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水磨

維基百科,自由的百科全書
比利時布賴恩勒沙托12世紀的水磨
英國萊姆里傑斯水磨坊的內部(14世紀)
王禎農書卷十九水磨插圖

水磨(英語:watermill)是水力驅動的磨。這種結構使用水車水輪機來驅動研磨滾動槌打等機械過程,可用來生產穀粉木材金屬產品等。裝有水磨的工廠稱為水磨坊,這包括了麵粉廠鋸木廠造紙廠紡織廠錘磨廠英語hammermill跳錘英語trip hammer廠、軋制廠拉絲英語wire drawing廠等。祖沖之曾經設計製造過利用水力舂米英語Rice pounder、磨麵的水碓磨。

參見

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伸延閱讀

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  • Burns, Robert I., Paper comes to the West, 800−1400, Lindgren, Uta (編), Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation 4th, Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag: 413–422, 1996, ISBN 3-7861-1748-9 
  • de Crespigny, Rafe, A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD), Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0 
  • Donners, K.; Waelkens, M.; Deckers, J., Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology, Anatolian Studies 52, 2002, 52: 1–17, JSTOR 3643076, S2CID 163811541, doi:10.2307/3643076 
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  • Munro, John H., Industrial energy from water-mills in the European economy, 5th to 18th Centuries: the limitations of power, Economia ed Energia, Seccoli XIII - XVIII, Atti delle 'Settimane di Studi' e Altrie Convegni, Istituto Internazionale di Storia Economica 34 (1) (F. Datini), 2003, 34 (1): 223–269 
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  • Needham, Joseph. (1986). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. ISBN 0-521-05803-1.
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  • Pacey, Arnold, Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History, The MIT Press; Reprint edition (July 1, 1991). ISBN 0-262-66072-5.
  • Reynolds, Terry S. Stronger Than a Hundred Men: A History of the Vertical Water Wheel. (Johns Hopkins University Press 1983). ISBN 0-8018-7248-0.
  • Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul, A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications, Journal of Roman Archaeology 20, 2007, 20: 138–163 
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外部連結

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