巨爵座
星座 | |
縮寫 | Crt |
---|---|
所有格 | Crateris |
象徵物 | the 杯子 |
赤經 | 11h |
赤緯 | −16° |
面積 | 282平方度 (第53) |
主要恆星 | 4 |
拜耳/佛氏 恆星 | 12 |
有行星的恆星 | 7 |
亮度3m以上的恆星 | 0 |
距離在10秒差距(32.62光年)內的恆星 | 0 |
最亮星 | 翼宿七 (3.57m) |
最近的恆星 | LHS 2358 (34.86 ly, 10.69 pc) |
梅西爾天體 | 0 |
流星雨 | 翼宿六流星雨 |
鄰接星座 | 獅子座 六分儀座 長蛇座 烏鴉座 室女座 |
可以看見的緯度範圍: +65°至−90°之間 最適合觀賞的月份:四月 |
巨爵座是南天小星座,拉丁語原名「Crater」源自希臘語「krater」,指用來倒葡萄酒的杯子。巨爵座隸屬二世紀天文學家克勞狄烏斯·托勒密排列的48星座,代表的杯子與天神阿波羅有關,放在長蛇座代表的水蛇後背。
巨爵座沒有恆星亮度高於三等星,最亮的翼宿七和翼宿一分別是3.56與4.07視星等,都是老化橙巨星,溫度低於太陽但體積更大。巨爵座β是白巨星和白矮星組成的聯星系。七個恆星系內發現系外行星。巨爵座還有巨爵座2矮星系與NGC 3981等少量知名星系,以及著名類星體RX J1131。
神話
[編輯]據公元前至少1100年的巴比倫星表記載,今巨爵座範圍恆星可能同烏鴉座恆星一起組成巴比倫人的烏鴉座。英國科學家約翰·羅傑斯(John H. Rogers)認為,巨爵座附近的長蛇座在古巴倫規範星表《綱要》代表冥界之神寧吉茲濟達(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕)。他推斷長蛇座旁邊的巨爵座與烏鴉座都是死亡的象徵,代表冥界之門。[1]密特拉教的符號和標誌里也有巨爵座與烏鴉座,估計該教源於中東,後傳入古希臘和羅馬[2]。
據希臘神話所述,阿波羅派手下烏鴉去取水,但烏鴉在路上發現無花果後等待果實成熟再吃掉,因此延誤行程。烏鴉用杯取水後順便帶回水蛇,謊稱是水蛇喝掉水導致延誤。[3]阿波羅看出烏鴉的欺騙,憤怒之下把杯子、蛇和烏鴉都朝天上一扔[4]。三者都變成天上星座,所在位置正好確保烏鴉沒法兒從杯里喝水,以此警告不要得罪神明[3]。
菲拉爾克斯對巨爵座起源提出不同說法,據稱特洛伊附近城池伊萊莎(Eleusa)瘟疫肆虐,統治者德米芬(Demiphon)得到諭示每年需獻祭少女一名。德米芬宣布抽籤決定獻祭人選,但沒有把自家女兒的名字列入。貴族馬修斯修斯拒絕接受,結果女兒被德米芬獻祭。馬修斯修斯事後殺害德米芬的女兒,把血混入葡萄酒裝在杯里讓德米芬飲用。東窗事發後德米芬下令把馬修斯修斯和杯子扔進大海,巨爵座便代表杯子。[3]
巨爵座恆星在中國古代天文學屬南方朱雀[5],與長蛇座部分恆星組成朱雀的翅膀翼宿,代表第27個月宮。翼宿還代表英勇的弓箭手,弓由長蛇座恆星組成。[6]社會群島居民把巨爵座稱為「Moana-'ohu-noa-'ei-ha'a-moe-hara」,意為「洗去罪孽的海洋漩渦」[7]。
簡介
[編輯]巨爵座覆蓋282.4平方度夜空,占0.685%,在88個現代星座排第53[8],北挨獅子座與室女座、東臨烏鴉座、南面和西側是長蛇座,西北靠六分儀座。1922年,國際天文聯會確定以三字母縮寫「Crt」代指巨爵座。[9]比利時天文學家尤金·德爾波特1930年正式劃分星座邊界,巨爵座呈六條邊組成的多邊形(見文首信息框)。星座在赤道坐標系統的赤經位於10h 51m 14s到11h 56m 24s範圍,赤緯在−6.66°至−25.20°之間。[10]星座位於南天球,只能在北緯65度線以南觀察[8][注 1]。
顯著特點
[編輯]恆星
[編輯]德國天體製圖師約翰·拜耳用希臘字母Α到Λ為星座大部分明亮恆星命名。約翰·波德為部分恆星編號,但後世留用的只有巨爵座ψ。約翰·佛蘭斯蒂德用佛蘭斯蒂德命名法為31顆巨爵座及附近的長蛇座恆星編號組成巨爵長蛇座,大部分恆星屬長蛇座範圍。[11]巨爵座最亮的翼宿七、翼宿一和翼宿二組成三角形,位於長蛇座亮星翼宿五附近[12]。巨爵座共有33顆恆星亮度不低於6.5視星等[注 2][8]。
3.56視星等的翼宿七是巨爵座最亮恆星,離地163±4光年[14],是光譜等級K0III的橙巨星,有1.0至1.4倍太陽質量。該星年代久遠,已經冷卻並膨脹到22.44±0.28倍太陽半徑,但輻射量達171.4±9.0倍太陽光度,外層有效溫度4408±57開爾文[15]。翼宿一又稱「阿爾克斯」(Alkes),意指「杯子」[16][注 3],代表巨爵座杯底[3],是4.07視星等的橙色星體[17],距地球141±2光年[18]。估計該星質量為太陽1.75±0.24倍,已經耗盡核心的氫並膨脹到13.2±0.55太陽直徑[19],光度69倍,有效溫度約4600開爾文[20]。
4.5視星等的巨爵座β是聯星系,由光譜等級分別是A1III和DA1.4的白巨星與白矮星組成[21],距太陽296±8光年[22]。聯星系中的白矮星遠比主恆星小,即便用哈勃空間望遠鏡也無法分開觀測[23]。翼宿二是雙星,可用小型業餘望遠鏡分辨[24]。其中主星是光譜等級A7V的白主序星,估計有1.81倍太陽質量[25],從星只有9.6視星等和75%太陽質量[25],很可能是橙矮星,兩星相互圍繞旋轉的軌道周期至少有1150年[26]。雙星距太陽85.6±0.8光年[27]。
翼宿十與翼宿三代表杯子邊緣[3],其中翼宿十是巨爵座肉眼可見的最大恆星[28],已演化成光譜等級K5 III的K型巨星[29],質量和太陽差不多但已膨脹到44.7倍太陽半徑[30],光度更達391倍[31],與太陽相距366±8光年[32]。翼宿三也是聯星系,距太陽326±9光年[33]。4.95視星等的主星已演化到巨星階段,光譜等級G8 III[34],是利用核心氦聚變產生能量的紅群聚星[35],已膨脹到13倍太陽半徑[36],光度157倍[31]。從星亮度7.84視星等[37]。科學家確認翼宿三屬天狼星超星系團[38],或許還屬大熊座移動星群,該星群包含的恆星可能源自同一疏散星團,太空走向類似[39]。
變星是業餘天文學家的熱門觀測目標,他們的觀察對人類理解恆星行為貢獻很大[40]。翼宿一附近的紅色星體巨爵座R是SRB類半規則變星[12],光譜等級M7,亮度以160天周期在9.8到11.2視星等範圍變化[41],距太陽770±40光年[42]。巨爵座TT是激變變星,由接近太陽質量的白矮星和光譜等級K5V的橙矮星組成聯星系,兩星距離很近,以6小時26分的軌道周期圍繞彼此旋轉。白矮星從伴星吸收物質,由此形成的吸積盤按周期增亮並爆發。變星沉寂時只有15.9視星等,爆發時增至12.7視星等。[43]巨爵座SZ是8.5視星等的天龍座BY型變星,距太陽42.9±1.0光年[44],還是大熊座移動星群成員[39]。
HD 98800又稱巨爵座TV,是約有七百到一千萬年歷史的恆星系,由分成兩組距離很近的四顆恆星組成。其中一組有塵埃和氣體組成的岩屑盤環繞兩星運轉,岩屑盤距兩星約三到五天文單位,人類曾以為是原行星盤。[46]。DENIS-P J1058.7−1548是質量不足太陽5.5%的棕矮星,1700至2000開爾文的表面溫度已經低到足以形成雲層。該星的亮度變化可用肉眼識別,紅外光譜顯示星體表面覆有大氣雲層。[47]
HD 96167是1.31±0.09倍太陽質量的恆星,距太陽279±1光年[48]。星體核心的氫很可能已經耗盡並開始膨脹和冷卻,目前是1.86±0.07倍太陽直徑的黃次巨星,光度是太陽3.4±0.2倍。分析星體徑向速度後科學家推斷該星有質量下限為木星68%的行星,公轉周期498.9±1.0天。行星軌道離心率很高,軌道間隔在0.38至2.22天文單位範圍變化。[49]。HD 98649是光譜等級G4V的黃主序星,質量和直徑與太陽基本相同但光度只有八成六。2012年科學家用徑向速度法發現該星伴有至少六倍木星質量的行星,而且行星公轉周期很長,達4951+607
−465天。計算結果表明該行星軌道離心率很高,最遠時離恆星有10.6天文單位,有望未來直接成像。[50]BD−10°3166是富含金屬的橙主序星,光譜等級K3.0V,距太陽268±10光年[51]。該星擁有質量下限為木星48%的熱木星類行星,軌道周期僅3.49天[52]。WASP-34是光譜等級G5V的類太陽恆星,質量為太陽1.01±0.07倍,直徑0.93±0.12倍,距太陽432±3光年[53]。該星擁有0.59±0.01倍木星質量的行星,軌道周期只有4.317天[54]。
深空天體
[編輯]巨爵座2矮星系是銀河系的衛星星系[55],距太陽約38萬光年[56]。NGC 3511是靠近星座邊緣的螺旋星系,位於巨爵座β以西兩度,亮度只有11視星等。NGC 3513是與NGC 3511相隔11弧分的棒旋星系。[57]NGC 3981也是螺旋星系,有兩條很寬但相互干擾的螺旋臂[58],NGC 3981是NGC 4038星系群成員,與NGC 3672、NGC 3887等45個星系組成室女超星系團的巨爵座星雲[59]。
RX J1131是距太陽約60億光年的類星體,人類首次直接測量的旋轉黑洞就在類星體中間[60]。GRB 011211是人類2001年12月11日發現的伽瑪射線暴,共持續270秒,刷新X射線天文學BeppoSAX衛星所測伽瑪射線暴時長紀錄[61]。2003年3月23日發現的GRB 030323持續26秒[62]。
流星雨
[編輯]翼宿六流星雨較為黯淡,在1月11至22日出現,16至17日達到頂峰[63]。
注釋
[編輯]參考資料
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