任何意义上的辐射伤害。虽然209Bi创造了α衰变的半衰期记录,但其半衰期并不是实验上确认的放射性核素中最长的;这一殊荣属于碲-128(128Te),其双β衰变的半衰期估计为7.7×1024年。[8]而当今宇宙年龄不过为±0.021)×1010年。 (1.3799[9][10]
2012年,意大利大萨索国家实验室(Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)团队验证了铋-209α衰变的半衰期值,他们报告的数据是±0.08)×1019年。他们还发现了铋-209经α衰变到铊-205的第二种路径,即从铋-209衰变为铊-205第一激发态。这个反应的半衰期更长,估计为1.66×1021年。 (2.01[11]尽管这两个半衰期都比碲-128的半衰期短,但其α粒子能谱的半峰宽是目前观测到最小的,根据海森堡测不准原理估计分别为ΔΕ~5.5×10-43eV和ΔΕ~1.3×10-44eV。[12]
用途
[编辑]因为天然铋完全由铋-209组成,所以所有铋的用途都可看作是铋-209的用途,如铅的替代品、[13][14]化妆品、[15][16]油漆[17]和像是次水杨酸铋的药物。[4][18][19]
合成其它元素
[编辑]210Po可通过在核反应堆中用中子轰击209Bi来制造[20],全世界每年210Po的产量约为100克左右。[21][20]209Po和208Po则可由质子轰击209Bi而成。[22]用α粒子轰击209Bi则能得到砹。[23][24][25]
209Bi也可用于合成如𬭊、[26][27][28][29]𬭛、[26][30]鿏、[31][32][33]𬬭[34][35][36]和鿭[37][38][39]等超重元素。
核合成
[编辑]在渐近巨星支的红巨星中,铋-209和钋-210经由S-过程(慢速过程)通过中子俘获而形成。此二核素是S-过程产生的最重元素。所有比它们更重的元素都是在R-过程(快速过程)中形成的,该过程发生在超新星爆发前十五分钟。[40]
参见
[编辑]脚注
[编辑]相邻较轻同位素: 铋-208 |
铋-209是 铋的同位素 |
相邻较重同位素: 铋-210 |
母同位素: 砹-213 (α) 钋-209 (β+) 铅-209 (β−) |
铋-209的 衰变链 |
衰变产物为 铊-205 (α) |
参考文献
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