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[[File:20210119 Renewable energy investment - 2004- BloombergNEF.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| '''Investment:''' Companies, governments and households have been investing increasing amounts in [[decarbonisation]], including [[renewable energy]], [[electric vehicles]] and associated infrastructure, [[energy storage]], [[Energy efficiency (physics)|energy-efficient]] heating systems, [[carbon capture and storage]], and [[hydrogen energy]].<ref name=BloombergNEF_20210119>{{cite news |title=Energy Transition Investment Hit $500 Billion in 2020 – For First Time |url=https://about.bnef.com/blog/energy-transition-investment-hit-500-billion-in-2020-for-first-time/ |publisher=Bloomberg New Energy Finance |date= 2021-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119134344/https://about.bnef.com/blog/energy-transition-investment-hit-500-billion-in-2020-for-first-time/ |archive-date=2021-01-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=BloombergNEF_20230126>{{cite news |last1=Catsaros |first1=Oktavia |title=Global Low-Carbon Energy Technology Investment Surges Past $1 Trillion for the First Time - Figure 1 |url=https://about.bnef.com/blog/global-low-carbon-energy-technology-investment-surges-past-1-trillion-for-the-first-time/ |publisher=Bloomberg NEF (New Energy Finance) |date=2023-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522001857/https://about.bnef.com/blog/global-low-carbon-energy-technology-investment-surges-past-1-trillion-for-the-first-time/ |archive-date=2023-05-22 |quote=Defying supply chain disruptions and macroeconomic headwinds, 2022 energy transition investment jumped 31% to draw level with fossil fuels |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
{{Infobox drug
[[File:20201019 Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE, Lazard) - renewable energy.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| '''Cost:''' With increasingly widespread implementation of renewable energy sources, the [[levelised cost of energy]] has declined, most notably for energy generated by [[solar panel]]s.<ref name=PopSciLazard_LCOE2020>{{cite magazine |last1=Chrobak |first1=Ula |last2=Chodosh |first2=Sara |title=Solar power got cheap. So why aren't we using it more? |url=https://www.popsci.com/story/environment/cheap-renewable-energy-vs-fossil-fuels/ |magazine=Popular Science |date=2021-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129144621/https://www.popsci.com/story/environment/cheap-renewable-energy-vs-fossil-fuels/ |archive-date=2021-01-29 |url-status=live }} ● Chodosh's graphic is derived from data in {{cite web |title=Lazard's Levelized Cost of Energy Version 14.0 |url=https://www.lazard.com/media/451419/lazards-levelized-cost-of-energy-version-140.pdf |website=Lazard.com |publisher=Lazard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128105700/https://www.lazard.com/media/451419/lazards-levelized-cost-of-energy-version-140.pdf |archive-date=2021-01-28 |date=2020-10-19 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=LazardLCOE_20230412>{{cite web |title=2023 Levelized Cost Of Energy+ |url=https://www.lazard.com/research-insights/2023-levelized-cost-of-energyplus/ |publisher=Lazard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827132200/https://www.lazard.com/research-insights/2023-levelized-cost-of-energyplus/ |archive-date=2023-08-27 |page=9 |date=2023-04-12 |url-status=live}} (Download link labeled "Lazard's LCOE+ (April 2023) (1) PDF—1MB")</ref>]]
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 460024696
| image = Ceftazidime.svg
| width = 300
| alt =
| image2 = Ceftazidime-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png
| alt2 = <!-- Clinical data -->
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|s|ɛ|f|ˈ|t|æ|z|ᵻ|d|iː|m}}<br />{{respell|sef|TAZ|i|deem}}
| tradename = Fortaz、Tazicef及其他<ref name=AHFS2016/>
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|ceftazidime}}
| MedlinePlus = a686007
| licence_EU = yes
| DailyMedID = Ceftazidime
| pregnancy_AU = B1
| pregnancy_AU_comment =
| pregnancy_category =
| routes_of_administration = [[靜脈注射]], [[肌肉注射]], [[吸入]]
| class = 第三代頭孢菌素
| ATCvet =
| ATC_prefix = J01
| ATC_suffix = DD02
| ATC_supplemental = <!-- Legal status -->
| legal_AU = S4
| legal_AU_comment =
| legal_BR = <!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F -->
| legal_BR_comment =
| legal_CA = <!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->
| legal_CA_comment =
| legal_DE = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled -->
| legal_DE_comment =
| legal_NZ = <!-- Class A, B, C -->
| legal_NZ_comment =
| legal_UK = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C -->
| legal_UK_comment =
| legal_US = Rx-only
| legal_US_comment = <ref>{{cite web | title=Fortaz- ceftazidime injection, powder, for solution | work = DailyMed | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | date=2017-07-28 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=78982c98-7866-49f1-989f-a289c4242358 | access-date=2022-06-12 | archive-date=2021-12-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228201711/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=78982c98-7866-49f1-989f-a289c4242358 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Tazicef- ceftazidime injection, powder, for solution | work = DailyMed | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | date=2022-03-24 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=40d48c5d-650e-461b-a67b-7e65772d1b92 | access-date= 2022-06-12 | archive-date=2021-12-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228200954/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=40d48c5d-650e-461b-a67b-7e65772d1b92 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| legal_EU =
| legal_EU_comment =
| legal_UN = <!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV -->
| legal_UN_comment =
| legal_status = <!-- For countries not listed above -->


'''逐步淘汰化石燃料'''（{{lang-en|Fossil fuel phase-out }}）指的是依循步驟把化石燃料的使用和生產減少到零，以減少[[空氣污染]]導致的人類死亡和疾病、限制{{le|氣候變化|Climate change}}，並強化各國自身的{{le|能源獨立|Energy independence}}。此為{{le|能源轉型|Energy transition}}行動中的一種，但在實施時卻受到[[化石燃料補貼]]的阻礙。
<!-- Pharmacokinetic data →
| bioavailability = 91% (肌肉注射]])
| protein_bound =
| metabolism = 可忽略不計
| metabolites =
| onset =
| elimination_half-life = 1.6–2小時| duration_of_action =
| excretion = 90–96% [[腎]]臟


全球許多國家正採取關閉[[燃煤發電廠]]的策略，<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nearly a quarter of the operating U.S. coal-fired fleet scheduled to retire by 2029 |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=54559 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.eia.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia hastens coal plant closures to catch up on climate |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Environment/Climate-Change/Australia-hastens-coal-plant-closures-to-catch-up-on-climate |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-02 |title=Our members |url=https://poweringpastcoal.org/members/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=PPCA |language=en}}</ref>使用化石燃料發電被認為已經達峰值。<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cuff |first=Madeleine |title=Renewables supply 30 per cent of global electricity for the first time |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2429430-renewables-supply-30-per-cent-of-global-electricity-for-the-first-time/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref> 但目前的電力生產仍有高比例是依賴燃燒煤炭達成，導致氣候目標有難以實現的風險。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coal-Fired Electricity – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/coal-fired-electricity |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref>]許多國家已設定日起以停止銷售使用汽油和柴油驅動的汽車和卡車，但在停止燃燒[[天然氣]]的時間表則尚未達成協議。<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=No EU agreement on fossil phase-out text |url=https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2421779-no-eu-agreement-on-fossil-phaseout-text |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Argus Media |language=en |archive-date=2023 -02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220224005/https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2421779-no-eu-agreement-on-fossil-phaseout-text |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<!-- Identifiers -->| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}

| CAS_number = 72558-82-8
目前逐步淘汰化石燃料的行動中有在交通運輸和取暖等領域以[[永續能源]]取代化石燃料。取代化石燃料的方法有[[電氣化]]、使用{{le|綠氫|Green hydrogen}}和[[生物燃料]]。淘汰的步驟包括在需求方和供給方的措施，<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Green |first1=F. |last2=Denniss |first2=R. |year=2018 |title=Cutting with both arms of the scissors: the economic and political case for restrictive supply-side climate policies |journal=Climatic Change |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=73–87 |doi=10.1007/s10584-018-2162-x |bibcode=2018ClCh..150...73G |s2cid=59374909 |doi-access=free }}</ref>前者設法減少化石燃料消耗，而後者則設法限制生產，以加速能源轉型並減少[[溫室氣體排放]]。有建議應通過法律，要求化石燃料業者在其排放多少的的碳時，也應該封存相同數量的碳。<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-12 |title=Fossil fuel producers must be forced to 'take back' carbon, say scientists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/12/fossil-fuel-producers-must-be-forced-to-take-back-carbon-say-scientists |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>[[國際能源署]]估計要在本世紀中葉實現[[淨零排放]]，全球到2030年的再生能源投資必須增加兩倍，達到每年4兆（萬億）美元以上。<ref name=":130">{{Cite report |last=Bank |first=European Investment |date=2023-02-02 |title=Energy Overview 2023 |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20220286-energy-overview-2023 |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=Renewable energy – powering a safer future |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/raising-ambition/renewable-energy |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref>
| CAS_supplemental =

| PubChem = 5481173
==範圍==
| IUPHAR_ligand =
{{模板:氣候變化緩解側邊欄}}
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}

| DrugBank = DB00438
雖然有[[循環經濟]]和[[生物經濟]]（例如[[生物塑料|生物塑膠]]）的推動<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN |title=EU's circular economy action plan released in 2020 A.D. |access-date=2020-10-23 |archive-date=2020-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029175239/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN |url-status=live }}</ref>以減少[[塑膠污染]]，過程中也發生逐步減少[[石油]]和天然氣的使用，但逐步淘汰化石燃料的具體目標是結束使用化石燃料以及由此產生的溫室氣體。因此此種塑膠產業的做法並不能達到預定的目標。
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}

| ChemSpiderID = 4587145
==化石燃料種類==
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
{{main|化石燃料}}
| UNII = DZR1ENT301
===煤炭===
| KEGG =
{{main|{{le|逐步淘汰煤碳|Coal phase-out}}}}
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
{{see also|{{le|超越煤炭|Beyond coal}}}}
| ChEBI = 3508
{{multiple image | total_width=450
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| image1=2000- Retired coal-fired power capacity - Global Energy Monitor.svg |caption1= The annual amount of coal plant capacity being retired increased into the mid-2010s.<ref name=GlobalEnergyMonitor_RetiredCoal_2023/> However, the rate of retirement has since stalled,<ref name=GlobalEnergyMonitor_RetiredCoal_2023>{{cite web |title=Retired Coal-fired Power Capacity by Country / Global Coal Plant Tracker |url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1t3gO35bzcVI8ekq9318jBUq6nd7UADcut4gY3vjHZMM/edit#gid=1751753356 |publisher=Global Energy Monitor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409194508/https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1t3gO35bzcVI8ekq9318jBUq6nd7UADcut4gY3vjHZMM/edit#gid=1751753356 |archive-date=2023-04-09 |date=2023 |url-status=live }} — Global Energy Monitor's [https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-coal-plant-tracker/summary-tables/ Summary of Tables] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230408201908/https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-coal-plant-tracker/summary-tables/ archive])</ref> and global coal phase-out is not yet compatible with the goals of the [[Paris Agreement|Paris Climate Agreement]].<ref name=GlobalEnergyMonitor20230405>{{cite web |author1=Shared attribution: Global Energy Monitor, CREA, E3G, Reclaim Finance, Sierra Club, SFOC, Kiko Network, CAN Europe, Bangladesh Groups, ACJCE, Chile Sustentable |title=Boom and Bust Coal / Tracking the Global Coal Plant Pipeline |url=https://globalenergymonitor.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Boom-Bust-Coal-2023.pdf |page=3 |publisher=Global Energy Monitor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407125552/https://globalenergymonitor.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Boom-Bust-Coal-2023.pdf |archive-date=2023-04-07 |date=2023-04-05 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| ChEMBL = 44354
| image2= 2000- New coal-fired power capacity - Global Energy Monitor.svg |caption2= In parallel with retirement of some coal plant capacity, other coal plants are still being added, though the annual amount of added capacity has been declining since the 2010s.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Coal-fired Power Capacity by Country / Global Coal Plant Tracker |url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1j35F0WrRJ9dbIJhtRkm8fvPw0Vsf-JV6G95u7gT-DDw/edit#gid=647531100 |publisher=Global Energy Monitor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319120539/https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1j35F0WrRJ9dbIJhtRkm8fvPw0Vsf-JV6G95u7gT-DDw/edit#gid=647531100 |archive-date=2023-03-19 |date=2023 |url-status=live}} — Global Energy Monitor's [https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-coal-plant-tracker/summary-tables/ Summary of Tables] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230408201908/https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-coal-plant-tracker/summary-tables/ archive])</ref>
| NIAID_ChemDB =
| PDB_ligand =
| synonyms = <!-- Chemical and physical data -->
| IUPAC_name = (6''R'',7''R'',''Z'')-7-(2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-(2-carboxypropan-2-yloxyimino)acetamido)-8-oxo-3-(pyridinium-1-ylmethyl)-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate
| C = 22
| H = 22
| N = 6
| O = 7
| S = 2
| SMILES = O=C2N1/C(=C(\CS[C@@H]1[C@@H]2NC(=O)C(=NOC(C(=O)O)(C)C)c3nc(sc3)N)C[n+]4ccccc4)C([O-])=O
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C22H22N6O7S2/c1-22(2,20(33)34)35-26-13(12-10-37-21(23)24-12)16(29)25-14-17(30)28-15(19(31)32)11(9-36-18(14)28)8-27-6-4-3-5-7-27/h3-7,10,14,18H,8-9H2,1-2H3,(H4-,23,24,25,29,31,32,33,34)/b26-13-/t14-,18-/m1/s1
| StdInChI_comment =
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = ORFOPKXBNMVMKC-DWVKKRMSSA-N
| density =
| density_notes =
| melting_point =
| melting_high =
| melting_notes =
| boiling_point =
| boiling_notes =
| solubility =
| sol_units =
| specific_rotation =
}}
}}


為實現《[[巴黎協定]]》中將全球升溫控制在遠低於2°C (3.6°F) 的目標（與[[第一次工業革命]]前的全球平均氣溫比較），全球在2020年到2030年期間須將煤碳使用量減少一半。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-why-coal-use-must-plummet-this-decade-to-keep-global-warming-below-1-5c|title=Analysis: Why coal use must plummet this decade to keep global warming below 1.5C|date=2020-02-06|website=Carbon Brief|access-date=2020-02-08|archive-date=2020-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216161651/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-why-coal-use-must-plummet-this-decade-to-keep-global-warming-below-1-5c|url-status=live}}</ref>然而截至2017年，煤碳仍提供全球超過四分之一的[[一次能源]]，<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/statistics/|title=Statistics|website=iea.org|access-date=2019-05-28|archive-date= 2019-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628014437/https://www.iea.org/statistics/|url-status=live}}</ref> 在化石燃料溫室氣體排放量中有約40%的佔比。<ref name =phys2018>{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2018-12-china-unbridled-export-coal-power_1.html|title=China's unbridled export of coal power imperils climate goals|access-date=2018-12-07|archive-date=2018-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206221936/https://phys.org/news/2018-12-china-unbridled-export-coal-power_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>逐步淘汰煤碳在短期健康和環境上的效益遠高於花費的成本，<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pik-potsdam.de/news/press-releases/coal-exit-benefits-outweigh-its-costs|title=Coal exit benefits outweigh its costs – PIK Research Portal|website=pik-potsdam.de|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=2020-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324183652/https://www.pik-potsdam.de/news/press-releases/coal-exit-benefits-outweigh-its-costs|url-status=live}}</ref>如果不如此做，《巴黎協定》設定的控制升溫目標目標就無法實現，<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://productiongap.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Production-Gap-Report-2019-Executive-Summary.pdf|title=The Production Gap Executive Summary|access-date=2019-11-20|archive-date=2019-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121014850/http://productiongap.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Production-Gap-Report-2019-Executive-Summary.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>但有些國家仍然偏好使用煤碳，<ref>{{cite news |title=In coal we trust: Australian voters back PM Morrison's faith in fossil fuel |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-australia-election-energy/in-coal-we-trust-australian-voters-back-pm-morrisons-faith-in-fossil-fuel-idUKKCN1SP06F |work=Reuters |date=2019-05-19 |access-date=2019-05-28 |archive-date=2019-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528190059/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-australia-election-energy/in-coal-we-trust-australian-voters-back-pm-morrisons-faith-in-fossil-fuel-idUKKCN1SP06F |url-status=live }}</ref>且對淘汰的速度有很不同的看法。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rockström | first1 = Johan | author-link = Johan Rockström | display-authors = etal | year = 2017 | title = A roadmap for rapid decarbonization | url = http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/14498/1/Rockstr%C3%B6mEtAl_2017_Science_A%20roadmap%20for%20rapid%20decarbonization.pdf | journal = Science | volume = 355 | issue = 6331 | pages = 1269–1271 | doi = 10.1126/science.aah3443 | pmid = 28336628 | bibcode = 2017Sci...355.1269R | s2cid = 36453591 | access-date = 11 September 2020 | archive-date = 2021-04-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414085820/http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/14498/1/Rockstr%C3%B6mEtAl_2017_Science_A%20roadmap%20for%20rapid%20decarbonization.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Time for China to Stop Bankrolling Coal |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/time-for-china-to-stop-bankrolling-coal/ |work=The Diplomat |date=2019-04-29 |access-date=2019-05-28 |archive-date=2019-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606171528/https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/time-for-china-to-stop-bankrolling-coal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
'''頭孢他啶'''（{{lang-en|Ceftazidime}}）以Fortaz等商品名於市面上販售，是一種第三代[[頭孢菌素]][[抗生素]]，用於治療多種[[病原細菌|細菌]][[感染]]，<ref name=AHFS2016/><ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Katzung B |title=Basic & Clinical Pharmacology | edition = 14th|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2019|pages=803 | isbn = 978-1-259-64115-2 }}</ref>特別是用於關節感染（例如[[敗血性關節炎]]）、[[腦膜炎]]、[[肺炎]]、[[敗血症]]、[[泌尿道感染]]、惡性[[外耳炎]]、[[綠膿桿菌]]感染、[[弧菌屬]]感染等的治療。<ref name=AHFS2016/>此藥物透過[[靜脈注射]]、[[肌肉注射]]或{{le|玻璃體內注射|Intravitreal administration}}方式給藥。<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web |title=Ceftazidime |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ceftazidime.html |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date= 2016-12-08 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220230855/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ceftazidime.html|archive-date=2016-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Kamjoo S |title=Intravitreal Injections | work = EyeWiki | publisher = American Academy of Ophthalmology |url=https://eyewiki.aao.org/Intravitreal_Injections |access-date= 2020 -01-12|archive-date=2021-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305065813/https://eyewiki.aao.org/Intravitreal_Injections |url-status=live }}</ref>


截至2018年，已有30個國家和許多地方政府和企業<ref>{{cite web|url=https://poweringpastcoal.org/about/Powering_Past_Coal_Alliance_Members|title=Powering Past Coal Alliance members list|website=Poweringpastcoal.org|access-date=2018-09-20|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090900/https://poweringpastcoal.org/about/Powering_Past_Coal_Alliance_Members|url-status=live}}</ref>成為{{le|超越燃煤聯盟|Powering Past Coal Alliance}}的成員，承諾逐步淘汰未附設減排設施的燃煤發電廠（"減排"意指實施[[碳捕集與封存]] (CCS) 技術，但由於CCS成本過高，絕大部分發電廠都屬於未減排）。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://poweringpastcoal.org/about/Powering_Past_Coal_Alliance_Declaration|title=Powering Past Coal Alliance declaration|website=Poweringpastcoal.org|access-date=2018-09-20|archive-date=2019-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202224054/https://poweringpastcoal.org/about/Powering_Past_Coal_Alliance_Declaration|url-status=live}}</ref>然而截至2019年，全球使用煤碳數量最大的國家尚未加入聯盟，一些國家仍在繼續建造和資助新的燃煤發電廠。[[歐洲復興開發銀行]]支持脫離煤碳使用的能源轉型，但過程必須是{{le|公正轉型|Just transition|公正}}的。<ref>{{Cite web|title=The EBRD's just transition initiative|url=https://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/just-transition-initiative|website=[[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]]|access-date=2020-08-04|archive-date=2020-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926025355/https://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/just-transition-initiative|url-status=live}}</ref>
使用後常見的副作用有[[噁心]]、[[過敏反應]]和注射部位疼痛。<ref name=AHFS2016/>其他副作用有[[艱難擬梭菌]][[腹瀉]]。<ref name=AHFS2016/>不建議有[[青黴素]]過敏病史的人使用。<ref name=AHFS2016/>個體在[[妊娠|懷孕]]期間使用對於胎兒和[[母乳哺育]]期間使用對於嬰兒相對安全。<ref name=Ric2015>{{cite book| vauthors = Hamilton R |title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=87}}</ref>此藥物屬於第三代頭孢菌素家族藥物，透過干擾細菌的細胞壁形成而發揮作用。<ref name=AHFS2016/>


時任[[聯合國秘書長]][[安東尼歐·古特瑞斯]]於2019年表示各國應自2020年起停止興建新的燃煤電廠，否則全球將面臨"全面災難"。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/3075378/un-chief-calls-for-ban-on-new-coal-plants-after-2020|title=UN Secretary-General calls for end to new coal plants after 2020|date=2019-05-10|website=Business Green|language=en|access-date=2019-05-28|archive-date=2019-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519042403/https://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/3075378/un-chief-calls-for-ban-on-new-coal-plants-after-2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
頭孢他啶於1978年取得美國專利，並於1984年取得[[美國食品藥物管理局]]（FDA）核准用作醫療用途。<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=495|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA495|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220085422/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA495|archive-date=2016-12-20}}</ref>它已被列入[[世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單]]之中。<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO | hdl-access=free }}</ref>此藥物有[[通用名藥物]]在市面流通。<ref name=AHFS2016/>
於2020年，雖然[[中國]]建造一些新的燃煤電廠，但全球退役的數量多於建成的數量，聯合國秘書長表示[[經濟合作暨發展組織|經合組織]]（OECD）國家應在2030年之前停止使用燃煤發電，其他地區應在2040年之前停止。<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=2020-12-03|title=The dirtiest fossil fuel is on the back foot|magazine=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2020/12/03/the-dirtiest-fossil-fuel-is-on-the-back-foot|issn=0013-0613|access-date=2021-01-01|archive-date=2021-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119225147/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2020/12/03/the-dirtiest-fossil-fuel-is-on-the-back-foot|url-status=live}}</ref>


==醫療用途==
===石油===
[[File:Defense.gov photo essay 100421-G-0000L-003.jpg|thumb|The 2010 [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill]] discharges {{convert|4.9|e6oilbbl|m3|abbr=out}}.]]
頭孢他啶用於治療下呼吸道、[[皮膚]]、泌尿道、[[血液]]、[[關節]]和腹部感染及腦膜炎。<ref name="Sagent"/>
{{see also|石油峰值}}


石油原油經精煉後成為燃料油、柴油和汽油，主要用作傳統汽車、卡車、火車、飛機和船舶運輸的燃料之用。而目前提倡的替代方案是[[人力運輸]]、[[大眾運輸]]、[[電動載具]]和[[生物燃料]]。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucsusa.org/clean-vehicles|title=Clean Vehicles|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-date=2018-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225207/https://www.ucsusa.org/clean-vehicles#.XBACe2gvPnE|url-status=live}}</ref>
頭孢他啶是用於治療熱帶[[類鼻疽]]感染的一線藥物，類鼻疽在[[亞洲]]和[[澳大利亞]]是導致敗血症的重要原因。<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = White NJ | title = Melioidosis | journal = Lancet | volume = 361 | issue = 9370 | pages = 1715–1722 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 12767750 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13374-0 | s2cid = 208790913 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = White NJ, Dance DA, Chaowagul W, Wattanagoon Y, Wuthiekanun V, Pitakwatchara N | title = Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime | journal = Lancet | volume = 2 | issue = 8665 | pages = 697–701 | date = September 1989 | pmid = 2570956 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90768-X | s2cid = 28919574 }}</ref>


===天然氣===
藥物標籤適應症包括治療以下的感染：
{{see also|{{le|天然氣#環境影響|Natural gas#Environmental effects}}{{le|天然氣峰值|Peak gas}}}}
[[File:Gasbohrung.JPG|thumb|right|Natural gas well in Germany]]


天然氣被大量用於發電之用，其{{le|排放強度|Emission intensity}}約為500克/度（千瓦）。取暖用的能源也是產生[[二氧化碳]]的主要來源。開採行動中發生的洩漏也是大氣中[[甲烷]]的一個重要來源。
*綠膿肝菌感染
一些國家將天然氣用作替代煤碳的短期性“過渡燃料”，繼而使用再生能源或氫氣取代。<ref>{{Cite web|title=COP26 Energy Transition Council launched|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/cop26-energy-transition-council-launched-at-clean-energy-ministerial-side-event|access-date=2020-10-25|website=GOV.UK|date= 2020-09-21 |language=en|quote=In the next phase of this partnership, we must focus even more strongly on working with business to accelerate the development of solutions that are critical to achieve net zero, such as energy storage and clean hydrogen production.|archive-date=2020-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006163548/https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/cop26-energy-transition-council-launched-at-clean-energy-ministerial-side-event|url-status=live}}</ref>然而這種“過渡燃料”可能會顯著延長化石燃料的使用，例如於2020年代建造的燃氣發電廠，此類發電廠的平均壽命有35年。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energycenter.org/sites/default/files/docs/nav/policy/research-and-reports/Natural_Gas_Bridge_Fuel.pdf|title=Natural Gas as a Bridge Fuel : Measuring the Bridge|website=Energycenter.org|year=2016|access-date=2017-06-09|archive-date=2017-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424232532/https://energycenter.org/sites/default/files/docs/nav/policy/research-and-reports/Natural_Gas_Bridge_Fuel.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>因此天然氣設施退役的時間可能會晚於石油和煤碳設施，但一些投資者會擔心由此涉及的[[商譽風險]]。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raconteur.net/business-innovation/stranded-assets|title=Stranded assets are an increasing risk for investors|date=2019-03-21|website=Raconteur|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-05-26|archive-date=2019-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510113023/https://www.raconteur.net/business-innovation/stranded-assets|url-status=live}}</ref>
*其他[[革蘭氏陰性菌|革蘭氏陰性]]需氧菌感染
*[[嗜中性白血球低下]]性發燒<ref name="Lexi"/>


世界有些地區的逐步淘汰天然氣行動已取得進展，例如[[歐洲輸天然氣系統運營商網絡]](ENTSOG) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/interview/gas-network-chief-by-2050-we-assume-co2-emissions-from-energy-will-be-zero/|title=Gas network chief: 'By 2050, we assume CO2 emissions from energy will be zero'|last=Simon|first=Frédéric|date=2019-03-27|website=euractiv.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-05-26|archive-date=2019-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526080631/https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/interview/gas-network-chief-by-2050-we-assume-co2-emissions-from-energy-will-be-zero/|url-status=live}}</ref>正利用既有管線設備，增加氫氣的使用，以及改變建築法規以減少燃氣取暖。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://europeanclimate.org/preparing-dutch-homes-for-a-natural-gas-free-future/|title=Preparing Dutch homes for a natural gas-free future|website=European Climate Foundation|language=en-US|access-date= 2019-05-26|archive-date=2019-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526071652/https://europeanclimate.org/preparing-dutch-homes-for-a-natural-gas-free-future/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Seattle Bans Natural Gas in New Buildings|url=https://www.natlawreview.com/article/seattle-bans-natural-gas-new-buildings|access-date= 2021-03-06|website=The National Law Review|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216173342/https://www.natlawreview.com/article/seattle-bans-natural-gas-new-buildings|url-status=live}}</ref>
頭孢菌素具有對抗[[革蘭氏陽性]]和革蘭氏陰性細菌的活性。早幾代頭孢菌素類藥物對於革蘭氏陽性菌的活性較佳，而晚幾代的活性則覆蓋更多的革蘭氏陰性菌。 頭孢他啶是此類別中少數對綠膿桿菌具有活性的藥物之一。<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Callaghan H | title = Ceftazidime, a broad spectrum cephalosporin with activity against Ps. aeruginosa | journal = Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Immunology | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 449–453 | date = 1986 | pmid = 3100612 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3100612/ }}</ref>然而頭孢他啶對[[金黃色葡萄球菌]]的療效不如第一代和第二代頭孢菌素。<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Richards DM, Brogden RN | title = Ceftazidime. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use | journal = Drugs | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 105–161 | date = February 1985 | pmid = 3884319 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-198529020-00002 | s2cid = 265707490 }}</ref>直到第四代的頭孢菌素出現，才在對抗甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌方面具有活性。<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Bui T, Preuss CV | chapter = Cephalosporins |date=2023 |chapter-url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551517/ | title = StatPearls |access-date=2023-04-13 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=31855361 |quote=However, what makes it unique from the rest of the cephalosporins is that it has coverage against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). }}</ref>


===作用範圍===
==原因==
常見的逐步淘汰化石燃料原因是：
臨床上對頭孢他啶敏感的微生物有：


*減少空氣污染造成的死亡和疾病
*革蘭氏陰性需氧菌，如[[腸桿菌屬]]、[[大腸桿菌]]、[[流感嗜血桿菌]]、[[克雷伯氏菌屬]]、變形桿菌、綠膿桿菌及[[腦膜炎雙球菌]]
*限制氣候變化
*革蘭氏陽性需氧菌，如B群鏈球菌、[[肺炎鏈球菌]]和[[化膿性鏈球菌]]
*減少化石燃料補貼<ref>{{Cite web|title=End fossil fuel subsidies and reset the economy – IMF head|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/end-fossil-fuel-subsidies-economy-imf-georgieva-great-reset-climate/|access-date=2020-10-27|website=World Economic Forum|date=2020-06-03 |language=en|archive-date=2020-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028115647/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/end-fossil-fuel-subsidies-economy-imf-georgieva-great-reset-climate|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Krane|first1=Jim|last2=Matar|first2=Walid|last3=Monaldi|first3=Francisco|date=October 2020|title=Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform Since the Pittsburgh G20: A Lost Decade?|url=https://doi.org/10.25613/sk5h-f056|website=Rice University's Baker Institute for Public Policy|doi=10.25613/sk5h-f056|access-date=2020-10-27|archive-date=2021-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119225149/https://www.bakerinstitute.org/research/fossil-fuel-subsidy-reform-pittsburgh-g20-lost-decade/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*加強能源獨立 - 化石燃料儲量低或無化石燃料儲量的國家通常放棄化石燃料，轉而發展再生能源以強化自身的能源獨立<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.irena.org/-/media/files/irena/agency/publication/2019/jan/global_commission_geopolitics_new_world_2019.pdf |title =A New World The Geopolitics of the Energy Transformation | publisher =IRENA | date = 2019| accessdate = 2024-06-30}}</ref>


===健康===
頭孢他啶通常對厭氧菌（例如[[擬桿菌屬]]）的療效較差。<ref name="Sagent"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Richards DM, Brogden RN | title = Ceftazidime. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use | journal = Drugs | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 105–161 | date = February 1985 | pmid = 3884319 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-198529020-00002 | s2cid = 265707490 }}</ref>
{{See also|{{le|空氣污染#健康影響|Air pollution#Health effects}}}}


因空氣污染已導致全球每年有數百萬人<ref name="2019-03-12-guardian">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/12/air-pollution-deaths-are-double-previous-estimates-finds-research|title=Air pollution deaths are double previous estimates, finds research|first=Damian |last=Carrington|date=2019-03-12|access-date=2019-03-12|website=The Guardian|archive-date=2020-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204144617/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/12/air-pollution-deaths-are-double-previous-estimates-finds-research|url-status=live}}</ref>過早死亡，其中大多數是由化石燃料所造成<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ramanathan|first1=V.|last2=Haines|first2=A.|last3=Burnett|first3=R. T.|last4=Pozzer|first4=A.|last5=Klingmüller|first5=K.|last6=Lelieveld|first6=J.|date=2019-04-09|title=Effects of fossil fuel and total anthropogenic emission removal on public health and climate|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=116|issue=15|pages=7192–7197|doi=10.1073/pnas.1819989116|issn=0027-8424|pmid=30910976|pmc=6462052|bibcode=2019PNAS..116.7192L|doi-access=free}}</ref>（估計這一比例為65%，即350萬人因此死亡<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2019/rapid-global-switch-renewable-energy-estimated-save-millions-lives-annually|title=Rapid global switch to renewable energy estimated to save millions of lives annually|website=LSHTM|language=en|access-date=2019-06-02|archive-date=2020-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302163530/https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2019/rapid-global-switch-renewable-energy-estimated-save-millions-lives-annually|url-status=live}}</ref>）。污染可能發生在室內，例如因取暖和烹飪，或戶外的汽車廢氣。倫敦衛生與熱帶醫學學院教授及流行病學家{{le|安迪·海恩斯|Andy Haines}}爵士表示，以金錢衡量的逐步淘汰化石燃料的健康效益（由經濟學家根據每個國家的{{le|生命價值|Value of life}}估算）遠高於根據《巴黎協定》實現控制全球升溫在2°C內目標的成本。<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/letters/2019/05/11/letters-to-the-editor|title=Letters to the editor|date=2019-05-09|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2019-06-02|issn=0013-0613|archive-date=2019-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623212422/https://www.economist.com/letters/2019/05/11/letters-to-the-editor|url-status=live}}</ref>
以下是一些具有臨床意義的病原體[[最小抑菌濃度]]敏感性數據：


===氣候變化緩解===
*大腸桿菌：0.015–512微克/毫升
逐步淘汰化石燃料可限制導致全球暖化的最大因素 - 所排放的溫室氣體數量佔全球總量的70%以上。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions: 2019 Report|url=https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2020-trends-in-global-co2-and-total-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2019-report_4068.pdf|access-date=2020-10-25|archive-date=202-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031232446/https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2020-trends-in-global-co2-and-total-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2019-report_4068.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>國際能源署於2020年表示為實現《巴黎協定》的目標，逐步淘汰化石燃料需要比目前"快上四倍的速度"。<ref>{{Cite web|title=COP26 Energy Transition Council launched|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/cop26-energy-transition-council-launched-at-clean-energy-ministerial-side-event|access-date=2020-10-25|website=GOV.UK|date=2020-09-21 |language=en|quote=The International Energy Agency has told us that to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement, the global transition to clean power needs to move four times faster than our current pace.|archive-date=2020-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006163548/https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/cop26-energy-transition-council-launched-at-clean-energy-ministerial-side-event|url-status=live}}</ref>為實現將全球升溫限制在比前工業化時代水準不超過1.5°C的目標，國家和公司擁有的絕大多數化石燃料儲備（迄2021年）必須保留在地下，不得開採。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Welsby|first1=Dan|last2=Price|first2=James|last3=Pye|first3=Steve|last4=Ekins|first4=Paul|date=2021-09-08|title=Unextractable fossil fuels in a 1.5 °C world|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=597|issue=7875|pages=230–234|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03821-8|pmid=34497394|bibcode=2021Natur.597..230W|s2cid=237455006|issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Damian|first=Carrington|date=2021-09-08|title=How much of the world's oil needs to stay in the ground?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/08/climate-crisis-fossil-fuels-ground|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-10|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119225149/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/08/climate-crisis-fossil-fuels-ground}}</ref>
*綠膿桿菌：≤0.03–1024微克/毫升<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toku-e.com/Assets/MIC/Ceftazidime%20pentahydrate.pdf |title=Ceftazidime pentahydrate Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Data | work = Toku-e |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204114533/http://www.toku-e.com/Assets/MIC/Ceftazidime%20pentahydrate.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-04}}</ref>


==副作用==
===就業===
往再生能源轉型可經由建造新型發電廠和製造相關設備來創造就業機會，正如[[德國]]和[[風能]]發電產業所呈現的案例。<ref name="Heinrichs 285–305">{{Cite journal|last1=Heinrichs|first1=Heidi Ursula|last2=Schumann|first2=Diana|last3=Vögele|first3=Stefan|last4=Biß|first4=Klaus Hendrik|last5=Shamon|first5=Hawal|last6=Markewitz|first6=Peter|last7=Többen|first7=Johannes|last8=Gillessen|first8=Bastian|last9=Gotzens|first9=Fabian|date=2017-05-01|title=Integrated assessment of a phase-out of coal-fired power plants in Germany|journal=Energy|volume=126|pages=285–305|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.017|bibcode=2017Ene...126..285H }}</ref>
人體通常對頭孢他啶的耐受性良好。使用後最常見的副作用是靜脈注射部位問題、過敏反應和消化道症狀。根據一家藥廠的資訊，在[[臨床試驗]]中只有不到2%的患者出現搔[[癢]]、皮[[疹]]和[[發燒]]等過敏反應。據報導，使用此類抗生素（包括頭孢他啶）會出現罕見但更嚴重的過敏反應，例如{{le|中毒性表皮壞死鬆解症|Toxic epidermal necrolysis}}、[[史蒂芬斯－強森症候群]]和{{le|多形紅斑|erythema multiforme}}。只有不到2%的患者出現消化道症狀，包括腹瀉、噁心、[[嘔吐]]和[[腹痛]]。<ref name="Sagent"/>


===能源獨立===
另一消息來源報告，有患者的血液檢查可能顯示[[嗜酸性球]]增加（8％），[[乳酸去氫酶]]增加（6％），[[γ-穀氨醯轉肽酶]]增加（5％），直接{{le|抗球蛋白試驗|Coombs test}}呈陽性（4%），[[血小板]]增加（{{le|血小板增多症|thrombocythemia}}）（2%）、[[谷丙转氨酶|麩丙轉胺酶]]（ALT） 升高（7%）、[[天冬氨酸氨基转移酶|天門冬胺酸胺基轉移酶]]（AST） 升高（6%）或是[[鹼性磷酸酶]]升高（4%）。<ref name="Lexi">{{cite web | work = Lexicomp Online | publisher = Lexi-Drugs | location = Hudson, Ohio | date = April 2014 | url=http://online.lexi.com/lco/action/doc/retrieve/docid/patch_f/6560 |title=Ceftazidime |access-date=2014-04-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423041750/http://online.lexi.com/lco/action/doc/retrieve/docid/patch_f/6560 |archive-date=2014-04-23 }}</ref>
通常缺乏化石燃料儲量（特別是煤碳，還有石油和天然氣）的國家，會把取得能源獨立敘為淘汰化石燃料的原因。


[[瑞士]]考慮到兩次世界大戰（瑞士均保持中立）期間的煤碳進口變得越來越困難，因此決定將國內鐵路網全面電氣化。瑞士擁有豐富的水力資源，電動火車可使用由此生產的電力運行，從而減少煤碳進口需求。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/2021/10/elektrifizierung-2-0/|title=Elektrifizierung 2.0|date=October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/wissen-technik/geschichte_unter-strom---wie-die-schweiz-elektrifiziert-wurde/44217906 |title=Unter Strom – wie die Schweiz elektrifiziert wurde |first=Stefan |last=Boss |website=swissinfo.ch |date= 2018-07-18 |lang=de}}</ref>
===禁忌症===
發生於1973年的[[第一次石油危機]]也導致許多地方的能源政策轉變，試圖擺脫進口化石燃料的影響。[[法國]]政府宣佈一項恢弘的核能發電計劃，到1980年代末，該國電力部門幾乎完全從使用天然氣和石油轉而使用[[核子動力]]。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aei.org/articles/why-france-has-a-nuclear-powered-economy-and-america-doesnt/|title = Why France has a nuclear-powered economy — and America doesn't {{pipe}} AEI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5369610|title = France Presses Ahead with Nuclear Power|website = NPR.org}}</ref>
已知對頭孢他啶或任何其他頭孢菌素抗生素過敏的人禁用頭孢他啶。<ref name="Sagent"/>


[[荷蘭]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itdp.org/2019/04/26/america-the-netherlands-and-the-oil-crisis-50-years-later/|title=America, the Netherlands, and the Oil Crisis: 50 Years Later|date=2019-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23587916|title=Why is cycling so popular in the Netherlands?|work=BBC News|date=2013-08-07}}</ref>和[[丹麥]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.welovecycling.com/wide/2014/08/10/danish-solution-oil-crisis/|title = The Danish Solution to the Oil Crisis|date = 2014-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cyclingsolutions.info/embassy/danish-cycling-history/|title = Danish cycling history}}</ref>在第一次石油危機發生時鼓勵國民騎自行車通勤，部分原因是在減少交通運輸部門對石油進口的依赖。
===注意事項===
頭孢他啶主要經由[[腎]]臟產生的[[尿]]液排出人體。因此患有腎損傷或腎病變使用者血液中的藥物濃度可能會升高（包括那些接受[[血液透析]]的人）。腎功能不全的患者應根據劑量減低因子和表格調整劑量（即採減量治療）。<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Höffler |first1=D |last2=Koeppe |first2=P |date=Jyly 1983 |title=The pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in normal and impaired renal function
|url= https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6352626/|journal= Clinical Trial|volume= |issue=12 Suppl |pages=A:241-5 |doi= 10.1093/jac/12.suppl_a.241|access-date=2023}}</ref>


==逐步取消化石燃料補貼==
===懷孕===
{{see also|化石燃料補貼#逐步淘汰}}
據藥廠稱在小鼠和大鼠身上的研究顯示，即使服用頭孢他啶的劑量高達人類劑量的40倍，也沒對胎兒造成傷害的證據。但重要的是，尚未有對孕婦服用藥物在胎兒影響方面進行過深入的研究。<ref name="Sagent">Ceftazidime for Injection(R) [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: Sagent; 2012. [http://www.sagentpharma.com/Products/Ceftazidime/Catalog/Ceftazidime_PI1.pdf PDF of insert] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423022408/http://www.sagentpharma.com/Products/Ceftazidime/Catalog/Ceftazidime_PI1.pdf |date=2014-04-23 }}</ref>


有許多國家提供大量化石燃料補貼。<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Browning |first1=Noah |last2=Kelly |first2=Stephanie |date=2022-03-08 |title=Analysis: Ukraine crisis could boost ballooning fossil fuel subsidies |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/ukraine-crisis-could-boost-ballooning-fossil-fuel-subsidies-2022-03-08/ |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref>全球各國[60]於2019年的化石燃料消費補貼總額達3,200億美元。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|url=http://www.oecd.org/fossil-fuels/data/|access-date= 2020-10-27|website=oecd.org|language=en|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110165638/http://www.oecd.org/fossil-fuels/data/|url-status=live}}</ref>截至2019 年，各國政府每年補貼化石燃料（包括對於探勘與開採的補貼）約為5,000億美元，然而[[國際貨幣基金組織]]（IMF）採用非常規的補貼定義（包括未對溫室氣體排放定價），估計全球於2017年的化石燃料補貼為5.2兆（萬億）美元，佔全球[[國內生產毛額]]（GDP）的6.4%。<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Irfan |first=Umair |date=2019-05-17 |title=Fossil fuels are underpriced by a whopping $5.2 trillion |url=https://www.vox.com/2019/5/17/18624740/fossil-fuel-subsidies-climate-imf |access-date= 2019-11-23 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref>一些化石燃料公司透過遊說政府，延緩能源轉型的進程（參見{{le|化石燃料業者遊說|fossil fuels lobby}}）。<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laville |first=Sandra |date=2019-10-24 |title=Fossil fuel big five 'spent €251m lobbying EU' since 2010 |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/oct/24/fossil-fuel-big-five-spent-251m-lobbying-european-union-2010-climate-crisis |access-date=2019-11-23 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
==作用機轉==
細菌細胞壁位於革蘭氏陽性菌的外部，及位於革蘭氏陰性菌的[[周質空間]]。細胞壁由{{le|糖肽|Glycopeptide}}聚合物構成，一種由[[聚糖]]和[[肽]]交聯而成的[[肽聚醣]]。細胞壁的形成、回收和重塑需要許多酶，其中包括一系列具有相似特徵的酶，雖然它們的功能各不相同，有時會重疊，例如[[羧肽酶]]、[[内肽酶]] 、{{le|轉肽酶|transpeptidase}} 和{{le|糖基轉移酶|transglycosylase}} ，這些酶統稱為{{le|青黴素結合蛋白|Penicillin-binding proteins}}（PBP）。不同細菌的PBP數量有所不同，其中一些被認為是必需，而另一些則為非必需。通常抑制一種或多種必需的PBP會導致細菌細胞壁穩態受損及細胞完整性喪失，最終導致細菌死亡。<ref>{{cite web| url =https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00438 |title =Ceftazidime | publisher =DRUGBANK Online | date = | accessdate = 2024-06-29}}</ref>


逐步取消化石燃料補貼對於解決氣候危機非常重要。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Breaking up with fossil fuels |url=https://feature.undp.org/breaking-up-with-fossil-fuels |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=UNDP |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603162133/https://feature.undp.org/breaking-up-with-fossil-fuels/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>但必須謹慎進行，以避免發生抗議<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gencsu |first1=Ipek |last2=Walls |first2=Ginette |last3=Picciariello |first3=Angela |last4=Alasia |first4=Ibifuro Joy |date=2022-11-02 |title=Nigeria's energy transition: reforming fossil fuel subsidies and other financing opportunities |url=https://odi.org/en/publications/nigerias-energy-transition-reforming-fossil-fuel-subsidies-and-other-financing-opportunities/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=ODI: Think change |language=en-gb}}</ref>並導致窮人變得更窮。<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Reforming Fossil Fuel Subsidies Can Go Wrong: A lesson from Ecuador |url=https://www.iisd.org/blog/lesson-ecuador-fossil-fuel-subsidies |access-date=11 November 2019 |website=IISD |language=en}}</ref>然而在大多數情況下，較低的化石燃料價格使富裕家庭比貧困家庭受益更多。為幫助貧困和弱勢群體，採用化石燃料補貼以外的措施必須採更有針對性的做法。<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carrington |first=Damian |date=2021-10-06 |title=Fossil fuel industry gets subsidies of $11m a minute, IMF finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/06/fossil-fuel-industry-subsidies-of-11m-dollars-a-minute-imf-finds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006060407/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/06/fossil-fuel-industry-subsidies-of-11m-dollars-a-minute-imf-finds |archive-date=2021-10-06 |access-date=2021-12-11 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>但這又反過來會增加民眾對補貼改革的支持。<ref>{{Cite web |title={{!}} Fossil Fuel Subsidies |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/climate-change/energy-subsidies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031045138/https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/climate-change/energy-subsidies |archive-date=2020-10-31 |access-date=2020-10-27 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref>
第三代頭孢菌素與前幾代頭孢菌素的不同之處在於其化學結構中存在C=N-OCH<sub>3</sub> 基團。該基團針對革蘭氏陰性菌產生的某些β-內醯胺酶的抗性提供改進的穩定性。這些細菌的β-內醯胺酶能夠迅速破壞早期頭孢菌素類藥物 ，將藥物中的β-內醯胺化學環打開，產生抗藥性。但由於第三代頭孢菌素受到廣泛使用，雖然最初對這些細菌具有活性，一些產生超廣譜β-內酰胺酶（ESBL）的革蘭氏陰性菌甚至能夠讓第三代頭孢菌素失活。在醫院和其他醫療機構中由產生ESBL的革蘭氏陰性菌引起的感染尤其令人擔憂。<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sharma M, Pathak S, Srivastava P |title=Prevalence and antibiogram of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram negative bacilli and further molecular characterization of ESBL producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp |journal=J Clin Diagn Res |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=2173–7 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24298468 |pmc=3843424 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2013/6460.3462 }}</ref>


全球研究顯示即使不引入稅收，將補貼和在部門層面上消除貿易障礙也可提高效率並減少環境破壞。<ref name=":12">{{cite book |author=Barker |page=568 |url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/357.htm |title=Climate Change 2001: IPCC Third Assessment Report Working Group III: Mitigation |publisher=[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] |year=2001 |contribution=9.2.1.2 Reducing Subsidies in the Energy Sector |display-authors=etal |access-date=2010-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805210134/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar///wg3/357.htm |archive-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref>取消這些補貼將大幅減少溫室氣體排放並創造再生能源部門的就業機會。<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-07 |title=Fossil Fuel to Clean Energy Subsidy Swaps: How to pay for an energy revolution |url=https://www.iisd.org/library/fossil-fuel-clean-energy-subsidy-swap |access-date= 2019-11-23 |website=IISD |language=en}}</ref>IMF於2023年預計，取消化石燃料補貼將可把全球升溫限制在巴黎目標所定的2°C以下。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fossil Fuel Subsidies |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/climate-change/energy-subsidies |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=IMF |language=en |quote=Raising fuel prices to their fully efficient levels reduces projected global fossil fuel CO2 emissions 43 percent below baseline levels in 2030—or 34 percent below 2019 emissions. This reduction is in line with the 25-50 percent reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions below 2019 levels needed by 2030 to be on track with containing global warming to the Paris goal of 1.5-2C.}}</ref>
==化學==
取消化石燃料補貼的實際效果在很大程度上取決於取消的補貼類型以及其他能源的可用程度和經濟性。<ref name=":12" />此外還有[[碳洩漏]]的問題，取消對高能源強度產業的補貼可能會導致它們被轉移到監管較少的別國，而導致全球排放量淨增加。
在第三代頭孢菌素中，頭孢他啶含有兩個甲基和一個羧基的更複雜部分，讓其具有額外的穩定活性以對抗許多革蘭氏陰性菌（包括綠膿桿菌）產生的β-內酰胺酶。<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Ceftazidime.html |title =Ceftazidime

| publisher =BIONITY.COM | date = | accessdate = 2024-06-29 }}</ref>
在已開發國家，能源成本低廉且補貼豐厚，而在[[開發中國家]]，窮人卻得為低品質的服務付出高昂的成本。<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/913742250 |title=Sustainable Access to Energy in the Global South: Essential Technologies and Implementation Approaches |year=2015 |editor-last1=Hostettler |editor-first1=Silvia |editor-last2=Gadgil |editor-first2=Ashok |editor-last3=Hazboun |editor-first3=Eileen |publisher=Springer |location=Cham |isbn=978-3-319-20209-9 |oclc=913742250}}</ref>

一篇於2009年發表的研究報告，提出在2030年前將全球電力100%由風能、水力和[[太陽能]]提供的計畫。<ref name="wws">Jacobson, M.Z. and Delucchi, M.A. (November 2009) [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=a-path-to-sustainable-energy-by-2030 "A Plan to Power 100 Percent of the Planet with Renewables" (originally published as "A Path to Sustainable Energy by 2030")] ''[[Scientific American]]'' '''301'''(5):58–65</ref><ref>Jacobson, M.Z. (2009) [https://web.archive.org/web/20100424234910/http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/PDF%20files/ReviewSolGW09.pdf "Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security"] ''[[Energy and Environmental Science]]'' '''2''':148-73 {{doi|10.1039/b809990c}} (review)</ref>報告建議將能源補貼從化石燃料轉向再生能源，並制定將洪水、颶風、颱風、乾旱和相關[[極端天氣]]成本包含在內的[[碳定價]]。

自2021年起，如果將石化燃料補貼排除在外，[[印度]]和中國新建大型太陽能發電的{{le|平均化電力成本|levelised cost of electricity }}均低於現有的燃煤發電廠。<ref>{{Cite web |last=Runyon |first=Jennifer |date=2021-06-23 |title=Report: New solar is cheaper to build than to run existing coal plants in China, India and most of Europe |url=https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/solar/report-its-now-cheaper-to-build-new-solar-than-to-run-existing-coal-plants-in-china-india-and-most-of-europe/ |website=Renewable Energy World |language=en-US}}</ref>

位於美國[[德克薩斯州]]的[[萊斯大學]]能源研究中心發表的一項研究，建議各國採取以下步驟：<ref name=":2" />
#各國應承諾在具體時限內全面取消隱性和顯性的化石燃料補貼。
#澄清補貼改革的措辭，消除含糊用語。
#在受影響國家中正式立法，制定改革路徑並減少倒退的機會。
#公佈透明，與市場掛鉤的定價公式，並遵守定期的價格調整時間表。
#循序漸進推動全面改革。逐步但按規定時間表向消費者表明提高價格的意圖，同時投資於改善能源效率以將價格上漲作部分抵銷。
#透過對化石能源產品和服務徵收費用或稅收，並消除稅法中仍然存在對化石燃料的優惠，逐步將其[[外部性]]納入考量。
#使用直接現金轉移來維持社會貧困階層的福利，而非維持弱勢社會經濟群體的補貼價格。
#進行全面公共宣導活動。
#任何剩餘的化石燃料補貼都應按照國際價格明確制定，由國庫支付。
#根據要求，將價格和排放變化作記錄及報告。

==淘汰的特定流程==
{{Further|{{le|逐步淘汰煤炭|Coal phase-out}}}}

===逐步淘汰化石燃料發電廠===
{{see also|{{le|能源轉型|Energy transition}}|{{le|100%再生能源|100% renewable energy}}}}
[[File:2018- Energy transition investment versus fossil fuel investment.svg|thumb |[[Bloomberg L.P.#New Energy Finance|Bloomberg NEF]] reported that in 2022, global energy transition investment equaled fossil fuels investment for the first time.<ref name=BloombergNEF_20230210>{{cite news |title=Energy Transition Investment Now On Par with Fossil Fuel |url=https://about.bnef.com/blog/energy-transition-investment-now-on-par-with-fossil-fuel/ |publisher=Bloomberg NEF (New Energy Finance) |date=2023-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327065546/https://about.bnef.com/blog/energy-transition-investment-now-on-par-with-fossil-fuel/ |archive-date=2023-03-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:20210125 Europe Power Sector - Renewables vs Fossil Fuels - Climate change.svg|thumb |In 2020, renewables overtook fossil fuels as the European Union's main source of electricity for the first time.<ref name=EmberEUpower_20210125>{{cite web |title=The European Power Sector in 2020 / Up-to-Date Analysis on the Electricity Transition |url=https://ember-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Report-European-Power-Sector-in-2020.pdf |website=ember-climate.org |publisher=Ember and Agora Energiewende |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125215659/https://ember-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Report-European-Power-Sector-in-2020.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2021 |date=25 January 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

在逐步淘汰化石燃料時，能源效率與永續能源的使用兩者相輔相成。

===逐步淘汰化石燃料汽車===
{{main|{{le|逐步淘汰化石燃料汽車|Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles}}}}
[[File:2015- Passenger electric vehicle (EV) annual sales - BloombergNEF.svg|thumb|Sales of electric vehicles (EVs) indicate a trend away from gas-powered vehicles that generate greenhouse gases.<ref name=BloombergNEF_20230112>Data from {{cite news |last1=McKerracher |first1=Colin |title=Electric Vehicles Look Poised for Slower Sales Growth This Year |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-12/electric-vehicles-look-poised-for-slower-sales-growth-this-year |publisher=BloombergNEF |date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230112125649/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-12/electric-vehicles-look-poised-for-slower-sales-growth-this-year |archive-date=12 January 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

許多國家和城市已禁止銷售新造[[內燃機]]汽車，並要求所有新車均為電動載具或使用清潔、無排放的能源，<ref>{{cite web|url=https://climateprotection.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Survey-on-Global-Activities-to-Phase-Out-ICE-Vehicles-FINAL-Oct-3-2018.pdf|title=Survey of Global Activity to Phase Out Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles|last=Burch|first=Isabella|date=September 2018|website=Climateprotection.org|access-date= 2019-01-23|archive-date=2019-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724114437/https://climateprotection.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Survey-on-Global-Activities-to-Phase-Out-ICE-Vehicles-FINAL-Oct-3-2018.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ictsd.org/sites/default/files/research/international-trade-governance-and-sustainable-transport-mahesh-sugathan.pdf|title=International Trade Governance and Sustainable Transport: The Expansion of Electric Vehicles|date=December 2017|website=International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development|access-date=2019-01-23|archive-date=2020-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731234300/https://www.ictsd.org/sites/default/files/research/international-trade-governance-and-sustainable-transport-mahesh-sugathan.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>例如[[英國]]要求到2035年達成<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/25/britain-to-ban-sale-of-all-diesel-and-petrol-cars-and-vans-from-2040|title=Britain to ban sale of all diesel and petrol cars and vans from 2040|last1=Asthana|first1=Anushka|last2=Taylor|first2=Matthew|date= 2017-07-25|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-date=2019-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126174233/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/25/britain-to-ban-sale-of-all-diesel-and-petrol-cars-and-vans-from-2040|url-status=live}}</ref>和[[挪威]]要求到2025年達成。許多大眾運輸機構正致力於全面採用[[電動公共汽車|電動巴士]]，同時限制燃油車輛在市中心行駛，而降低空氣污染。美國許多州都制定有{{le|零排放載具|zero-emissions vehicle}}指令，逐步要求銷售的汽車中有一定比例為電動車。德國用語Verkehrswende（“交通轉型”之義），呼籲從內燃機驅動的道路運輸轉向自行車、步行和鐵路運輸，並用電動車取代其餘道路車輛。

從植物提煉的的生物燃料也被引進市場。然而目前市面供應的許多生物燃料因其對自然環境、[[糧食安全]]和[[土地利用]]會產生的不利影響而受到批評。<ref name=roy>[[The Royal Society]] (January 2008). ''Sustainable biofuels: prospects and challenges'', {{ISBN|978-0-85403-662-2}}, p. 61.</ref><ref name=sol>Gordon Quaiattini. [https://archive.today/20130102041427/http://www.canada.com/components/print.aspx?id=e08c8e19-4a95-491c-9386-d30afeab5cdf&sponsor= Biofuels are part of the solution] ''Canada.com'', 2008-04-25. Retrieved 2009-12-23.</ref>

===逐步淘汰石油燃料===
[[File:Hubbert curve.svg|thumb|The standard [[Hubbert curve]], plotting crude oil production of a region over time]]
[[File:World energy consumption, 1970-2025, EIA.png|right|thumb|World energy consumption, 1970–2025. ''Source: International Energy Outlook 2004.'']]

透過減少石油消耗，可改變{{le|哈伯特曲線|Hubbert curve}}的形狀，哈伯特曲線是{{le|哈伯特峰值理論|Hubbert peak theory}}所預測的石油實際產量隨時間變化的圖形。 曲線的峰值稱為石油峰值，通過改變曲線的形狀，石油產量抵達峰值時間會受到影響。 在{{le|赫希報告|Hirsh report}}中，撰寫者的分析顯示雖然石油產量曲線的形狀會受到減緩措施的影響，但減緩措施也會受到哈伯特曲線形狀的影響。.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/pubs/Peak_Shape_Study.pdf |title=The Shape of World Oil Peaking: Learning From Experience |author=Robert L. Hirsch |access-date=2007-06-21 |archive-date=2007-06-21
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621143225/http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/pubs/Peak_Shape_Study.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

在大多數情況下，緩解措施涉及[[節約能源]]以及使用替代能源和再生能源。非常規石油資源的開發可以擴大石油供應[84]，<ref name="BartisBoston">{{cite web |url=http://www.aspo-usa.com/fall2006/presentations/pdf/Bartis_J_Boston_2006.pdf
|title=Unconventional Liquid Fuels Overview. 2006 Boston World Oil Conference
|author=Jim Bartis, [[RAND|RAND Corporation]] |publisher=Association for the Study of Peak Oil & Gas - USA|year=2006|access-date=2007-06-28
|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161801/http://www.aspo-usa.com/fall2006/presentations/pdf/Bartis_J_Boston_2006.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21}}</ref>
但並不會減少消耗。

根據史上的世界石油消費數據顯示，1973年和1979年石油危機期間的緩解措施可降低石油消費。在美國，石油消費會因為價格高漲下降。<ref name="Frank Langfitt">{{cite news
| url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=87924270
| title=Americans Using Less Gasoline | publisher=NPR | date=March 5, 2008 | author=Frank Langfitt | access-date=2018-04-02 | archive-date=2009-08-27
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827053651/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=87924270
| url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Marianne Lavelle">{{cite magazine
|
url=https://www.usnews.com/blogs/beyond-the-barrel/2008/3/4/oil-demand-is-dropping-but-prices-arent.html | title=Oil Demand Is Dropping, but Prices Aren't
| magazine=U.S. News & World Report | date=2008-03-04 | author=Marianne Lavelle | access-date=2017-09-05 | archive-date= 2008-10-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012021002/http://www.usnews.com/blogs/beyond-the-barrel/2008/3/4/oil-demand-is-dropping-but-prices-arent.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

採行緩解措施的主要問題是方法的可行性、政府和私營部門的角色以及這些解決方案提前多久實施。<ref>{{cite web |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/02/20060220-1.html
|title=President Discusses Advanced Energy Initiative In Milwaukee |access-date=2017-09-05 |archive-date=2017-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005203058/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/02/20060220-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.ss.ca.gov/elections/vig_06/general_06/pdf/proposition_87/entire_prop87.pdf
|title=Proposition 87 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614050616/http://www.ss.ca.gov/elections/vig_06/general_06/pdf/proposition_87/entire_prop87.pdf
|archive-date=2007-06-14}}</ref>對這些問題的答案和採取的緩解措施能決定一個社會的生活方式是否能夠維持，並可能影響地球的人口容量。

緩解石油峰值最有效的方法是使用再生或替代能源以取代石油。

由於大多數石油消耗均用於交通運輸，<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/figure_33.html |title=EIA - International Energy Outlook 2007 - Figure 33<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2007-08-24 |archive-date=2007-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012044344/http://eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/figure_33.html |url-status=live }}</ref>大多數的緩解討論都圍繞著此類問題進行。

====移動應用====
{{see also|生物燃料|氫經濟|甲醇經濟|{{le|氫動力飛機|Hydtogen-powered aircraft}}}}

由於石油的能量密度高且易於處理，在運輸上具有獨特的作用。然而目前已有許多可用的替代方案。在生物燃料部分，一些國家已經在一定程度上開始使用生物乙醇和[[生質柴油]]。

氫燃料是各國開發中的另一種替代方案，同時開發的還有[[氫能載具]]，<ref name="California Hydrogen">{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrogenhighway.ca.gov|title=California Hydrogen Activities|date=November 26, 2012|work=[[California Hydrogen Highway]]|publisher=[[California Environmental Protection Agency]]|access-date=9 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123233053/http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/hydrogen/hydrogen.htm|archive-date=2013-01-23}}</ref>氫實際上是一種儲能介質，而非一次能源，因此需要使用非石油能源製造氫氣。氫目前在成本和效率方面優於電池驅動車輛，<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Spiryagin |first1=Maksym |last2=Dixon |first2=Roger |last3=Oldknow |first3=Kevin |last4=Cole |first4=Colin |date=2021-09-01 |title=Preface to special issue on hybrid and hydrogen technologies for railway operations |journal=Railway Engineering Science |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=211 |doi=10.1007/s40534-021-00254-x |s2cid=240522190 |issn=2662-4753|doi-access=free }}</ref>在某些應用中可派上用場 - 短途渡輪和在非常寒冷的氣候中使用就是其中兩例。氫燃料電池的效率約為電池的三分之一，是汽油車效率的兩倍。

====替代航空燃料====
[[空中巴士A380]]於2008年2月1日首次使用替代燃料飛行。<ref>{{cite news| url =https://www.kestrelaviation.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ECONOMIC-TIMES-INDIA-WD-1-1.pdf |title =Airbus A380 becomes first commercial jet to fly on alternative fuel | publisher =The Economic News | date =2008-02-01 | accessdate = 2024-06-30 }}</ref>[[波音]]也計畫讓[[波音747]]使用替代燃料。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gizmag.com/go/8133/ |title=Boeing announce plans to accelerate bio-jet fuel development |date=8 October 2007 |access-date=2008-07-02 |archive-date=2008-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706051314/http://www.gizmag.com/go/8133/ |url-status=live }}</ref>由於乙醇等一些生物燃料所含的能量密度較低，因此此類飛機需要更頻繁的加油。
美國空軍目前正在為其整個機隊使用源自[[費托合成]]的燃料和{{le|JP-8|JP-8}}[[航空煤油]]各佔一半的混合燃料作認證。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.safie.hq.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123064095 |title=SECAF certifies synthetic fuel blends for B-52H |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181957/http://www.safie.hq.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123064095 |archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref>

==研究工作==
{{multiple image
| title = Reduction in fossil fuel capacity compared to renewables
| total_width = 450
| image1 = 2010- Power capacity by technology - Dec 2022 International Energy Agency.svg
| caption1 = Renewable energy sources, especially [[Photovoltaic system|solar photovoltaic]] and [[Wind power|wind]] power, are providing an increasing share of power capacity.<ref name=IEA_20221205>{{cite web |title=Share of cumulative power capacity by technology, 2010-2027 |url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/share-of-cumulative-power-capacity-by-technology-2010-2027 |website=IEA.org |publisher=International Energy Agency (IEA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204170647/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/share-of-cumulative-power-capacity-by-technology-2010-2027 |archive-date= 2023-02-04 |date=2022-12-05 |url-status=live}} Source states "Fossil fuel capacity from IEA (2022), ''World Energy Outlook 2022''. IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0."</ref>
| image2 = 2010- Fossil fuels vs Wind + Solar - electricity generation.svg
| caption2 = In 2023, electricity generation from wind and solar sources was projected to exceed 30% by 2030, as fossil fuels' use continues to decline.<ref name=RMI_20230613>{{cite web |last1=Bond |first1=Kingsmill |last2=Butler-Sloss |first2=Sam |last3=Lovins |first3=Amory |last4=Speelman |first4=Laurens |last5=Topping |first5=Nigel |title=Report / 2023 / X-Change: Electricity / On track for disruption |publisher=Rocky Mountain Institute |url=https://rmi.org/insight/x-change-electricity/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713171138/https://rmi.org/insight/x-change-electricity/ |archive-date= 2023-07-13 |date= 2023-06-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
[[File:20211104 Percentage of electricity from fossil fuels, nuclear, renewables - biggest fossil fuel emitters.svg|thumb|upright=1.35 |The countries most reliant on fossil fuels for electricity vary widely on how great a percentage of that electricity is generated from renewables, leaving wide variation in renewables' growth potential.<ref name="BP-Ember_20211103">{{cite web |author1=Data: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, and Ember Climate |date=2021-11-03 |title=Electricity consumption from fossil fuels, nuclear and renewables, 2020 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/elec-mix-bar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103100119/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/elec-mix-bar |archive-date= 2021-11-03 |website=OurWorldInData.org |publisher=Our World in Data consolidated data from BP and Ember}}</ref>]]

[[綠色和平組織]]和{{le|歐洲氣候行動網絡|Climate Action Network Europe}}於2015年發佈一份報告，強調歐洲各地積極逐步淘汰燃煤發電的必要性。他們的分析源自對280家燃煤電廠的資料庫，及來自歐盟官方登記處的排放數據而得的結論。<ref name="jones-and-gutmann-2015">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Dave |url=https://www.greenpeace.de/sites/www.greenpeace.de/files/publications/end-of-era-coal-phase-out-plan-20151204.pdf |title=End of an era: why every European country needs a coal phase-out plan |last2=Gutmann |first2=Kathrin |date=December 2015 |publisher=Greenpeace and Climate Action Network Europe |location=London, UK and Brussels, Belgium |access-date=2016-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017003229/https://www.greenpeace.de/sites/www.greenpeace.de/files/publications/end-of-era-coal-phase-out-plan-20151204.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-17 |url-status=live}}</ref>

國際石油變革組織（Oil Change International）於2016年發佈的一份報告，結論是假設目前正在作業的礦山和油田的煤碳、石油和天然氣的碳排放量一直持續到其工作壽命結束，將使世界的碳排放量略高於2015年《巴黎協定》中所設定的2°C升溫限制，而大幅超越保守的1.5°C目標。<ref name="mathiesen-2016">{{cite news |last=Mathiesen |first=Karl |date=23 September 2016 |title=Existing coal, oil and gas fields will blow carbon budget{{snd}} study |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/sep/23/existing-coal-oil-and-gas-fields-will-blow-carbon-budget-study |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923185100/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/sep/23/existing-coal-oil-and-gas-fields-will-blow-carbon-budget-study |archive-date= 2016-09-23 |access-date= 2016-09-28 |work=The Guardian |location=London, UK}}</ref><ref name="turnbull-2016">{{cite press release |first=David |last=Turnbull |title=Fossil Fuel Expansion Has Reached the Sky's Limit: Report |url=http://priceofoil.org/2016/09/22/release-fossil-fuel-expansion-has-reached-the-skys-limit-report/ |location=Washington DC, US |publisher=Oil Change International |date=2016-09-22 |access-date= 2016-09-27 |archive-date=2016-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923183719/http://priceofoil.org/2016/09/22/release-fossil-fuel-expansion-has-reached-the-skys-limit-report/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="muttitt-2016"><!-- see also: http://www.priceofoil.org -->
{{cite book |last=Muttitt |first=Greg |url=http://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2016/09/OCI_the_skys_limit_2016_FINAL_2.pdf |title=The sky's limit: why the Paris climate goals require a managed decline of fossil fuel production |date=September 2016 |publisher=Oil Change International |location=Washington DC, US |access-date=2016-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120113231/http://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2016/09/OCI_the_skys_limit_2016_FINAL_2.pdf |archive-date=2020-01-20 |url-status=live}}</ref>報告指出，"最強有力的氣候政策槓桿之一，也是最簡單的：停止挖掘更多化石燃料。"<ref name="muttitt-2016" />{{rp|5}}

[[智庫]]{{le|海外發展研究所|ODI (think tank)}}（ODI）和其他11個非政府組織於2016年發佈一份報告，內容涉及在很大部分人口無電力可用的國家建設新燃煤電廠的影響。報告的結論是總體而言，建造燃煤電廠對窮人沒什麼幫助，而且可能會讓他們變得更窮。此外，風能和太陽能發電的建廠成本已開始優於燃煤的。<ref name="nuccitelli-2016">{{cite news |last=Nuccitelli |first=Dana |date= 2016-10-31 |title=Coal doesn't help the poor; it makes them poorer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2016/oct/31/coal-doesnt-help-the-poor-it-makes-them-poorer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109114722/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2016/oct/31/coal-doesnt-help-the-poor-it-makes-them-poorer |archive-date=2020-01-09 |access-date=2016-10-31 |work=The Guardian |location=London, United Kingdom |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="granoff-etal-2016-webpage">{{cite web |last1=Granoff |first1=Ilmi |last2=Hogarth |first2=James Ryan |last3=Wykes |first3=Sarah |last4=Doig |first4=Alison |date=October 2016 |title=Beyond coal: scaling up clean energy to fight global poverty |url=https://www.odi.org/publications/10589-beyond-coal-scaling-clean-energy-fight-global-poverty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101856/https://www.odi.org/publications/10589-beyond-coal-scaling-clean-energy-fight-global-poverty |archive-date=2016-11-01 |access-date=2016-10-31 |work=Overseas Development Institute (ODI) |location=London, United Kingdom}}</ref><ref name="granoff-etal-2016-report">{{cite book |last1=Granoff |first1=Ilmi |url=https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10964.pdf |title=Beyond coal: Scaling up clean energy to fight global poverty — Position paper |last2=Hogarth |first2=James Ryan |last3=Wykes |first3=Sarah |last4=Doig |first4=Alison |date=October 2016 |publisher=Overseas Development Institute (ODI) |location=London, United Kingdom |access-date=2016-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000927/https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10964.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

一篇於2008年刊載在科學月刊{{le|自然能源|Nature Energy}}的研究報告說歐洲10個國家可利用其現有基礎設施完全淘汰燃煤發電，而美國和[[俄羅斯]]可逐步淘汰至少其中的30%。<ref name="wilson-and-staffell-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=IAG |last2=Staffell |first2=I |year=2018 |title=Rapid fuel switching from coal to natural gas through effective carbon pricing |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/127309/3/Rapid%20fuel%20switching%20for%20WRRO.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Nature Energy |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=365–372 |bibcode=2018NatEn...3..365W |doi=10.1038/s41560-018-0109-0 |s2cid=169652126 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501100628/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/127309/3/Rapid%20fuel%20switching%20for%20WRRO.pdf |archive-date=2019-05-01 |access-date=2019-07-04}}</ref>

成立於2018年的化石燃料削減資料庫（Fossil Fuel Cuts Database）於2020年提供全球首份關於限制化石燃料生產的供應端倡議的綜合報告。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gaulin |first1=N. |last2=Le Billon |first2=P. |year=2020 |title=Climate change and fossil fuel production cuts: Assessing global supply-side constraints and policy implications |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14693062.2020.1725409 |url-status=live |journal=Climate Policy |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=888–901 |bibcode=2020CliPo..20..888G |doi=10.1080/14693062.2020.1725409 |s2cid=214511488 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103005126/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14693062.2020.1725409 |archive-date=2021-11-03 |access-date=2021-11-03}}</ref>根據最近更新的資料庫，截至2021年10月，全球110個國家已實施1967項始於1988年的供應端倡議，涵蓋七種類型 (撤資，數量 = 1201、封鎖，數量 = 374、訴訟，數量 = 192、暫停令和禁令，數量 = 146、取消生產補貼，數量 = 31、碳排放稅，數量 = 16及排放交易計劃，數量 = 7)

地緣政治利弊指數（GeGaLo index of geopolitical gains and losses）評估，如果世界完全轉向再生能源，156個國家的地緣政治地位可能發生變化。前化石燃料出口國預計將失去權力，而前化石燃料進口國和再生能源資源豐富的國家的地位預計將會加強。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Bazilian |first2=Morgan |last3=Ilimbek Uulu |first3=Talgat |last4=Vakulchuk |first4=Roman |last5=Westphal |first5=Kirsten |year=2019 |title=The GeGaLo index: Geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition |journal=Energy Strategy Reviews |language=en |volume=26 |pages=100406 |doi=10.1016/j.esr.2019.100406 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019EneSR..2600406O |hdl-access=free |hdl=11250/2634876}}</ref>

已有多項實現二氧化碳零排放的脫碳計畫被提出。
英國《[[衛報]]》所做的一項調查顯示到2022年，大型化石燃料公司仍繼續對新的化石燃料生產項目進行巨額投資，而導致使全球升溫程度超過國際共同設定的限制目標。<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Damian Carrington Matthew |date=2022-05-11 |title=Revealed: the 'carbon bombs' set to trigger catastrophic climate breakdown |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2022/may/11/fossil-fuel-carbon-bombs-climate-breakdown-oil-gas |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

===再生能源潛力===
[[雪梨科技大學]]永續未來研究所（Institute for Sustainable Futures）的 Sven Teske博士和Sarah Niklas博士於2021年6月發表報告，提出"現有的煤碳、石油和天然氣生產讓世界溫室氣體排放遠高於巴黎氣候協定設定控制全球升溫的目標。他們與{{le|化石燃料不擴散條約倡議組織|Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative}}共同發佈一份題為《化石燃料退出戰略：有序減少煤炭、石油和天然氣以滿足《巴黎協定》目標的報告。報告中分析全球再生能源潛力，發現"地球上每個地區都可使用再生能源取代化石燃料，將升溫控制在1.5°C以下，並為所有人提供可靠的能源。"<ref name="Exit1">{{cite web |last1=Niklas |first1=Sarah |last2=Teske |first2=Sven |date=June 2021 |title=Fossil Fuel Exit Strategy: An orderly wind down of coal, oil, and gas to meet the Paris Agreement |url=https://indd.adobe.com/view/e0092323-3e91-4e5c-95e0-098ee42f9dd1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811134422/https://indd.adobe.com/view/e0092323-3e91-4e5c-95e0-098ee42f9dd1 |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=28 July 2021 |publisher=Institute for Sustainable Futures, [[University of Technology Sydney]] |pages=6 |quote-page=6}}</ref>

===開採預防責任評估===
於2021年9月，有項首次對每個地區以及全球需要開採的化石燃料的最低數量進行科學評估，以便有50%的可能在2050年將全球升溫限制在1.5°C的程度。<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramirez |first1=Rachel |title=Majority of remaining fossil fuels must stay in the ground to limit climate crisis below critical threshold, study shows |url=https://us.cnn.com/2021/09/08/us/fossil-fuel-budget-climate-change-study/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018085911/https://us.cnn.com/2021/09/08/us/fossil-fuel-budget-climate-change-study/index.html |archive-date=2021-10-18 |access-date= 2021-10-18 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><!--https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/08/climate-crisis-fossil-fuels-ground--><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Welsby |first1=Dan |last2=Price |first2=James |last3=Pye |first3=Steve |last4=Ekins |first4=Paul |date=September 2021 |title=Unextractable fossil fuels in a 1.5 °C world |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=597 |issue=7875 |pages=230–234 |bibcode=2021Natur.597..230W |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03821-8 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=34497394 |s2cid=237455006 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==挑戰==
[[File:2008- Oil and gas industry global net income - IEA.svg|thumb |Net income of the global oil and gas industry reached a record US$4 trillion in 2022.<ref name="IEAinvestment_202305">{{cite web |date=May 2023 |title=World Energy Investment 2023 |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/8834d3af-af60-4df0-9643-72e2684f7221/WorldEnergyInvestment2023.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807064513/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/8834d3af-af60-4df0-9643-72e2684f7221/WorldEnergyInvestment2023.pdf |archive-date=2023-08-07 |website=IEA.org |publisher=International Energy Agency |page=61}}</ref>]]
[[File:2007- Profits of energy companies (annual) - stacked bar chart.svg|thumb |After recovering from the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], energy company profits increased with greater revenues from higher fuel prices resulting from the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], falling debt levels, [[write-off|tax write-downs]] of projects shut down in Russia, and backing off from earlier plans to reduce [[greenhouse gas emissions]].<ref name="Reuters_20230208">{{cite news |last1=Bousso |first1=Ron |date=2023-02-08 |title=Big Oil doubles profits in blockbuster 2022 |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/big-oil-doubles-profits-blockbuster-2022-2023-02-08/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331215451/https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/big-oil-doubles-profits-blockbuster-2022-2023-02-08/ |archive-date=2023-03-31 |work=Reuters}} ● Details for 2020 from the more detailed diagram in {{cite news |last1=King |first1=Ben |date=2023-02-12 |title=Why are BP, Shell, and other oil giants making so much money right now? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64583982 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422164652/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64583982 |archive-date=2023-04-22 |agency=BBC}}</ref> Record profits sparked public calls for [[windfall tax]]es.<ref name="Reuters_20230208" />]]

進行逐步淘汰化石燃料會碰到許多挑戰，其中之一是目前世界對化石燃料的依賴。 化石燃料於2014年提供世界一次能源消耗的80%以上。<ref>{{cite web |year=2016 |title=Key World Energy Statistics |url=https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026120942/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2016.pdf |archive-date= 2016-10-26 |access-date=2017-05-06 |publisher=International Energy Agency}}</ref>根據一份於2023年6月發表的報導，此佔比在2022年仍維持在80%左右。<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/oil/062623-fossil-fuels-stubbornly-dominating-global-energy-despite-surge-in-renewables-energy-institute|title =Fossil fuels 'stubbornly' dominating global energy despite surge in renewables: Energy Institute | publisher =S&P global|authors=
Robert Perkins，Henry Edwardes-Evans | date = 2023-06-26 | accessdate = 2024-06-30 }}</ref>

逐步淘汰化石燃料可能會導致電價上漲，因為需要對新設備進行投資，以配合替代能源的使用。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Green |first1=R |last2=Staffell |first2=I |year=2016 |title=Electricity in Europe: exiting fossil fuels? |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=282–303 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grw003 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10044/1/29487}}</ref>

逐步淘汰化石燃料的另一個影響是就業。就化石燃料行業的從業者而言，逐步淘汰並不受到歡迎，他們通常會反對任何變動。<ref name="Heinrichs 285–305" />兩位研究人員Endre Tvinnerreim和Elisabeth Ivarsflaten研究化石燃料產業就業與對氣候變花政策支持之間的關係。他們提出地熱能發電可能可提供化石燃料產業鑽勘人員轉業的機會。他們的結論：化石燃料產業的個人和公司可能會反對危及其就業的措施，除非他們有其他更好的替代方案。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tvinnereim |first1=Endre |last2=Ivarsflaten |first2=Elisabeth |date=1 September 2016 |title=Fossil fuels, employment, and support for climate policies |journal=Energy Policy |volume=96 |pages=364–371 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2016.05.052 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2016EnPol..96..364T }}</ref>這可被推論為政治利益，推動反對逐步淘汰化石燃料的倡議。<ref>{{Cite web |title=The West's Nuclear Mistake |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/the-west-s-nuclear-mistake/ar-AARBhm0?ocid=entnewsntp&pc=U531 |access-date=2021-12-08 |publisher=MSN}}</ref>其中一例是美國國會議員的投票傾向與其來自州別化石燃料產業的主導地位程度有關聯。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cragg |first1=Michael I. |last2=Zhou |first2=Yuyu |last3=Gurney |first3=Kevin |last4=Kahn |first4=Matthew E. |date=2013-04-01 |title=Carbon Geography: The Political Economy of Congressional Support for Legislation Intended to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Production |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w14963.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Economic Inquiry |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=1640–1650 |doi=10.1111/j.1465-7295.2012.00462.x |s2cid=8804524 |ssrn=2225690 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602023010/http://www.nber.org/papers/w14963.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-02 |access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref>
除前述的挑戰之外，其他難題還包括確保可持續回收、採購所需材料、破壞現有電力結構、管理{{le|間歇性再生能源| variable renewable energy}}、制定最佳的國家能源轉型政策、改造交通基礎設施以及預防化石燃料開採的責任。目前有關這些問題的研究和發展正在積極進行中 <ref>{{cite web |title=Integrating Variable Renewable Energy: Challenges and Solutions |url=https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/60451.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521061433/https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/60451.pdf |archive-date=2021-05-21 |access-date= 2021-11-08 |publisher=National Renewable Energy Laboratory}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rempel |first1=Arthur |last2=Gupta |first2=Joyeeta |date=2021-10-01 |title=Fossil fuels, stranded assets and COVID-19: Imagining an inclusive & transformative recovery |journal=World Development |language=en |volume=146 |pages=105608 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105608 |issn=0305-750X |pmc=9758387 |pmid=36569408 |s2cid=237663504}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heath |first1=Garvin A. |last2=Silverman |first2=Timothy J. |last3=Kempe |first3=Michael |last4=Deceglie |first4=Michael |last5=Ravikumar |first5=Dwarakanath |last6=Remo |first6=Timothy |last7=Cui |first7=Hao |last8=Sinha |first8=Parikhit |last9=Libby |first9=Cara |last10=Shaw |first10=Stephanie |last11=Komoto |first11=Keiichi |last12=Wambach |first12=Karsten |last13=Butler |first13=Evelyn |last14=Barnes |first14=Teresa |last15=Wade |first15=Andreas |date=July 2020 |title=Research and development priorities for silicon photovoltaic module recycling to support a circular economy |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0645-2 |url-status=live |journal=Nature Energy |language=en |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=502–510 |bibcode=2020NatEn...5..502H |doi=10.1038/s41560-020-0645-2 |issn=2058-7546 |s2cid=220505135 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821071335/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0645-2 |archive-date=2021-08-21 |access-date=2021-06-26}}</ref>

據參加[[埃及]]主辦的[[2022年聯合國氣候變化大會]]的人士稱，[[沙烏地阿拉伯]]代表極力阻止減少燃燒石油的呼籲。大會的最終聲明經沙烏地阿拉伯和其他一些石油生產國的反對後，未能將逐步淘汰化石燃料的呼籲包含在內。 於2022年3月，在一項聯合國與氣候科學家舉行的會議上，沙烏地阿拉伯與俄羅斯一起推動將"人類引起的氣候變化"文字從官方文件中刪除，擾亂科學確定的事實，即人類燃燒化石燃料是產生氣候危機的主要驅動因素。<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tabuchi |first1=Hiroko |author-link=Hiroko Tabuchi |date=2022-11-21 |title=Inside the Saudi Strategy to Keep the World Hooked on Oil |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/21/climate/saudi-arabia-aramco-oil-solar-climate.html |accessdate=2022-11-21 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

==主要倡議和立法==
===中國===
中國已承諾在2060年實現淨零排放，這需要對煤碳開採和電力產業超過300萬從業者進行公正轉型。<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Mallapaty |first=Smriti |date= 2020-10-19 |title=How China could be carbon neutral by mid-century |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=586 |issue=7830 |pages=482–483 |bibcode=2020Natur.586..482M |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-02927-9 |pmid=33077972 |doi-access=free}}</ref>目前尚不清楚中國是否打算在彼時淘汰所有化石燃料的使用，或者是否仍保留一小部分（配合使用碳捕集和與封存設施）。<ref name=":0" />中國的煤碳開採於2021年奉命滿載運作。<ref>{{cite news |date=2021-12-15 |title=China coal output hits record in Nov to ensure winter supply |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-nov-coal-output-strikes-new-high-ensure-winter-supply-2021-12-15/ |work=Reuters}}</ref>

===歐盟===
歐盟於2019年底推出{{le|歐洲綠色協議|European Green Deal}}，其中包括：

*修訂{{le|歐盟能源稅收指令|Energy Taxation Directive}}，密切關注化石燃料補貼和免稅（航空、航運兩個產業）
*循環經濟行動計劃，<ref>{{Cite web |title=A new circular economy action plan |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029175239/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN |archive-date=2020-10-29 |access-date=2020-10-23}}</ref>
*對所有相關氣候相關政策工具（包括[[歐盟排放交易體系]]）進行審查和進行修訂（如有需要）
*可持續的智慧移動策略
*對那些不以同樣速度減少溫室氣體污染的國家將可能會徵收[[環保關稅]]。<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Coal Information Overview 2019 |url=https://webstore.iea.org/login?ReturnUrl=%2fdownload%2fdirect%2f2542%3ffileName%3dCoal_Information_2019_Overview.pdf&fileName=Coal_Information_2019_Overview.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516134429/https://webstore.iea.org/login?ReturnUrl=%2fdownload%2fdirect%2f2542%3ffileName%3dCoal_Information_2019_Overview.pdf&fileName=Coal_Information_2019_Overview.pdf |archive-date=2020-05-16 |access-date=2020-03-28 |publisher=[[International Energy Agency]] |quote=peak production in 2013}}</ref>實現此目標的機制稱為[[歐盟碳邊境調整機制]]（CBAM）。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Initiative |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12228-Carbon-Border-Adjustment-Mechanism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021062402/https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12228-Carbon-Border-Adjustment-Mechanism |archive-date= 2020-10-21 |access-date=2020-10-23}}</ref>

歐盟還依靠{{le|歐洲地平線|Horizon Europe}}（一項為期 7 年的歐盟科學研究計劃）在利用國家公共和私人投資方面發揮制衡作用。透過與產業和成員國的合作，歐盟將支持交通技術的研究和創新，包括電池、綠氫、低碳鋼鐵製造、循環生物產業和[[建成環境]]。<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/european-green-deal-communication_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024175024/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/european-green-deal-communication_en.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-24 |access-date=2020-10-23}}</ref>
根據{{le|歐盟能源政策|energy policy of the European Union}}，[[歐洲投資銀行]]在2017年至 2022年間已捐贈超過810億歐元來幫助能源產業。其中包括近760億歐元用於歐洲和世界其他地區與[[輸電網路]]、能源效率和再生能源相關的措施。<ref name=":130" />

===印度===
印度有信心超越其根據《巴黎協定》提出的自訂承諾<ref>{{Cite web |title=India will exceed its climate commitments: PM Narendra Modi |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/india-will-exceed-its-climate-commitments-pm-narendra-modi/79702440 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213033115/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/india-will-exceed-its-climate-commitments-pm-narendra-modi/79702440 |archive-date=2020-12-13 |access-date= 2020-12-13}}</ref> - 即到2030年實現非化石燃料發電量佔其總發電量的40%。<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDC submission. |url=http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/India/1/INDIA%20INDC%20TO%20UNFCCC.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928122303/http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/India/1/INDIA%20INDC%20TO%20UNFCCC.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-28 |access-date=2020-12-12}}</ref>

===日本===
日本承諾最晚在2050年實現淨零排放。<ref>{{Cite news |last=McCurry |first=Justin |date=2020-10-26 |title=Japan will become carbon neutral by 2050, PM pledges |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/26/japan-will-become-carbon-neutral-by-2050-pm-pledges |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406122154/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/26/japan-will-become-carbon-neutral-by-2050-pm-pledges |archive-date=2021-04-06 |access-date=2020-10-26 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

===英國===
{{see also|{{le|英國能源政策|Energy policy of the United Kingdom}}}}

英國承諾到2050年實現淨零排放，停止使用天然氣為家庭供暖可能是該國逐步淘汰化石燃料過程中最困難的部分。<ref>{{Cite web |author=Hanna Ziady |date=2020-10-06 |title=All 30 million British homes could be powered by offshore wind in 2030 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/06/energy/offshore-wind-clean-energy-transition/index.html |access-date=2020-10-25 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>該國有多個團體已提出替代性{{le|綠色復甦|Green recovery}}立法計劃，促進在技術允許的情況下盡快逐步淘汰化石燃料。<ref>See {{Cite web |last1=McGaughey |first1=E. |last2=Lawrence |first2=M. |title=The Green Recovery Act 2020 |url=https://www.common-wealth.co.uk/interactive-digital-projects/green-recovery-act#2 |publisher=Common Wealth |access-date=8 September 2023 |archive-date=2020-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715193619/https://www.common-wealth.co.uk/interactive-digital-projects/green-recovery-act#2 |url-status=dead }} and {{Cite report |url=https://report.gndforeurope.com |title=Green New Deal for Europe |edition=II |year=2019 }}</ref>

==知名支持者==
[[File:US-WA-Olympia-Capitol-StopCoalTrain-2013.01.14-013.JPG|thumb|Protest at the Legislative Building in [[Olympia, Washington]]. Ted Nation, a long-time environmental activist, beside protest sign.]]

支持燃煤電廠建設凍結或逐步淘汰煤炭的知名人士有：
*美國前副總統[[艾爾·高爾]]表示：<ref name="nichols-2008">{{cite news |last=Nichols |first=Michelle |date=24 September 2008 |title=Gore urges civil disobedience to stop coal plants |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-coal-goreenivro-idUSTRE48N7AA20080924 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923035439/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-coal-goreenivro-idUSTRE48N7AA20080924 |archive-date=23 September 2016 |access-date=22 September 2016 |work=Reuters}}</ref>
<Blockquote>如果你是個年輕人，看著這個星球的未來，看著現在正在做的事情和沒有做的事情，我相信大家已經進入[[公民不服從|公民抗命]]的階段，以阻止新建未附設碳捕集與封存設施的燃煤發電廠。</Blockquote>
*時任[[Google]]執行長[[埃里克·施密特|艾立克·施密特]]呼籲全球在二十年內用再生能源取代所有化石燃料。<ref>[http://www.mercurynews.com/olympics/ci_10419245 "Google CEO ERic Schmidt offers energy plan,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920175601/http://www.mercurynews.com/olympics/ci_10419245|date=2012-09-20}} ''[[San Jose Mercury News]]'', 2008-09-09</ref>
*時任《[[聯合國氣候變化綱要公約]]》執行秘書{{le|克里斯蒂娜·菲格雷斯|Christiana Figueres}}說：「那些繼續投資新化石燃料探勘、開發的公司已公然違反其信託義務，因為科學已清楚顯示我們不能再做這種事情。"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flannery |first=Tim |title=Atmosphere of Hope. Solutions to the Climate Crisis |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2015 |pages=123–124}}</ref>


==參見==
==參見==
{{Portal|Energy|Climate change|Renewable energy}}
* {{le|頭孢他啶/阿維巴克坦|Ceftazidime/avibactam}}
*{{le|化石燃料鍋爐逐步淘汰|phase-out of fossil fuel boilers}}
* {{le|替代資源理論|Backstop resources}}
* [[碳泡沫]]
* [[碳中性燃料]]
* [[慢生活]]
* {{le|生態環境與經濟發展脫鉤|Eco-economic decoupling}}
* {{le|2019冠狀病毒病疫情對世界財務市場的影響|Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic}}
* {{le|全球戰備儲油|Global strategic petroleum reserves}}
* [[煤炭產業對健康與環境的影響]]
* [[2019冠狀病毒病疫情對環境的影響#投資和其他經濟措施]]
* {{le|瑞典邁向無石油社會計畫|Making Sweden an Oil-Free Society}} – 一[[氣候變化緩解]]提議* {{le|皮肯斯計畫|Pickens plan}}
* {{le|長遠能源系統展望 |Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems}}，簡稱 POLES, 為一能源模型
* [[可再生能源商業化]]
* [[再生能源]]
* {{le|石油平台#改用|Oil platform#Repurposing}}
* {{le|世界能源與消費|World energy resources and consumption}}


==參考文獻==
==參考文獻==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

=== 資料來源 ===
* {{cite book |date=2021 |title=Renewables 2021 Global Status Report |publisher=REN21 Secretariat |location=Paris |isbn=978-3-948393-03-8 |url=https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2021_Full_Report.pdf |ref={{harvid|REN21 Renewables Global Status Report|2021}} |access-date=2021-07-25 |archive-date=2021-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615172702/https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2021_Full_Report.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |date=2017 |title=Renewables Global Futures Report: Great debates towards 100% renewable energy |publisher=REN21 Secretariat |location=Paris |isbn=978-3-9818107-4-5 |url=https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/GFR-Full-Report-2017_webversion_3.pdf |ref={{harvid|REN21 Renewables Global Futures Report|2017}} |access-date=2021-07-25 |archive-date=2021-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612113808/https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/GFR-Full-Report-2017_webversion_3.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Kutscher|first1=C.F.|last2=Milford|first2=J.B.|last3=Kreith|first3=F.|title=Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems|edition=Third|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|series=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series |year=2019|isbn=978-0-429-93916-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live|archive-date= 2020-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606195825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ}}
*{{Cite web |first1=E. |last1=McGaughey |first2=M. |last2=Lawrence |url=https://www.common-wealth.co.uk/interactive-digital-projects/green-recovery-act#2 |title=The Green Recovery Act 2020 |publisher=Common Wealth |access-date= 2023-09-08 |archive-date=2020-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715193619/https://www.common-wealth.co.uk/interactive-digital-projects/green-recovery-act#2 |url-status=dead }}

==外部連結==
* [http://www.odac-info.org/ Oil Depletion Analysis Centre] in the [[United Kingdom]]
* [https://bigshiftglobal.org/ Big Shift: Campaign to end to public financing of fossil fuels]
* [https://globalenergymonitor.org/oil-and-gas/global-fossil-infrastructure-tracker/ "Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210235316/https://globalenergymonitor.org/oil-and-gas/global-fossil-infrastructure-tracker/ |date=10 December 2019 }}


{{模板:全球暖化}}
== 外部連結 ==
{{模板:供電}}
* {{cite web | url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/ceftazidime | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = Drug Information Portal | title = Ceftazidime }}
{{模板:石油峰值}}
{{模板:石油產業}}
{{模板:人口}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Fossil Fuel Phase Out}}
{{模板:細胞壁破壞性抗生素}}
{{Portal bar | Medicine}}


{{draft categories|
{{draft categories|
[[分類:頭孢菌素]]
[[分類:能源政策]]
[[分類:吡啶鎓鹽]]
[[分類:石油政治]]
[[Category:Fossil fuel phase-out|*]]
[[分類:兩性離子]]
[[Category:Emissions reduction]]
[[分類:世界衛生組織基本藥物]]
[[Category:Technological phase-outs]]
[[分類:RTT]]
[[Category:Peak oil]]
[[Category:Environmental mitigation|Peak oil]]
}}
}}

2024年7月1日 (一) 02:27的版本

Investment: Companies, governments and households have been investing increasing amounts in decarbonisation, including renewable energy, electric vehicles and associated infrastructure, energy storage, energy-efficient heating systems, carbon capture and storage, and hydrogen energy.[1][2]
Cost: With increasingly widespread implementation of renewable energy sources, the levelised cost of energy has declined, most notably for energy generated by solar panels.[3][4]

逐步淘汰化石燃料（英語：Fossil fuel phase-out）指的是依循步驟把化石燃料的使用和生產減少到零，以減少空氣污染導致的人類死亡和疾病、限制氣候變化，並強化各國自身的能源獨立（英语：Energy independence）。此為能源轉型行動中的一種，但在實施時卻受到化石燃料補貼的阻礙。

全球許多國家正採取關閉燃煤發電廠的策略，[5][6][7]使用化石燃料發電被認為已經達峰值。[8] 但目前的電力生產仍有高比例是依賴燃燒煤炭達成，導致氣候目標有難以實現的風險。[9]]許多國家已設定日起以停止銷售使用汽油和柴油驅動的汽車和卡車，但在停止燃燒天然氣的時間表則尚未達成協議。[10]

目前逐步淘汰化石燃料的行動中有在交通運輸和取暖等領域以永續能源取代化石燃料。取代化石燃料的方法有電氣化、使用綠氫和生物燃料。淘汰的步驟包括在需求方和供給方的措施，[11]前者設法減少化石燃料消耗，而後者則設法限制生產，以加速能源轉型並減少溫室氣體排放。有建議應通過法律，要求化石燃料業者在其排放多少的的碳時，也應該封存相同數量的碳。[12]國際能源署估計要在本世紀中葉實現淨零排放，全球到2030年的再生能源投資必須增加兩倍，達到每年4兆（萬億）美元以上。[13][14]

範圍

系列之一
氣候變化緩解
氣候與能源（英语：Climate and energy）
氣候變化緩解經濟學
碳匯
其他

雖然有循環經濟和生物經濟（例如生物塑膠）的推動[15]以減少塑膠污染，過程中也發生逐步減少石油和天然氣的使用，但逐步淘汰化石燃料的具體目標是結束使用化石燃料以及由此產生的溫室氣體。因此此種塑膠產業的做法並不能達到預定的目標。

化石燃料種類

主条目：化石燃料

煤炭

主条目：逐步淘汰煤碳（英语：Coal phase-out）
参见：超越煤炭（英语：Beyond coal）
The annual amount of coal plant capacity being retired increased into the mid-2010s.[16] However, the rate of retirement has since stalled,[16] and global coal phase-out is not yet compatible with the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement.[17]
In parallel with retirement of some coal plant capacity, other coal plants are still being added, though the annual amount of added capacity has been declining since the 2010s.[18]

為實現《巴黎協定》中將全球升溫控制在遠低於2°C (3.6°F) 的目標（與第一次工業革命前的全球平均氣溫比較），全球在2020年到2030年期間須將煤碳使用量減少一半。[19]然而截至2017年，煤碳仍提供全球超過四分之一的一次能源，[20] 在化石燃料溫室氣體排放量中有約40%的佔比。[21]逐步淘汰煤碳在短期健康和環境上的效益遠高於花費的成本，[22]如果不如此做，《巴黎協定》設定的控制升溫目標目標就無法實現，[23]但有些國家仍然偏好使用煤碳，[24]且對淘汰的速度有很不同的看法。[25][26]

截至2018年，已有30個國家和許多地方政府和企業[27]成為超越燃煤聯盟（英语：Powering Past Coal Alliance）的成員，承諾逐步淘汰未附設減排設施的燃煤發電廠（"減排"意指實施碳捕集與封存 (CCS) 技術，但由於CCS成本過高，絕大部分發電廠都屬於未減排）。[28]然而截至2019年，全球使用煤碳數量最大的國家尚未加入聯盟，一些國家仍在繼續建造和資助新的燃煤發電廠。歐洲復興開發銀行支持脫離煤碳使用的能源轉型，但過程必須是公正（英语：Just transition）的。[29]

時任聯合國秘書長安東尼歐·古特瑞斯於2019年表示各國應自2020年起停止興建新的燃煤電廠，否則全球將面臨"全面災難"。[30] 於2020年，雖然中國建造一些新的燃煤電廠，但全球退役的數量多於建成的數量，聯合國秘書長表示經合組織（OECD）國家應在2030年之前停止使用燃煤發電，其他地區應在2040年之前停止。[31]

石油

The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill discharges 4.9 × 106桶（780,000 m3）.
参见：石油峰值

石油原油經精煉後成為燃料油、柴油和汽油，主要用作傳統汽車、卡車、火車、飛機和船舶運輸的燃料之用。而目前提倡的替代方案是人力運輸、大眾運輸、電動載具和生物燃料。[32]

天然氣

参见：天然氣#環境影響天然氣峰值（英语：Peak gas）
Natural gas well in Germany

天然氣被大量用於發電之用，其排放強度（英语：Emission intensity）約為500克/度（千瓦）。取暖用的能源也是產生二氧化碳的主要來源。開採行動中發生的洩漏也是大氣中甲烷的一個重要來源。 一些國家將天然氣用作替代煤碳的短期性“過渡燃料”，繼而使用再生能源或氫氣取代。[33]然而這種“過渡燃料”可能會顯著延長化石燃料的使用，例如於2020年代建造的燃氣發電廠，此類發電廠的平均壽命有35年。[34]因此天然氣設施退役的時間可能會晚於石油和煤碳設施，但一些投資者會擔心由此涉及的商譽風險。[35]

世界有些地區的逐步淘汰天然氣行動已取得進展，例如歐洲輸天然氣系統運營商網絡(ENTSOG) [36]正利用既有管線設備，增加氫氣的使用，以及改變建築法規以減少燃氣取暖。[37][38]

原因

常見的逐步淘汰化石燃料原因是：

  • 減少空氣污染造成的死亡和疾病
  • 限制氣候變化
  • 減少化石燃料補貼[39][40]
  • 加強能源獨立 - 化石燃料儲量低或無化石燃料儲量的國家通常放棄化石燃料，轉而發展再生能源以強化自身的能源獨立[41]

健康

参见：空氣污染#健康影響

因空氣污染已導致全球每年有數百萬人[42]過早死亡，其中大多數是由化石燃料所造成[43]（估計這一比例為65%，即350萬人因此死亡[44]）。污染可能發生在室內，例如因取暖和烹飪，或戶外的汽車廢氣。倫敦衛生與熱帶醫學學院教授及流行病學家安迪·海恩斯（英语：Andy Haines）爵士表示，以金錢衡量的逐步淘汰化石燃料的健康效益（由經濟學家根據每個國家的生命價值（英语：Value of life）估算）遠高於根據《巴黎協定》實現控制全球升溫在2°C內目標的成本。[45]

氣候變化緩解

逐步淘汰化石燃料可限制導致全球暖化的最大因素 - 所排放的溫室氣體數量佔全球總量的70%以上。[46]國際能源署於2020年表示為實現《巴黎協定》的目標，逐步淘汰化石燃料需要比目前"快上四倍的速度"。[47]為實現將全球升溫限制在比前工業化時代水準不超過1.5°C的目標，國家和公司擁有的絕大多數化石燃料儲備（迄2021年）必須保留在地下，不得開採。[48][49]

就業

往再生能源轉型可經由建造新型發電廠和製造相關設備來創造就業機會，正如德國和風能發電產業所呈現的案例。[50]

能源獨立

通常缺乏化石燃料儲量（特別是煤碳，還有石油和天然氣）的國家，會把取得能源獨立敘為淘汰化石燃料的原因。

瑞士考慮到兩次世界大戰（瑞士均保持中立）期間的煤碳進口變得越來越困難，因此決定將國內鐵路網全面電氣化。瑞士擁有豐富的水力資源，電動火車可使用由此生產的電力運行，從而減少煤碳進口需求。[51][52] 發生於1973年的第一次石油危機也導致許多地方的能源政策轉變，試圖擺脫進口化石燃料的影響。法國政府宣佈一項恢弘的核能發電計劃，到1980年代末，該國電力部門幾乎完全從使用天然氣和石油轉而使用核子動力。[53][54]

荷蘭[55][56]和丹麥[57][58]在第一次石油危機發生時鼓勵國民騎自行車通勤，部分原因是在減少交通運輸部門對石油進口的依赖。

逐步取消化石燃料補貼

参见：化石燃料補貼 § 逐步淘汰

有許多國家提供大量化石燃料補貼。[59]全球各國[60]於2019年的化石燃料消費補貼總額達3,200億美元。[60]截至2019 年，各國政府每年補貼化石燃料（包括對於探勘與開採的補貼）約為5,000億美元，然而國際貨幣基金組織（IMF）採用非常規的補貼定義（包括未對溫室氣體排放定價），估計全球於2017年的化石燃料補貼為5.2兆（萬億）美元，佔全球國內生產毛額（GDP）的6.4%。[61]一些化石燃料公司透過遊說政府，延緩能源轉型的進程（參見化石燃料業者遊說（英语：fossil fuels lobby））。[62]

逐步取消化石燃料補貼對於解決氣候危機非常重要。[63]但必須謹慎進行，以避免發生抗議[64]並導致窮人變得更窮。[65]然而在大多數情況下，較低的化石燃料價格使富裕家庭比貧困家庭受益更多。為幫助貧困和弱勢群體，採用化石燃料補貼以外的措施必須採更有針對性的做法。[66]但這又反過來會增加民眾對補貼改革的支持。[67]

全球研究顯示即使不引入稅收，將補貼和在部門層面上消除貿易障礙也可提高效率並減少環境破壞。[68]取消這些補貼將大幅減少溫室氣體排放並創造再生能源部門的就業機會。[69]IMF於2023年預計，取消化石燃料補貼將可把全球升溫限制在巴黎目標所定的2°C以下。[70] 取消化石燃料補貼的實際效果在很大程度上取決於取消的補貼類型以及其他能源的可用程度和經濟性。[68]此外還有碳洩漏的問題，取消對高能源強度產業的補貼可能會導致它們被轉移到監管較少的別國，而導致全球排放量淨增加。

在已開發國家，能源成本低廉且補貼豐厚，而在開發中國家，窮人卻得為低品質的服務付出高昂的成本。[71]

一篇於2009年發表的研究報告，提出在2030年前將全球電力100%由風能、水力和太陽能提供的計畫。[72][73]報告建議將能源補貼從化石燃料轉向再生能源，並制定將洪水、颶風、颱風、乾旱和相關極端天氣成本包含在內的碳定價。

自2021年起，如果將石化燃料補貼排除在外，印度和中國新建大型太陽能發電的平均化電力成本（英语：levelised cost of electricity）均低於現有的燃煤發電廠。[74]

位於美國德克薩斯州的萊斯大學能源研究中心發表的一項研究，建議各國採取以下步驟：[40]

  1. 各國應承諾在具體時限內全面取消隱性和顯性的化石燃料補貼。
  2. 澄清補貼改革的措辭，消除含糊用語。
  3. 在受影響國家中正式立法，制定改革路徑並減少倒退的機會。
  4. 公佈透明，與市場掛鉤的定價公式，並遵守定期的價格調整時間表。
  5. 循序漸進推動全面改革。逐步但按規定時間表向消費者表明提高價格的意圖，同時投資於改善能源效率以將價格上漲作部分抵銷。
  6. 透過對化石能源產品和服務徵收費用或稅收，並消除稅法中仍然存在對化石燃料的優惠，逐步將其外部性納入考量。
  7. 使用直接現金轉移來維持社會貧困階層的福利，而非維持弱勢社會經濟群體的補貼價格。
  8. 進行全面公共宣導活動。
  9. 任何剩餘的化石燃料補貼都應按照國際價格明確制定，由國庫支付。
  10. 根據要求，將價格和排放變化作記錄及報告。

淘汰的特定流程

更多信息：逐步淘汰煤炭（英语：Coal phase-out）

逐步淘汰化石燃料發電廠

参见：能源轉型和100%再生能源（英语：100% renewable energy）
Bloomberg NEF reported that in 2022, global energy transition investment equaled fossil fuels investment for the first time.[75]
In 2020, renewables overtook fossil fuels as the European Union's main source of electricity for the first time.[76]

在逐步淘汰化石燃料時，能源效率與永續能源的使用兩者相輔相成。

逐步淘汰化石燃料汽車

主条目：逐步淘汰化石燃料汽車（英语：Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles）
Sales of electric vehicles (EVs) indicate a trend away from gas-powered vehicles that generate greenhouse gases.[77]

許多國家和城市已禁止銷售新造內燃機汽車，並要求所有新車均為電動載具或使用清潔、無排放的能源，[78][79]例如英國要求到2035年達成[80]和挪威要求到2025年達成。許多大眾運輸機構正致力於全面採用電動巴士，同時限制燃油車輛在市中心行駛，而降低空氣污染。美國許多州都制定有零排放載具（英语：zero-emissions vehicle）指令，逐步要求銷售的汽車中有一定比例為電動車。德國用語Verkehrswende（“交通轉型”之義），呼籲從內燃機驅動的道路運輸轉向自行車、步行和鐵路運輸，並用電動車取代其餘道路車輛。

從植物提煉的的生物燃料也被引進市場。然而目前市面供應的許多生物燃料因其對自然環境、糧食安全和土地利用會產生的不利影響而受到批評。[81][82]

逐步淘汰石油燃料

The standard Hubbert curve, plotting crude oil production of a region over time
World energy consumption, 1970–2025. Source: International Energy Outlook 2004.

透過減少石油消耗，可改變哈伯特曲線（英语：Hubbert curve）的形狀，哈伯特曲線是哈伯特峰值理論（英语：Hubbert peak theory）所預測的石油實際產量隨時間變化的圖形。 曲線的峰值稱為石油峰值，通過改變曲線的形狀，石油產量抵達峰值時間會受到影響。 在赫希報告（英语：Hirsh report）中，撰寫者的分析顯示雖然石油產量曲線的形狀會受到減緩措施的影響，但減緩措施也會受到哈伯特曲線形狀的影響。.[83]

在大多數情況下，緩解措施涉及節約能源以及使用替代能源和再生能源。非常規石油資源的開發可以擴大石油供應[84]，[84] 但並不會減少消耗。

根據史上的世界石油消費數據顯示，1973年和1979年石油危機期間的緩解措施可降低石油消費。在美國，石油消費會因為價格高漲下降。[85][86]

採行緩解措施的主要問題是方法的可行性、政府和私營部門的角色以及這些解決方案提前多久實施。[87][88]對這些問題的答案和採取的緩解措施能決定一個社會的生活方式是否能夠維持，並可能影響地球的人口容量。

緩解石油峰值最有效的方法是使用再生或替代能源以取代石油。

由於大多數石油消耗均用於交通運輸，[89]大多數的緩解討論都圍繞著此類問題進行。

移動應用

参见：生物燃料、氫經濟、甲醇經濟和氫動力飛機（英语：Hydtogen-powered aircraft）

由於石油的能量密度高且易於處理，在運輸上具有獨特的作用。然而目前已有許多可用的替代方案。在生物燃料部分，一些國家已經在一定程度上開始使用生物乙醇和生質柴油。

氫燃料是各國開發中的另一種替代方案，同時開發的還有氫能載具，[90]氫實際上是一種儲能介質，而非一次能源，因此需要使用非石油能源製造氫氣。氫目前在成本和效率方面優於電池驅動車輛，[91]在某些應用中可派上用場 - 短途渡輪和在非常寒冷的氣候中使用就是其中兩例。氫燃料電池的效率約為電池的三分之一，是汽油車效率的兩倍。

替代航空燃料

空中巴士A380於2008年2月1日首次使用替代燃料飛行。[92]波音也計畫讓波音747使用替代燃料。[93]由於乙醇等一些生物燃料所含的能量密度較低，因此此類飛機需要更頻繁的加油。 美國空軍目前正在為其整個機隊使用源自費托合成的燃料和JP-8（英语：JP-8）航空煤油各佔一半的混合燃料作認證。[94]

研究工作

Reduction in fossil fuel capacity compared to renewables
Renewable energy sources, especially solar photovoltaic and wind power, are providing an increasing share of power capacity.[95]
In 2023, electricity generation from wind and solar sources was projected to exceed 30% by 2030, as fossil fuels' use continues to decline.[96]
The countries most reliant on fossil fuels for electricity vary widely on how great a percentage of that electricity is generated from renewables, leaving wide variation in renewables' growth potential.[97]

綠色和平組織和歐洲氣候行動網絡（英语：Climate Action Network Europe）於2015年發佈一份報告，強調歐洲各地積極逐步淘汰燃煤發電的必要性。他們的分析源自對280家燃煤電廠的資料庫，及來自歐盟官方登記處的排放數據而得的結論。[98]

國際石油變革組織（Oil Change International）於2016年發佈的一份報告，結論是假設目前正在作業的礦山和油田的煤碳、石油和天然氣的碳排放量一直持續到其工作壽命結束，將使世界的碳排放量略高於2015年《巴黎協定》中所設定的2°C升溫限制，而大幅超越保守的1.5°C目標。[99][100][101]報告指出，"最強有力的氣候政策槓桿之一，也是最簡單的：停止挖掘更多化石燃料。"[101]:5

智庫海外發展研究所（英语：ODI (think tank)）（ODI）和其他11個非政府組織於2016年發佈一份報告，內容涉及在很大部分人口無電力可用的國家建設新燃煤電廠的影響。報告的結論是總體而言，建造燃煤電廠對窮人沒什麼幫助，而且可能會讓他們變得更窮。此外，風能和太陽能發電的建廠成本已開始優於燃煤的。[102][103][104]

一篇於2008年刊載在科學月刊自然能源（英语：Nature Energy）的研究報告說歐洲10個國家可利用其現有基礎設施完全淘汰燃煤發電，而美國和俄羅斯可逐步淘汰至少其中的30%。[105]

成立於2018年的化石燃料削減資料庫（Fossil Fuel Cuts Database）於2020年提供全球首份關於限制化石燃料生產的供應端倡議的綜合報告。[106]根據最近更新的資料庫，截至2021年10月，全球110個國家已實施1967項始於1988年的供應端倡議，涵蓋七種類型 (撤資，數量 = 1201、封鎖，數量 = 374、訴訟，數量 = 192、暫停令和禁令，數量 = 146、取消生產補貼，數量 = 31、碳排放稅，數量 = 16及排放交易計劃，數量 = 7)

地緣政治利弊指數（GeGaLo index of geopolitical gains and losses）評估，如果世界完全轉向再生能源，156個國家的地緣政治地位可能發生變化。前化石燃料出口國預計將失去權力，而前化石燃料進口國和再生能源資源豐富的國家的地位預計將會加強。[107]

已有多項實現二氧化碳零排放的脫碳計畫被提出。 英國《衛報》所做的一項調查顯示到2022年，大型化石燃料公司仍繼續對新的化石燃料生產項目進行巨額投資，而導致使全球升溫程度超過國際共同設定的限制目標。[108]

再生能源潛力

雪梨科技大學永續未來研究所（Institute for Sustainable Futures）的 Sven Teske博士和Sarah Niklas博士於2021年6月發表報告，提出"現有的煤碳、石油和天然氣生產讓世界溫室氣體排放遠高於巴黎氣候協定設定控制全球升溫的目標。他們與化石燃料不擴散條約倡議組織（英语：Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative）共同發佈一份題為《化石燃料退出戰略：有序減少煤炭、石油和天然氣以滿足《巴黎協定》目標的報告。報告中分析全球再生能源潛力，發現"地球上每個地區都可使用再生能源取代化石燃料，將升溫控制在1.5°C以下，並為所有人提供可靠的能源。"[109]

開採預防責任評估

於2021年9月，有項首次對每個地區以及全球需要開採的化石燃料的最低數量進行科學評估，以便有50%的可能在2050年將全球升溫限制在1.5°C的程度。[110][111]

挑戰

Net income of the global oil and gas industry reached a record US$4 trillion in 2022.[112]
After recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic, energy company profits increased with greater revenues from higher fuel prices resulting from the Russian invasion of Ukraine, falling debt levels, tax write-downs of projects shut down in Russia, and backing off from earlier plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[113] Record profits sparked public calls for windfall taxes.[113]

進行逐步淘汰化石燃料會碰到許多挑戰，其中之一是目前世界對化石燃料的依賴。 化石燃料於2014年提供世界一次能源消耗的80%以上。[114]根據一份於2023年6月發表的報導，此佔比在2022年仍維持在80%左右。[115]

逐步淘汰化石燃料可能會導致電價上漲，因為需要對新設備進行投資，以配合替代能源的使用。[116]

逐步淘汰化石燃料的另一個影響是就業。就化石燃料行業的從業者而言，逐步淘汰並不受到歡迎，他們通常會反對任何變動。[50]兩位研究人員Endre Tvinnerreim和Elisabeth Ivarsflaten研究化石燃料產業就業與對氣候變花政策支持之間的關係。他們提出地熱能發電可能可提供化石燃料產業鑽勘人員轉業的機會。他們的結論：化石燃料產業的個人和公司可能會反對危及其就業的措施，除非他們有其他更好的替代方案。[117]這可被推論為政治利益，推動反對逐步淘汰化石燃料的倡議。[118]其中一例是美國國會議員的投票傾向與其來自州別化石燃料產業的主導地位程度有關聯。[119] 除前述的挑戰之外，其他難題還包括確保可持續回收、採購所需材料、破壞現有電力結構、管理間歇性再生能源、制定最佳的國家能源轉型政策、改造交通基礎設施以及預防化石燃料開採的責任。目前有關這些問題的研究和發展正在積極進行中 [120][121][122]

據參加埃及主辦的2022年聯合國氣候變化大會的人士稱，沙烏地阿拉伯代表極力阻止減少燃燒石油的呼籲。大會的最終聲明經沙烏地阿拉伯和其他一些石油生產國的反對後，未能將逐步淘汰化石燃料的呼籲包含在內。 於2022年3月，在一項聯合國與氣候科學家舉行的會議上，沙烏地阿拉伯與俄羅斯一起推動將"人類引起的氣候變化"文字從官方文件中刪除，擾亂科學確定的事實，即人類燃燒化石燃料是產生氣候危機的主要驅動因素。[123]

主要倡議和立法

中國

中國已承諾在2060年實現淨零排放，這需要對煤碳開採和電力產業超過300萬從業者進行公正轉型。[124]目前尚不清楚中國是否打算在彼時淘汰所有化石燃料的使用，或者是否仍保留一小部分（配合使用碳捕集和與封存設施）。[124]中國的煤碳開採於2021年奉命滿載運作。[125]

歐盟

歐盟於2019年底推出歐洲綠色協議（英语：European Green Deal），其中包括：

歐盟還依靠歐洲地平線（英语：Horizon Europe）（一項為期 7 年的歐盟科學研究計劃）在利用國家公共和私人投資方面發揮制衡作用。透過與產業和成員國的合作，歐盟將支持交通技術的研究和創新，包括電池、綠氫、低碳鋼鐵製造、循環生物產業和建成環境。[129] 根據歐盟能源政策（英语：energy policy of the European Union），歐洲投資銀行在2017年至 2022年間已捐贈超過810億歐元來幫助能源產業。其中包括近760億歐元用於歐洲和世界其他地區與輸電網路、能源效率和再生能源相關的措施。[13]

印度

印度有信心超越其根據《巴黎協定》提出的自訂承諾[130] - 即到2030年實現非化石燃料發電量佔其總發電量的40%。[131]

日本

日本承諾最晚在2050年實現淨零排放。[132]

英國

参见：英國能源政策（英语：Energy policy of the United Kingdom）

英國承諾到2050年實現淨零排放，停止使用天然氣為家庭供暖可能是該國逐步淘汰化石燃料過程中最困難的部分。[133]該國有多個團體已提出替代性綠色復甦（英语：Green recovery）立法計劃，促進在技術允許的情況下盡快逐步淘汰化石燃料。[134]

知名支持者

Protest at the Legislative Building in Olympia, Washington. Ted Nation, a long-time environmental activist, beside protest sign.

支持燃煤電廠建設凍結或逐步淘汰煤炭的知名人士有：

如果你是個年輕人，看著這個星球的未來，看著現在正在做的事情和沒有做的事情，我相信大家已經進入公民抗命的階段，以阻止新建未附設碳捕集與封存設施的燃煤發電廠。

參見

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