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第九行星:修订间差异

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*[[祝融星]]
*[[祝融星]]


==料==
== ==
{{reflist|30em
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="bnb20160617">{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Michael E. |last2=Batygin |first2=Konstantin |title=Observational Constraints on the Orbit and Location of Planet Nine in the Outer Solar System |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |date=2016 |volume=824 |issue=2 |page=L23 |doi=10.3847/2041-8205/824/2/L23 |arxiv=1603.05712 |bibcode=2016ApJ...824L..23B |s2cid=10904017 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| refs =
<ref name=Nature2016>{{cite web|author=Alexandra Witze|title=Evidence grows for giant planet on fringes of Solar System|year=2016|url=http://www.nature.com/news/evidence-grows-for-giant-planet-on-fringes-of-solar-system-1.19182|publisher=Nature|date=2016-01-20|access-date=2016-01-21|archive-date=2020-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108104915/http://www.nature.com/news/evidence-grows-for-giant-planet-on-fringes-of-solar-system-1.19182|dead-url=no}}</ref>


<ref name="lurking">{{cite news |last1 = Achenbach |first1 = Joel |author-link = Joel Achenbach |last2 = Feltman |first2 = Rachel |date = 20 January 2016 |title = New Evidence Suggests a Ninth Planet Lurking at the Edge of the Solar System |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/01/20/new-evidence-suggests-a-ninth-planet-lurking-at-the-edge-of-the-solar-system/ |newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] |access-date = 20 January 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160120172051/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/01/20/new-evidence-suggests-a-ninth-planet-lurking-at-the-edge-of-the-solar-system/ |archive-date = 20 January 2016 |url-status = live}}</ref>
<ref name=TAJ201601>{{cite journal|url=http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/0004-6256/151/2/22|title=Evidence for a distant giant planet in the Solar system|first1=Konstantin|last1=Batygin|first2=Michael E.|last2=Brown|date=2016-01-20|journal=[[天文期刊|The Astronomical Journal]]|volume=151|number=2|doi=10.3847/0004-6256/151/2/22|access-date=2016-01-21|archive-date=2019-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830205141/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/0004-6256/151/2/22|dead-url=no}}</ref>


<ref name="Gomes_Deienno_Morbidelli_2016">{{cite journal |last1=Gomes |first1=Rodney |last2=Deienno |first2=Rogerio |last3=Morbidelli |first3=Alessandro |title=The Inclination of the Planetary System Relative to the Solar Equator May Be Explained by the Presence of Planet 9 |date=2016 |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |volume=153 |issue=1 |page=27 |arxiv=1607.05111 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/153/1/27 |bibcode=2017AJ....153...27G |s2cid=118330945 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name=P9H2019>
{{cite journal
| last1 = Batygin
| first1 = Konstantin
| last2 = Adams
| first2 = Fred C.
| last3 = Brown
| first3 = Michael E.
| last4 = Becker
| first4= Juliette C.
| title = The Planet Nine Hypothesis
| date = 2019
| url =
| journal = [[Physics Reports]]
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| doi = 10.1016/j.physrep.2019.01.009
| arxiv = 1902.10103
| bibcode = 2019arXiv190210103B
}}</ref>


<ref name=CaltechJan2016>{{cite web |last=Fesenmaier |first=Kimm |date=20 January 2016 |title=Caltech Researchers Find Evidence of a Real Ninth Planet |url=https://www.caltech.edu/news/caltech-researchers-find-evidence-real-ninth-planet-49523 |website=[[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]] |access-date=20 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120165807/https://www.caltech.edu/news/caltech-researchers-find-evidence-real-ninth-planet-49523 |archive-date=20 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name=TAJ201601>{{cite journal |last1=Batygin |first1=Konstantin |author-link1=Konstantin Batygin |last2=Brown |first2=Michael E. |author-link2=Michael E. Brown |date=2016 |title=Evidence for a Distant Giant Planet in the Solar System |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |volume=151 |issue=2 |page=22 |arxiv=1601.05438 |bibcode=2016AJ....151...22B |doi=10.3847/0004-6256/151/2/22 |s2cid=2701020 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Beust_2016">{{cite journal |last1=Beust |first1=H. |title=Orbital Clustering of Distant Kuiper Belt Objects by Hypothetical Planet 9. Secular or Resonant? |journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]] |date=2016 |volume=590 |page=L2 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201628638 |arxiv=1605.02473 |bibcode=2016A&A...590L...2B |s2cid=53994177}}</ref>

<ref name=P9H2019>{{cite journal| last1 = Batygin| first1 = Konstantin| last2 = Adams| first2 = Fred C.| last3 = Brown| first3 = Michael E.| last4 = Becker| first4= Juliette C.| title = The Planet Nine Hypothesis| date = 2019| journal = [[Physics Reports]]| volume =805| pages =1–53| doi = 10.1016/j.physrep.2019.01.009| arxiv = 1902.10103| bibcode = 2019PhR...805....1B| s2cid = 119248548}}</ref>

<ref name=NatGeo201601>{{cite magazine |first=Nadia |last=Drake |author-link=Nadia Drake |date=20 January 2016 |title=Scientists Find Evidence for Ninth Planet in Solar System |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/01/150119-new-ninth-planet-solar-system-space/ |magazine=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629022424/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/01/150119-new-ninth-planet-solar-system-space/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Meisner_etal_2017b">{{cite journal |last1=Meisner |first1=A.M. |last2=Bromley |first2=B.C. |last3=Kenyon |first3=S.J. |last4=Anderson |first4=T.E. |year=2017 |title=A 3π Search for Planet Nine at 3.4μm with WISE and NEOWISE |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |volume=155 |issue=4 |page=166 |arxiv=1712.04950 |bibcode=2018AJ....155..166M |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aaae70 |s2cid=119504867 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Batygin2021>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Michael E. |author-link1=Michael E. Brown |last2=Batygin |first2=Konstantin |author-link2=Konstantin Batygin |arxiv=2108.09868 |title=The Orbit of Planet Nine |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=2021-08-26 |volume=162 |issue=5 |page=219 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ac2056 |bibcode=2021AJ....162..219B |s2cid=230196275 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=fatty>{{cite magazine |last = Burdick |first = Alan |date = 20 January 2016 |title = Discovering Planet Nine |url = http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/discovering-planet-nine |magazine = [[The New Yorker]] |access-date = 20 January 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160121034701/http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/discovering-planet-nine |archive-date = 21 January 2016 |url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="TC-20200525">{{cite news |last=Lawler |first=Samantha |title=Why astronomers now doubt there is an undiscovered 9th planet in our solar system |url=https://theconversation.com/why-astronomers-now-doubt-there-is-an-undiscovered-9th-planet-in-our-solar-system-127598 |date=25 May 2020 |work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529051746/https://theconversation.com/why-astronomers-now-doubt-there-is-an-undiscovered-9th-planet-in-our-solar-system-127598 |url-status=live}}</ref>

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<ref name=grosser>{{cite journal |title=The Search for a Planet Beyond Neptune |author=Morton Grosser |journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]] |volume=55 |issue=2 |date=1964 |pages=163–183 |doi=10.1086/349825 |jstor=228182 |s2cid=144255699}}</ref>

<ref name=tombaugh>{{cite journal |title=The Search for the Ninth Planet, Pluto |last=Tombaugh |first=Clyde W. |date=1946 |journal=[[Astronomical Society of the Pacific|Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets]] |volume=5|issue=209 |pages=73–80 |bibcode=1946ASPL....5...73T}}</ref>

<ref name="Croswell1997">{{anchor|CITEREFCroswell1997}}{{cite book |title=Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems |author=Ken Croswell |location=New York |publisher=The Free Press |date=1997 |isbn=978-0-684-83252-4 |pages=57–58}}</ref>

<ref name="Browne_1993">{{cite news |last1=Browne |first1=Malcolm W. |title=Evidence for Planet X Evaporates in Spotlight of New Research |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/01/science/evidence-for-planet-x-evaporates-in-spotlight-of-new-research.html |website=The New York Times |date=1 June 1993 |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192455/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/01/science/evidence-for-planet-x-evaporates-in-spotlight-of-new-research.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Forbes_1880">{{cite journal |last1=Kirkwood |first1=D. |title=On Comets and Ultra-Neptunian Planets |journal=[[The Observatory (journal)|The Observatory]] |date=1880 |volume=3 |pages=439–447 |bibcode=1880Obs.....3..439K |url=http://adsbit.harvard.edu/full/seri/Obs../0003//0000439.000.html |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103181725/http://adsbit.harvard.edu/full/seri/Obs../0003//0000439.000.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=spaceBrown>{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=24 August 2011 |title=A Conversation With Pluto's Killer: Q & A With Astronomer Mike Brown |url=http://www.space.com/12711-pluto-killer-mike-brown-dwarf-planets-interview.html |website=[[Space.com]] |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202232821/http://www.space.com/12711-pluto-killer-mike-brown-dwarf-planets-interview.html |archive-date=2 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=iopsciencesedna>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Michael E. |last2=Trujillo |first2=Chadwick |last3=Rabinowitz |first3=David |date=2004 |title=Discovery of a Candidate Inner Oort Cloud Planetoid |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=617 |issue=1 |pages=645–649 |arxiv=astro-ph/0404456 |bibcode=2004ApJ...617..645B |doi=10.1086/422095 |s2cid=7738201}}</ref>

<ref name=guardianSuperEarth>{{cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=26 March 2014 |title=Dwarf Planet Discovery Hints at a Hidden Super Earth in Solar System |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/mar/26/dwarf-planet-super-earth-solar-system-2012-vp113 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429200749/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/mar/26/dwarf-planet-super-earth-solar-system-2012-vp113 |archive-date=29 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=llmysteries>{{cite web |last=Wolchover |first=Natalie |date=25 May 2012 |title=Planet X? New Evidence of an Unseen Planet at Solar System's Edge |url=http://www.livescience.com/20583-planet-edge-solar-system.html |website=[[LiveScience]] |access-date=7 February 2016 |quote=More work is needed to determine whether Sedna and the other scattered disc objects were sent on their circuitous trips round the Sun by a star that passed by long ago, or by an unseen planet that exists in the solar system right now. Finding and observing the orbits of other distant objects similar to Sedna will add more data points to astronomers' computer models. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130192931/http://www.livescience.com/20583-planet-edge-solar-system.html |archive-date=30 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=nosmokingGun>{{cite web |last=Lovett |first=Richard A. |date=12 May 2012 |title=New Planet Found in Our Solar System? |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/05/120511-new-planet-solar-system-kuiper-belt-space-science/ |website=[[National Geographic News]] |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710060039/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/05/120511-new-planet-solar-system-kuiper-belt-space-science/ |archive-date=10 July 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Gomes_2015">{{cite journal |last1=Gomes |first1=Rodney |date=2015 |title=The Observation of Large Semi-Major Axis Centaurs: Testing for the Signature of a Planetary-Mass Solar Companion |journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |volume=258 |pages=37–49 |bibcode=2015Icar..258...37G |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2015.06.020}}</ref>

<ref name="randomsearch">{{cite journal |last1=de la Fuente Marcos |first1=C. |last2=de la Fuente Marcos |first2=R. |title=Memories of past close encounters in extreme trans-Neptunian space: Finding unseen planets using pure random searches |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters |volume=646 |page=L14 (9 pp) |date=18 February 2021 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202140311 |arxiv=2102.02220 |bibcode=2021A&A...646L..14D |s2cid=231802033 |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2021/02/aa40311-21/aa40311-21.html |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218162631/https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2021/02/aa40311-21/aa40311-21.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="findplanet9">{{cite web|url=http://www.findplanetnine.com/p/blog-page.html|title=Where is Planet Nine?|date=20 January 2016|website=The Search for Planet Nine|type=Blog|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130091255/http://www.findplanetnine.com/p/blog-page.html|archive-date=30 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="NASA_PlanetX">{{Cite web|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/hypothetical-planet-x/in-depth|title=Planet X|website=NASA Solar System Exploration|access-date=2019-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019012033/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/hypothetical-planet-x/in-depth/|archive-date=19 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Brown_YouTube2017">{{cite web |author=Michael E. Brown |date=3 March 2017 |title=Planet Nine |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-ktWBtt7sc&t=1147 |at=19:06 |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406153739/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-ktWBtt7sc&t=1147 |archive-date=6 April 2017 |url-status=live |author-link=Michael E. Brown}}</ref>

<ref name=B-BCharts>{{cite web |last1=Batygin |first1=Konstantin |last2=Brown |first2=Mike |date=20 January 2016 |title=Where is Planet Nine? |url=http://www.findplanetnine.com/p/blog-page.html |at=RA/Dec chart|website=The Search for Planet Nine|publisher=[[Michael E. Brown]] and [[Konstantin Batygin]] |access-date=24 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130091255/http://www.findplanetnine.com/p/blog-page.html |archive-date=30 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Lemonick2016">{{cite web |last=Lemonick |first=Michael D. |date=20 January 2016 |title=Strong Evidence Suggests a Super Earth Lies beyond Pluto |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strong-evidence-suggests-a-super-earth-lies-beyond-pluto1/ |at=video |website=[[Scientific American]] |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122201344/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strong-evidence-suggests-a-super-earth-lies-beyond-pluto1/ |archive-date=22 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=newscientist>{{cite web |last1=Becker |first1=Adam |last2=Grossman |first2=Lisa |last3=Aron |first3=Jacob |date=22 January 2016 |title=How Planet Nine May Have Been Exiled to Solar System's Edge |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2074961-how-planet-nine-may-have-been-exiled-to-solar-systems-edge/ |website=[[New Scientist]] |access-date=25 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124033216/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2074961-how-planet-nine-may-have-been-exiled-to-solar-systems-edge/ |archive-date=24 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Margot_2016">{{cite web |last=Margot |first=Jean-Luc |date=22 January 2016 |title=Would Planet Nine Pass the Planet Test? |url=http://mel.epss.ucla.edu/jlm/epo/planet/nine.html |website=[[University of California at Los Angeles]] |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401040546/http://mel.epss.ucla.edu/jlm/epo/planet/nine.html |archive-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Margot_2015">{{cite journal |last1=Margot |first1=Jean-Luc |title=A Quantitative Criterion for Defining Planets |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |date=2015 |volume=150 |issue=6 |page=185 |doi=10.1088/0004-6256/150/6/185 |arxiv=1507.06300 |bibcode=2015AJ....150..185M |s2cid=51684830}}</ref>

<ref name="Bromley_Kenyon_2016">{{cite journal |last1=Bromley |first1=Benjamin C. |last2=Kenyon |first2=Scott J. |date=22 July 2016 |title=Making Planet Nine: A Scattered Giant in the Outer Solar System |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=826 |issue=1 |page=64 |arxiv=1603.08010 |bibcode=2016ApJ...826...64B |doi=10.3847/0004-637X/826/1/64 |s2cid=118448057 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=nytimes9thplanet>{{cite news |first=Kenneth |last=Chang |date=20 January 2016 |title=Ninth Planet May Exist Beyond Pluto, Scientists Report |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/21/science/space/ninth-planet-solar-system-beyond-pluto.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124105438/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/21/science/space/ninth-planet-solar-system-beyond-pluto.html|archive-date=24 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=caltechFAQ>{{cite news |first=Sanden |last=Totten |date=20 January 2016 |title=Caltech Researchers Answer Skeptics' Questions about Planet 9 |url=http://www.scpr.org/news/2016/01/20/56964/caltech-researchers-answer-skeptics-questions-abou/ |publisher=[[KPCC (radio station)|89.3 KPCC]] |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706171901/http://www.scpr.org/news/2016/01/20/56964/caltech-researchers-answer-skeptics-questions-abou/ |archive-date=6 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Bailey_Fabrycky">{{cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=Nora |last2=Fabrycky |first2=Daniel |title=Stellar Flybys Interrupting Planet-Planet Scattering Generates Oort Planets |journal=The Astronomical Journal |year=2019 |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=94 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ab2d2a |arxiv=1905.07044|bibcode=2019AJ....158...94B |s2cid=158047152 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=dl2018>{{cite book|last=D'Angelo|first=G.|author2=Lissauer, J.J.|chapter=Formation of Giant Planets |bibcode=2018haex.bookE.140D| title=Handbook of Exoplanets |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing AG]] | editor=Deeg H., Belmonte J. |pages=2319–2343|date=2018|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_140|arxiv=1806.05649|isbn=978-3-319-55332-0 |s2cid=116913980}}</ref>

<ref name="Izidoro_etal_2015">{{cite journal |last1=Izidoro |first1=André |last2=Morbidelli |first2=Alessandro |last3=Raymond |first3=Sean N. |last4=Hersant |first4=Franck |last5=Pierens |first5=Arnaud |title=Accretion of Uranus and Neptune from Inward-Migrating Planetary Embryos Blocked by Jupiter and Saturn |journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]] |date=2015 |volume=582 |page=A99 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201425525 |arxiv=1506.03029|bibcode=2015A&A...582A..99I |s2cid=118356267}}</ref>

<ref name="Carrera_etal_2017">{{cite journal |last1=Carrera |first1=Daniel |last2=Gorti |first2=Uma |last3=Johansen |first3=Anders |last4=Davies |first4=Melvyn B. |title=Planetesimal Formation by the Streaming Instability in a Photoevaporating Disk |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |date=2017 |volume=839 |issue=1 |page=16 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aa6932 |arxiv=1703.07895 |bibcode=2017ApJ...839...16C |s2cid=119472343 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Eriksson_etal_2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Eriksson |first1=Linn E.J. |last2=Mustill |first2=Alexander J. |last3=Johansen |first3=Anders |title=Circularizing Planet Nine through Dynamical Friction with an Extended, Cold Planetesimal Belt |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=475 |issue=4 |page=4609 |date=2017 |arxiv=1710.08295 |doi=10.1093/mnras/sty111 |bibcode=2018MNRAS.475.4609E |s2cid=119230823}}</ref>

<ref name="Kenyon_Bromley_2016">{{cite journal |last1=Kenyon |first1=Scott J. |last2=Bromley |first2=Benjamin C. |date=2016 |title=Making Planet Nine: Pebble Accretion at 250–750 AU in a Gravitationally Unstable Ring |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=825 |issue=1 |page=33 |arxiv=1603.08008 |bibcode=2016ApJ...825...33K |doi=10.3847/0004-637X/825/1/33 |s2cid=119212968 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Mustill_etal_2016">{{cite journal |last1=Mustill |first1=Alexander J. |last2=Raymond |first2=Sean N. |last3=Davies |first3=Melvyn B. |date=21 July 2016 |title=Is there an exoplanet in the Solar System? |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters]] |volume=460 |issue=1 |pages=L109–L113 |arxiv=1603.07247 |bibcode=2016MNRAS.460L.109M |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slw075 |s2cid=119229382}}</ref>

<ref name="Li_Adams_2016">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Gongjie |last2=Adams |first2=Fred C. |date=2016 |title=Interaction Cross Sections and Survival Rates for Proposed Solar System Member Planet Nine |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |volume=823 |issue=1 |page=L3 |arxiv=1602.08496 |bibcode=2016ApJ...823L...3L |doi=10.3847/2041-8205/823/1/L3 |s2cid=15890864 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Siraj_Loab_2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Siraj|first1=Amir|last2=Loeb|first2=Abraham|date=2020-08-18|title=The Case for an Early Solar Binary Companion|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=899|issue=2|pages=L24|doi=10.3847/2041-8213/abac66|issn=2041-8213|arxiv=2007.10339|bibcode=2020ApJ...899L..24S |s2cid=220665422 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Passant_2020">{{cite web |last1=Rabie |first1=Passant |title=Did the Sun Have a Twin? New Study Rewrites the Star's Early History |url=https://www.inverse.com/science/long-lost-twin-sun-study |website=Inverse |date=20 August 2020 |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=22 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822033224/https://www.inverse.com/science/long-lost-twin-sun-study |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Parker_etal_2017">{{cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=Richard J. |last2=Lichtenberg |first2=Tim |last3=Quanz |first3=Sascha P. |date=2017 |title=Was Planet 9 Captured in the Sun's Natal Star-Forming Region? |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters]] |volume=472 |issue=1 |pages=L75–L79 |arxiv=1709.00418 |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slx141 |bibcode=2017MNRAS.472L..75P |s2cid=10792152}}</ref>

<ref name="Brennan_2017">{{cite web |last1=Brennan |first1=Pat |title=The Super-Earth that Came Home for Dinner |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2017-259 |website=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] |access-date=13 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016045431/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2017-259 |archive-date=16 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

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<ref name="Stirone_sun tilt">{{cite web |last1=Stirone |first1=Shannon |title=Planet Nine May Be Responsible for Tilting the Sun |url=http://www.astronomy.com/news/2016/10/planet-nine-tilting-the-sun |website=[[Astronomy (magazine)|Astronomy]] |date=19 October 2016 |access-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810194731/http://www.astronomy.com/news/2016/10/planet-nine-tilting-the-sun |archive-date=10 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=KopanyasKozai>{{cite web |first=Barbara |last=Koponyás |date=10 April 2010 |title=Near-Earth Asteroids and the Kozai-Mechanism |url=http://www.univie.ac.at/adg/Conferences/ahw5/talks/KoponysBarbara.pdf.pdf |website=5th Austrian Hungarian Workshop in Vienna |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314110041/http://www.univie.ac.at/adg/Conferences/ahw5/talks/KoponysBarbara.pdf.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=cbcRadio>{{cite news |last=McDonald |first=Bob |date=24 January 2016 |title=How Did We Miss Planet 9? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/planet-9-bob-macdonald-1.3414268 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |access-date=18 July 2016 |quote="It's like seeing a disturbance on the surface of water but not knowing what caused it. Perhaps it was a jumping fish, a whale or a seal. Even though you didn't actually see it, you could make an informed guess about the size of the object and its location by the nature of the ripples in the water." |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205174831/https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/planet-9-bob-macdonald-1.3414268 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="planetaryblog201601">{{cite web |first=Emily |last=Lakdawalla |date=20 January 2016 |title=Theoretical Evidence for an Undiscovered Super-Earth at the Edge of Our Solar System |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2016/01200955-theoretical-evidence-for-planet-9.html |website=[[The Planetary Society]] |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423222919/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2016/01200955-theoretical-evidence-for-planet-9.html |archive-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Hands_etal_2019">{{cite journal |last1=Hands |first1=T. O. |last2=Dehnen |first2=W. |last3=Gration |first3=A. |last4=Stadel |first4=J. |last5=Moore |first5=B. |title=The fate of planetesimal discs in young open clusters: implications for 1I/'Oumuamua, the Kuiper belt, the Oort cloud and more |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |pages=21–36 |date=2019 |volume=490 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stz1069 |arxiv=1901.02465|bibcode=2019MNRAS.490...21H |s2cid=118597453}}</ref>

<ref name="gtcres">{{Cite journal |first1=Julia |last1=de León |first2=Carlos |last2=de la Fuente Marcos |last3=de la Fuente Marcos |first3=Raúl |year=2017 |title=Visible Spectra of (474640) 2004 VN112-2013 RF98 with OSIRIS at the 10.4 M GTC: Evidence for Binary Dissociation near Aphelion Among the Extreme Trans-Neptunian Objects |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters]] |volume=467 |issue=1 |pages=L66–L70 |arxiv=1701.02534 |bibcode=2017MNRAS.467L..66D |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slx003 |s2cid=119419889}}</ref>

<ref name="binary-ScienceDaily">{{cite web |author=Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC)|title=New Data About Two Distant Asteroids Give a Clue to the Possible 'Planet Nine' |website=[[ScienceDaily]] |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/02/170221120816.htm |access-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729225604/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/02/170221120816.htm |archive-date=29 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

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<ref name="trujillo20160912">{{cite journal |last1=Sheppard, Scott S. |first1=Scott S. |last2=Trujillo |first2=Chadwick |title=New Extreme Trans-Neptunian Objects: Toward a Super-Earth in the Outer Solar System |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |date=2016 |volume=152 |issue=6 |page=221 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/152/6/221 |arxiv=1608.08772 |bibcode=2016AJ....152..221S |s2cid=119187392 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=nodes>{{cite journal |last1=de la Fuente Marcos |first1=Carlos |last2=de la Fuente Marcos |first2=Raúl |year=2017 |title=Evidence for a Possible Bimodal Distribution of the Nodal Distances of the Extreme Trans-Neptunian Objects: Avoiding a Trans-Plutonian Planet or Just Plain Bias? |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters]] |volume=471 |issue=1 |pages=L61–L65 |arxiv=1706.06981 |bibcode=2017MNRAS.471L..61D |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slx106 |s2cid=55469849}}</ref>

<ref name="nodes_phys.org">{{cite web |author=Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology (FECYT) |title=New Evidence in Support of the Planet Nine Hypothesis |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-07-evidence-planet-hypothesis.html |website=phys.org |access-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730014118/https://phys.org/news/2017-07-evidence-planet-hypothesis.html |archive-date=30 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=nodes2>{{cite journal |last1=de la Fuente Marcos |first1=Carlos |last2=de la Fuente Marcos |first2=Raúl |title=Peculiar orbits and asymmetries in extreme trans-Neptunian space |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/506/1/633/6307523 |volume=506 |issue=1 |pages=633–649 |arxiv=2106.08369 |bibcode=2021MNRAS.506..633D |doi=10.1093/mnras/stab1756 |date=1 September 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019195919/https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/506/1/633/6307523 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=nodes3>{{cite journal |last1=de la Fuente Marcos |first1=Carlos |last2=de la Fuente Marcos |first2=Raúl |title=Twisted extreme trans-Neptunian orbital parameter space: statistically significant asymmetries confirmed |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article-abstract/512/1/L6/6524836 |volume=512 |issue=1 |pages=L6–L10 |arxiv=2202.01693 |bibcode=2022MNRAS.512L...6D |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slac012 |date=1 May 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="P9 where are you P1">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Michael E. |title=Planet Nine: Where Are You? (Part 1) |url=http://www.findplanetnine.com/2017/09/planet-nine-where-are-you-part-1.html |website=The Search for Planet Nine |publisher=[[Michael E. Brown]] and [[Konstantin Batygin]]|access-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020083937/http://www.findplanetnine.com/2017/09/planet-nine-where-are-you-part-1.html |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Becker_etal_2017">{{cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=Juliette C. |last2=Adams |first2=Fred C. |last3=Khain |first3=Tali |last4=Hamilton |first4=Stephanie J. |last5=Gerdes |first5=David |title=Evaluating the Dynamical Stability of Outer Solar System Objects in the Presence of Planet Nine |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |date=2017 |volume=154 |issue=2 |page=61 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aa7aa2 |arxiv=1706.06609 |bibcode=2017AJ....154...61B |s2cid=111384673 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Lawler_etal_2016">{{cite journal |last1=Lawler |first1=S.M. |last2=Shankman |first2=C. |last3=Kaib |first3=N. |last4=Bannister |first4=M.T. |last5=Gladman |first5=B. |last6=Kavelaars |first6=J.J. |orig-year=21 May 2016 |title=Observational Signatures of a Massive Distant Planet on the Scattering Disk |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |date=29 December 2016 |volume=153 |issue=1 |page=33 |bibcode=2017AJ....153...33L |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/153/1/33 |arxiv=1605.06575 |s2cid=54854087 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Caceres_etal_2018">{{cite journal |last1=Cáceres |first1=Jessica |last2=Gomes |first2=Rodney |title=The Influence of Planet 9 on the Orbits of Distant TNOs: The Case for a Low Perihelion Planet |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |volume=156 |issue=4 |page=157 |date=2018 |arxiv=1808.01248|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aad77a |bibcode=2018AJ....156..157C |s2cid=119064276 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=discoveryDeBrief>{{cite magazine |last=Scharping |first=Nathaniel |date=20 January 2016 |title=Planet Nine: A New Addition to the Solar System? |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/2016/01/20/planet-9-discovery-shakes-our-understanding-of-the-solar-system/ |magazine=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716105822/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/2016/01/20/planet-9-discovery-shakes-our-understanding-of-the-solar-system/ |archive-date=16 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=thestarKateAllen>{{cite news |last=Allen |first=Kate |date=20 January 2016 |title=Is a Real Ninth Planet out There Beyond Pluto? |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2016/01/20/is-a-real-ninth-planet-out-there-beyond-pluto.html |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]|access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417232029/http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2016/01/20/is-a-real-ninth-planet-out-there-beyond-pluto.html |archive-date=17 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Li_etal_2018">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Gongjie |last2=Hadden |first2=Samuel |last3=Payne |first3=Matthew |last4=Holman |first4=Matthew J. |title=The Secular Dynamics of TNOs and Planet Nine Interactions |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |date=2018 |volume=156 |issue=6 |page=263 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aae83b |arxiv=1806.06867|bibcode=2018AJ....156..263L |s2cid=118898729 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Batygin_Morbidelli_2017">{{cite journal |last1=Batygin |first1=Konstantin |last2=Morbidelli |first2=Alessandro |title=Dynamical Evolution Induced by Planet Nine |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |date=2017 |volume=154 |issue=6 |page=229 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aa937c |arxiv=1710.01804 |bibcode=2017AJ....154..229B |s2cid=119704953 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=extremeTech>{{cite web |last=Hruska |first=Joel |date=20 January 2016 |title=Our Solar System May Contain a Ninth Planet, Far beyond Pluto |url=http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/221595-new-research-suggests-our-solar-system-may-contain-a-ninth-planet-far-beyond-pluto |website=[[ExtremeTech]] |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728074926/http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/221595-new-research-suggests-our-solar-system-may-contain-a-ninth-planet-far-beyond-pluto |archive-date=28 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=mpc-6>{{cite web |title=MPC list of ''a'' > 250, ''i'' > 40, and ''q'' > 6 |url=http://minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_by_properties?semimajor_axis_min=250&inclination_min=40&perihelion_distance_min=6 |website=[[Minor Planet Center]] |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802041218/http://minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_by_properties?semimajor_axis_min=250&inclination_min=40&perihelion_distance_min=6 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Batygin_Brown_high_inc">{{cite journal |last1=Batygin |first1=Konstantin |last2=Brown |first2=Michael E. |title=Generation of Highly Inclined Trans-Neptunian Objects by Planet Nine |date=2016 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |volume=833 |issue=1 |page=L3 |arxiv=1610.04992 |bibcode=2016ApJ...833L...3B |doi=10.3847/2041-8205/833/1/L3 |s2cid=6751947 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

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<ref name="Williams_OortCloud">{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Matt |title=What is the Oort Cloud? |url=https://www.universetoday.com/32522/oort-cloud/ |website=Universe Today |date=10 August 2015 |access-date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=23 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123211102/https://www.universetoday.com/32522/oort-cloud/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Kohne_Batygin_2020">{{cite journal |last1=Köhne |first1=Tobias |last2=Batygin |first2=Konstantin |title=On the Dynamical Origins of Retrograde Jupiter Trojans and their Connection to High-Inclination TNOs |journal=Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy |year=2020 |volume=132 |issue=9 |page=44 |doi=10.1007/s10569-020-09985-1 |arxiv=2008.11242|bibcode=2020CeMDA.132...44K |s2cid=221319701}}</ref>

<ref name="Kaib_etal_2019">{{cite journal|last1=Kaib |first1=Nathan A. |last2=Pike |first2=Rosemary |last3=Lawler |first3=Samantha |last4=Kovalik |first4=Maya |last5=Brown |first5=Christopher |last6=Alexandersen |first6=Mike |last7=Bannister |first7=Michele T. |last8=Gladman |first8=Brett J. |last9=Petit |first9=Jean-Marc |title=OSSOS XV: Probing the Distant Solar System with Observed Scattering TNOs |date=2019 |arxiv=1905.09286|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ab2383 |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=158 |issue=1 |page=43 |pmid=31379385 |pmc=6677154 |bibcode=2019AJ....158...43K |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=TomLevensonAtlantic>{{cite magazine |last=Levenson |first=Thomas |date=25 January 2016 |title=A New Planet or a Red Herring? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/01/a-new-planet-or-a-red-herring/42681 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=18 July 2016 |quote={{-'}}We plotted the real data on top of the model' Batyagin recalls, and they fell 'exactly where they were supposed to be.' That was, he said, the epiphany. 'It was a dramatic moment. This thing I thought could disprove it turned out to be the strongest evidence for Planet Nine.{{'-}} |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019195840/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2007/06/the-capitolist/42681/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=vergeSlamDunkandWaterTightEvidence>{{cite news |last=Grush |first=Loren |date=20 January 2016 |title=Our Solar System May Have a Ninth Planet After All – but Not All Evidence Is in (We Still Haven't Seen It Yet) |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/1/20/10801824/ninth-planet-x-discovered-evidence |newspaper=[[The Verge]] |access-date=18 July 2016 |quote=The statistics do sound promising, at first. The researchers say there's a 1 in 15,000 chance that the movements of these objects are coincidental and don't indicate a planetary presence at all. ... 'When we usually consider something as clinched and air tight, it usually has odds with a much lower probability of failure than what they have,' says Sara Seager, a planetary scientist at MIT. For a study to be a slam dunk, the odds of failure are usually 1 in 1,744,278. ... But researchers often publish before they get the slam-dunk odds, in order to avoid getting scooped by a competing team, Seager says. Most outside experts agree that the researchers' models are strong. And Neptune was originally detected in a similar fashion—by researching observed anomalies in the movement of Uranus. Additionally, the idea of a large planet at such a distance from the Sun isn't actually that unlikely, according to Bruce Macintosh, a planetary scientist at Stanford University. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729141120/http://www.theverge.com/2016/1/20/10801824/ninth-planet-x-discovered-evidence |archive-date=29 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=scantEvidence>{{cite magazine |last=Crocket |first=Christopher |date=31 January 2016 |title=Computer Simulations Heat up Hunt for Planet Nine |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/computer-simulations-heat-hunt-planet-nine |magazine=[[Science News]] |access-date=7 February 2016 |quote={{-'}}It's exciting and very compelling work,' says Meg Schwamb, a planetary scientist at Academia Sinica in Taipei, Taiwan. But only six bodies lead the way to the putative planet. 'Whether that's enough is still a question.{{'-}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206211941/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/computer-simulations-heat-hunt-planet-nine |archive-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=pbsBrown>{{cite news |date=22 January 2016 |title=We Can't See This Possible 9th Planet, but We Feel Its Presence |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/we-cant-see-this-possible-9th-planet-but-we-feel-its-presence/ |newspaper=[[PBS NewsHour]] |access-date=18 July 2016 |quote={{-'}}Right now, any good scientist is going to be skeptical, because it's a pretty big claim. And without the final evidence that it's real, there is always that chance that it's not. So, everybody should be skeptical. But I think it's time to mount this search. I mean, we like to think of it as, we have provided the treasure map of where this ninth planet is, and we have done the starting gun, and now it's a race to actually point your telescope at the right spot in the sky and make that discovery of planet nine.' —Mike Brown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722042941/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/we-cant-see-this-possible-9th-planet-but-we-feel-its-presence/ |archive-date=22 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name='popsci'>{{cite web |last=Fecht |first=Sarah |date=22 January 2016 |title=Can There Really Be a Planet in Our Solar System That We Don't Know About? |url=http://www.popsci.com/could-there-really-be-9th-planet-that-we-didnt-know-about |website=[[Popular Science]] |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503150851/http://www.popsci.com/could-there-really-be-9th-planet-that-we-didnt-know-about |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=Siegel>{{cite web |author-link=Ethan Siegel |last1=Siegel |first1=Ethan |date=20 January 2016 |title=Not So Fast: Why There Likely Isn't A Large Planet Beyond Pluto |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2016/01/20/not-so-fast-why-there-likely-isnt-a-large-planet-beyond-pluto/#749e30245af4 |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=22 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014035019/https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2016/01/20/not-so-fast-why-there-likely-isnt-a-large-planet-beyond-pluto/#749e30245af4 |archive-date=14 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Siegel_2015">{{cite news |author-link=Ethan Siegel |last1=Siegel |first1=Ethan |date=3 November 2015 |title=Jupiter May Have Ejected a Planet from Our Solar System |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2015/11/03/leading-theory-for-how-the-solar-system-formed-just-disproved/ |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=22 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128152609/http://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2015/11/03/leading-theory-for-how-the-solar-system-formed-just-disproved/ |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Siegel_2018a">{{cite news |author-link=Ethan Siegel |last1=Siegel |first1=Ethan |date=14 September 2018 |title=This Is Why Most Scientists Think Planet Nine Doesn't Exist |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/09/14/this-is-why-scientists-think-planet-nine-doesnt-exist/ |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=17 September 2018 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918012518/https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/09/14/this-is-why-scientists-think-planet-nine-doesnt-exist/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=skyntelescopePlanetX>{{cite magazine |last=Beatty |first=Kelly |date=26 March 2014 |title=New Object Offers Hint of "Planet X" |url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/new-object-offers-hint-ofplanet-x/ |magazine=[[Sky & Telescope]] |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129213741/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/new-object-offers-hint-ofplanet-x/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

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<ref name="Lawler2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/astronomers-now-doubt-there-is-an-undiscovered-9th-planet-in-our-solar-system|title=Many Astronomers Now Think Planet Nine Might Not Exist After All, Here's Why|first=Samantha Lawler, The|last=Conversation|website=ScienceAlert|date=26 May 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020|archive-date=30 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530185950/https://www.sciencealert.com/astronomers-now-doubt-there-is-an-undiscovered-9th-planet-in-our-solar-system|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Lawler2021">{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/why-astronomers-now-doubt-there-is-an-undiscovered-9th-planet-in-our-solar-system-127598|title=Why astronomers now doubt there is an undiscovered 9th planet in our solar system|first=Samantha|last=Lawler|website=The Conversation|date=25 May 2020 |access-date=19 October 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907121445/https://theconversation.com/why-astronomers-now-doubt-there-is-an-undiscovered-9th-planet-in-our-solar-system-127598|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Universetoday_2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.universetoday.com/146283/maybe-the-elusive-planet-9-doesnt-exist-after-all/|title=Maybe the Elusive Planet 9 Doesn't Exist After All|date=29 May 2020|access-date=9 June 2020|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609023753/https://www.universetoday.com/146283/maybe-the-elusive-planet-9-doesnt-exist-after-all/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Shankman_etal_2017">{{cite journal |last1=Shankman |first1=Cory |display-authors=etal |title=OSSOS. VI. Striking Biases in the Detection of Large Semimajor Axis Trans-Neptunian Objects |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |date=2017 |volume=154 |issue=2 |page=50 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aa7aed |arxiv=1706.05348 |bibcode=2017AJ....154...50S |url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/ossos-vi-striking-biases-in-the-detection-of-large-semimajor-axis-transneptunian-objects(027b7a9c-a171-42b4-9449-9355b0a255d4).html |hdl=10150/625487 |s2cid=3535702 |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114092120/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/ossos-vi-striking-biases-in-the-detection-of-large-semimajor-axis-transneptunian-objects(027b7a9c-a171-42b4-9449-9355b0a255d4).html |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Siegel_2018b">{{cite web |last1=Siegel |first1=Ethan |title=This Is Why Most Scientists Think Planet Nine Doesn't Exist |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/09/14/this-is-why-scientists-think-planet-nine-doesnt-exist/#cd530456e77c |department=Starts with a Bang |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=17 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918012518/https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/09/14/this-is-why-scientists-think-planet-nine-doesnt-exist/#cd530456e77c |archive-date=18 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Ratner_2020">{{cite web |last1=Ratner |first1=Paul |title=New study deepens the controversy over Planet Nine's existence |url=https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/planet-nine |website=Big Think |date=23 April 2020 |access-date=25 April 2020 |archive-date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430165959/https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/planet-nine |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Bernardelli_2020b">{{cite journal |last1=Bernardelli |first1=Pedro |display-authors= etal |title=Testing the isotropy of the Dark Energy Survey's extreme trans-Neptunian objects |journal=The Planetary Science Journal |year=2020 |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=28 |doi=10.3847/PSJ/ab9d80 |arxiv=2003.08901|bibcode=2020PSJ.....1...28B |s2cid=213175490 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Napier_etal_2021">{{cite journal |last1=Napier |first1=J. K. |display-authors=etal |title=No Evidence for Orbital Clustering in the Extreme Trans-Neptunian Objects |journal=The Planetary Science Journal |year=2021 |volume=2 |issue=2 |page=59 |doi=10.3847/PSJ/abe53e |arxiv=2102.05601|bibcode=2021PSJ.....2...59N |s2cid=231861808 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Brown_discovery biases">{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Michael E. |title=Observational Bias and the Clustering of Distant Eccentric Kuiper Belt Objects |date=2017 |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |volume=154 |issue=2 |page=65 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aa79f4 |arxiv=1706.04175 |bibcode=2017AJ....154...65B |s2cid=56043830 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Brown_Batygin_2019">{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Michael E. |last2=Batygin |first2=Konstantin |title=Orbital Clustering in the Distant Solar System |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |date=2019 |volume=157 |issue=2 |page=62 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aaf051 |url=http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/ps/clustering.pdf |arxiv=1901.07115 |bibcode=2019AJ....157...62B |s2cid=119361145 |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=23 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123071330/http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/ps/clustering.pdf |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=sciamGiantGhost>{{cite web |last=Choi |first=Charles Q. |date=25 October 2016 |title=Closing in on a Giant Ghost Planet |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/closing-in-on-a-giant-ghost-planet/ |website=[[Scientific American]] |access-date=21 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728115415/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/closing-in-on-a-giant-ghost-planet/ |archive-date=28 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Shankman_etal_2016_10">{{cite journal |last1=Shankman |first1=Cory |last2=Kavelaars |first2=J.J. |last3=Lawler |first3=Samantha |last4=Bannister |first4=Michelle |date=2017 |title=Consequences of a Distant Massive Planet on the Large Semi-Major Axis Trans-Neptunian Objects |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |volume=153 |issue=2 |page=63 |arxiv=1610.04251 |bibcode=2017AJ....153...63S |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/153/2/63 |s2cid=56067774 |url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/consequences-of-a-distant-massive-planet-on-the-large-semimajor-axis-transneptunian-objects(f94859e2-eab4-46de-8b90-d7028d7bccdd).html |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114092120/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/consequences-of-a-distant-massive-planet-on-the-large-semimajor-axis-transneptunian-objects(f94859e2-eab4-46de-8b90-d7028d7bccdd).html |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Madigan_McCourt_2016">{{cite journal |last1=Madigan |first1=Ane-Marie |last2=McCourt |first2=Michael |title=A New Inclination Instability Reshapes Keplerian Discs into Cones: Application to the Outer Solar System |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters]] |date=2016 |volume=457 |issue=1 |pages=L89–93 |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slv203 |arxiv=1509.08920 |bibcode=2016MNRAS.457L..89M |s2cid=119181329}}</ref>

<ref name="Madigan_etal_2018">{{cite journal |last1=Madigan |first1=Ann-Marie |last2=Zderic |first2=Alexander |last3=McCourt |first3=Michael |last4=Fleisig |first4=Jacob |title=On the Dynamics of the Inclination Instability |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |volume=156 |issue=4 |page=141 |date=2018 |arxiv=1805.03651|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aad95c |pmid=31379384 |pmc=6677160 |bibcode=2018AJ....156..141M |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=spaceplanet9>{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=4 February 2016 |title='Planet Nine'? Cosmic objects' strange orbits may have a different explanation |url=http://www.space.com/31817-planet-nine-existence-question.html |website=[[Space.com]] |quote=We need more mass in the outer solar system," she (Madigan) said. "So it can either come from having more minor planets, and their self-gravity will do this to themselves naturally, or it could be in the form of one single massive planet—a Planet Nine. So it's a really exciting time, and we're going to discover one or the other.|access-date=8 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208095024/http://www.space.com/31817-planet-nine-existence-question.html |archive-date=8 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=planet9ornot>{{cite web |last=Snell |first=Jason |date=5 February 2016 |title=This Week in Space: Weird Pluto and No Plan for Mars |url=https://www.yahoo.com/tech/this-week-in-space-weird-pluto-and-no-plan-for-183233179.html |website=[[Yahoo! Tech]] |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818145649/https://www.yahoo.com/tech/this-week-in-space-weird-pluto-and-no-plan-for-183233179.html |archive-date=18 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Fan_Batygin_2017">{{cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Siteng |last2=Batygin |first2=Konstantin |title=Simulations of the Solar System's early dynamical evolution with a self-gravitating planetesimal disk |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=851 |issue=2 |pages=L37 |year=2017 |arxiv=1712.07193 |bibcode=2017ApJ...851L..37F |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aa9f0b |s2cid=55887558 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Skibba2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/planet-nine-could-be-a-mirage/|title=Planet Nine Could Be a Mirage|first=Ramin|last=Skibba|website=Scientific American|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507025819/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/planet-nine-could-be-a-mirage/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Zderic_etal_2020">{{cite journal |last1=Zderic |first1=Alexander |last2=Collier |first2=Angela |last3=Tiongco |first3=Maria |last4=Madigan |first4=Ann-Marie |title=Apsidal Clustering following the Inclination Instability |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2020 |volume=895 |issue=2 |pages=L27 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab91a0 |arxiv=2004.01198|bibcode=2020ApJ...895L..27Z |s2cid=214794969 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Zderic_Madigan_2020">{{cite journal |last1=Zderic |first1=Alexander |last2=Madigan |first2=Ann-Marie |title=Giant Planet Influence on the Collective Gravity of a Primordial Scattered Disk |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=2020 |volume=160 |issue=1 |page=50 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ab962f |arxiv=2004.00037|bibcode=2020AJ....160...50Z |s2cid=214743005 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Zedric_etal_2021">{{cite journal |last1=Zderic |first1=Alexander |last2=Tiongco |first2=Maria |last3=Collier |first3=Angela |last4=Wernke |first4=Heather |last5=Generozov |first5=Aleksey |last6=Madigan |first6=Ann-Marie |title=A Lopsided Outer Solar System? |journal=The Astronomical Journal |year=2021 |volume=162 |issue=6 |page=278 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ac2def |arxiv=2106.09739|bibcode=2021AJ....162..278Z |s2cid=235485138 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Seilian_Touma_2019">{{cite journal |last1=Sefilian |first1=Antranik A. |last2=Touma |first2=Jihad R. |title=Shepherding in a Self-gravitating Disk of Trans-Neptunian Objects |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |date=2019 |volume=157 |issue=2 |page=59 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aaf0fc |pmid=33551453 |pmc=7822068 |arxiv=1804.06859|bibcode=2019AJ....157...59S |s2cid=118965345 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

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<ref name=Shannon_NewSci>{{cite web |last=Hall |first=Shannon |date=20 April 2016 |title=We Are Closing in on Possible Whereabouts of Planet Nine |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2084924-we-are-closing-in-on-possible-whereabouts-of-planet-nine/ |website=[[New Scientist]] |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617082953/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2084924-we-are-closing-in-on-possible-whereabouts-of-planet-nine/ |archive-date=17 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

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<ref name=searchformoreSedna>{{cite web |first=Nicole |last=Mortillaro |date=9 February 2016 |title=Meet Mike Brown: Pluto Killer and the Man Who Brought Us Planet 9 |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/2500010/meet-mike-brown-pluto-killer-and-the-man-who-brought-us-planet-9/ |website=[[Global News]] |quote={{-'}}It was that search for more objects like Sedna ... led to the realization ... that they're all being pulled off in one direction by something. And that's what finally led us down the hole that there must be a big planet out there.' —Mike Brown |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210095238/http://globalnews.ca/news/2500010/meet-mike-brown-pluto-killer-and-the-man-who-brought-us-planet-9/ |archive-date=10 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=SpaceCom>{{cite web |last1=Wall |first1=Mike |date=21 January 2016 |title=How Astronomers Could Actually See 'Planet Nine' |url=http://www.space.com/31677-astronomers-could-see-planet-nine.html |website=[[Space.com]] |access-date=24 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123220605/http://www.space.com/31677-astronomers-could-see-planet-nine.html |archive-date=23 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=crockettnewclues>{{cite magazine |first=Christopher |last=Crockett |date=5 July 2016 |title=New Clues in Search for Planet Nine |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/new-clues-search-planet-nine |magazine=[[Science News]] |access-date=6 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705130303/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/new-clues-search-planet-nine |archive-date=5 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

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<ref name=discoverPerspective>{{cite magazine |last=Powel |first=Corey S. |date=22 January 2016 |title=A Little Perspective on the New "9th&nbsp;Planet" (and the 10th, and the 11th) |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/outthere/2016/01/22/new-9th-planet/#.VqYOnZp97iw |magazine=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714182831/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/outthere/2016/01/22/new-9th-planet/#.VqYOnZp97iw |archive-date=14 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Cowan2016">{{cite journal |last1=Cowan |first1=Nicolas B. |last2=Holder |first2=Gil |last3=Kaib |first3=Nathan A. |date=2016 |title=Cosmologists in Search of Planet Nine: the Case for CMB Experiments |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |volume=822 |issue=1 |pages=L2 |arxiv=1602.05963 |bibcode=2016ApJ...822L...2C |doi=10.3847/2041-8205/822/1/L2 |s2cid=119308822 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Aron_2016">{{cite web |last1=Aron |first1=Jacob |date=24 February 2016 |title=Planet Nine Hunters Enlist Big Bang Telescopes and Saturn Probe |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2078757-planet-nine-hunters-enlist-big-bang-telescopes-and-saturn-probe/ |website=[[New Scientist]] |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225105639/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2078757-planet-nine-hunters-enlist-big-bang-telescopes-and-saturn-probe/ |archive-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Wood2018">{{cite news |title=Is there a mysterious Planet Nine lurking in our Solar system beyond Neptune? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first=Charlie |last=Wood |date=2 September 2018 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/is-there-a-mysterious-planet-nine-lurking-in-our-solar-system-beyond-neptune/2018/08/31/1957c8ca-a495-11e8-8fac-12e98c13528d_story.html |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902220558/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/is-there-a-mysterious-planet-nine-lurking-in-our-solar-system-beyond-neptune/2018/08/31/1957c8ca-a495-11e8-8fac-12e98c13528d_story.html |archive-date=2 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=aasnovacmb>{{cite web |last=Kohler |first=Susanna |date=25 April 2016 |title=Can CMB experiments find Planet Nine? |url=http://aasnova.org/2016/04/25/can-cmb-experiments-find-planet-nine/ |website=AAS Nova |publisher=[[American Astronomical Society]] |access-date=29 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531185715/http://aasnova.org/2016/04/25/can-cmb-experiments-find-planet-nine/ |archive-date=31 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Naess_etal_2021">{{cite journal |last1=Naess |first1=Sigurd |display-authors=et al |title=The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A Search for Planet 9 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2021 |volume=923 |issue=2 |page=224 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ac2307 |arxiv=2104.10264|bibcode=2021ApJ...923..224N |s2cid=233324478 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="earthsky20170220">{{cite news |url=http://earthsky.org/space/help-astronomers-look-for-planet-9 |title=Help Astronomers Look for Planet 9 |work=[[EarthSky]] |first1=Deborah |last1=Byrd |first2=Eleanor |last2=Imster |date=20 February 2017 |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410062214/http://earthsky.org/space/help-astronomers-look-for-planet-9 |archive-date=10 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="csmonitor20170217">{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/Spacebound/2017/0217/Hunt-for-Planet-9-how-you-can-help-NASA-search-for-brown-dwarfs-and-low-mass-stars |title=Hunt for Planet 9: How You Can Help NASA Search for Brown Dwarfs and Low-Mass Stars |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |first=Story |last=Hinckley |date=17 February 2017 |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408225037/http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/Spacebound/2017/0217/Hunt-for-Planet-9-how-you-can-help-NASA-search-for-brown-dwarfs-and-low-mass-stars |archive-date=8 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="earthsky20170327">{{cite news |url=http://earthsky.org/space/anu-citizen-science-search-for-planet-9 |title=Another Planet 9 Search! You Can Help |work=[[EarthSky]] |first=Deborah |last=Byrd |date=27 March 2017 |access-date=8 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409131625/http://earthsky.org/space/anu-citizen-science-search-for-planet-9 |archive-date=9 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="space20170403">{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/36322-planet-nine-candidates-citizen-science.html |title=Where's Planet Nine? Citizen Scientists Spot 4 Possible Candidates |work=[[Space.com]] |first=Mike |last=Wall |date=3 April 2017 |access-date=8 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409112829/http://www.space.com/36322-planet-nine-candidates-citizen-science.html |archive-date=9 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=findp9>{{cite web |last=Strom |first=Marcus |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/you-can-help-find-planet-nine-from-outer-space-through-citizen-science-20170216-gue44k.html|title=You Can Help Find Planet Nine from Outer Space Through Citizen Science|website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=16 February 2017|access-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618025523/https://www.smh.com.au/technology/you-can-help-find-planet-nine-from-outer-space-through-citizen-science-20170216-gue44k.html|archive-date=18 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Zooniverse">{{Cite web|title=Catalina Outer Solar System Survey – About|url=https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/fulsdavid/catalina-outer-solar-system-survey/about/faq|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Catalina Outer Solar System Survey|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917122910/https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/fulsdavid/catalina-outer-solar-system-survey/about/faq|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Comb">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-11|title=Comb the Edges of the Solar System with the Catalina Outer Solar System Survey|url=https://science.nasa.gov/citizenscience/news/catalina-outer-solar-system-survey|access-date=2020-09-01|website=NASA Science|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929165411/https://science.nasa.gov/citizenscience/news/catalina-outer-solar-system-survey|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=Fienga_2016>{{cite journal |last1=Fienga |first1=A. |last2=Laskar |first2=J. |last3=Manche |first3=H. |last4=Gastineau |first4=M. |date=2016 |title=Constraints on the Location of a Possible 9th Planet Derived from the Cassini Data |journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]] |volume=587 |issue=1 |pages=L8 |arxiv=1602.06116 |bibcode=2016A&A...587L...8F |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201628227 |s2cid=119116589}}</ref>

<ref name=findingNine>{{cite journal |first1=Carlos |last1=de la Fuente Marcos |first2=Raúl |last2=de la Fuente Marcos |year=2016 |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters]] |volume=459 |issue=1 |pages=L66–L70 |title=Finding Planet Nine: a Monte Carlo Approach |arxiv=1603.06520 |bibcode=2016MNRAS.459L..66D |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slw049 |s2cid=118433545}}</ref>

<ref name=peripole>{{cite journal |last1=de la Fuente Marcos |first1=Carlos |last2=de la Fuente Marcos |first2=Raúl |year=2016 |title=Finding Planet Nine: Apsidal Anti-Alignment Monte Carlo Results |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=462 |issue=2 |pages=1972–1977 |arxiv=1607.05633 |bibcode=2016MNRAS.462.1972D |doi=10.1093/mnras/stw1778 |s2cid=119212828}}</ref>

<ref name="Holman_Payne_Cassini">{{cite journal |last1=Holman |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Payne |first2=Matthew J. |title=Observational Constraints on Planet Nine: Cassini Range Observations |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |date=2016 |volume=152 |issue=4 |page=94 |doi=10.3847/0004-6256/152/4/94 |arxiv=1604.03180 |bibcode=2016AJ....152...94H |s2cid=118618464 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="JPL">{{cite web |date=8 April 2016 |title=Saturn Spacecraft Not Affected by Hypothetical Planet 9 |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6200 |website=[[NASA]]/[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] |access-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416140310/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6200 |archive-date=16 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=Holman-Payne>{{cite journal |last1=Holman |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Payne |first2=Matthew J. |date=9 September 2016 |title=Observational Constraints on Planet Nine: Astrometry of Pluto and Other Trans-Neptunian Objects |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |volume=152 |issue=4 |page=80 |arxiv=1603.09008 |bibcode=2016AJ....152...80H |doi=10.3847/0004-6256/152/4/80 |s2cid=119189007 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Medvedev_etal_2017">{{cite journal |last1=Medvedev |first1=Yu D. |last2=Vavilov |first2=D.E. |last3=Bondarenko |first3=Yu S. |last4=Bulekbaev |first4=D.A. |last5=Kunturova |first5=N.B. |title=Improvement of the Position of Planet X Based on the Motion of Nearly Parabolic Comets |journal=[[Astronomy Letters]] |date=2017 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=120–125 |doi=10.1134/S1063773717020037 |bibcode=2017AstL...43..120M |s2cid=125957280}}</ref>

<ref name="Rice_Laughlin_2019">{{cite journal |last1=Rice |first1=Malena |last2=Laughlin |first2=Gregory |title=The Case for a Large-Scale Occultation Network |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=158 |issue=1 |pages=19 |date=2019 |arxiv=1905.06354|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ab21df |bibcode=2019AJ....158...19R |s2cid=155099837 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Millholland_Laughlin_2017">{{cite journal |last1=Millholland |first1=Sarah |last2=Laughlin |first2=Gregory |title=Constraints on Planet Nine's Orbit and Sky Position within a Framework of Mean-Motion Resonances |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |date=2017 |volume=153 |issue=3 |page=91 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/153/3/91 |arxiv=1612.07774 |bibcode=2017AJ....153...91M |s2cid=119325788 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Millholland_3D_orbit">{{cite journal |last1=Millholland |first1=Sarah |last2=Laughlin |first2=Gregory |title=Constraints on Planet Nine's Orbit and Sky Position within a Framework of Mean-Motion Resonances |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |date=2017 |volume=153 |issue=3 |page=91 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/153/3/91 |arxiv=1612.07774 |bibcode=2017AJ....153...91M |s2cid=119325788 |doi-access=free }} supplemented by {{cite web |last1=Millholland |first1=Sarah |title=Planet Nine's Orbit in Space |website=[[GitHub]] |url=https://smillholland.github.io/P9_Orbit/ |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221005255/https://smillholland.github.io/P9_Orbit/ |archive-date=21 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=moreplanets>{{cite journal |last1=de la Fuente Marcos |first1=Carlos |last2=de la Fuente Marcos |first2=Raúl |year=2016 |title=Commensurabilities between ETNOs: a Monte Carlo survey |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters]] |volume=460 |issue=1 |pages=L64–L68 |arxiv=1604.05881 |bibcode=2016MNRAS.460L..64D |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slw077 |s2cid=119110892}}</ref>

<ref name="Kaine_etal_2018">{{cite journal |last1=Kaine |first1=T. |display-authors=etal|title=Dynamical Analysis of Three Distant Trans-Neptunian Objects with Similar Orbits |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=2018 |volume=156 |issue=6 |page=273 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aaeb2a |arxiv=1810.10084 |bibcode=2018AJ....156..273K |s2cid=85440531 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Bailey_etal_2018">{{cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Brown |first2=Michael E. |last3=Batygin |first3=Konstantin |title=Feasibility of a Resonance-Based Planet Nine Search |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |date=2018 |volume=156 |issue=2 |page=74 |arxiv=1809.02594 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aaccf4|bibcode=2018AJ....156...74B |s2cid=55192116 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=HD106906b>{{cite web|publisher=nasa.gov|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/hubble-pins-down-weird-exoplanet-with-far-flung-orbit|title=Hubble Pins Down Weird Exoplanet with Far-Flung Orbit|date=10 December 2020|access-date=18 December 2020|archive-date=19 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219040919/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/hubble-pins-down-weird-exoplanet-with-far-flung-orbit/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MIT2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/03/05/136785/theres-probably-another-planet-in-our-solar-system/|title=There's probably another planet in our solar system|date=5 March 2019|access-date=8 March 2021|publisher=MIT Technology Review|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416104929/https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/03/05/136785/theres-probably-another-planet-in-our-solar-system/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IAU">{{cite web |title=Naming of Astronomical Objects |url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming/ |website=[[International Astronomical Union]] |access-date=25 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617214812/http://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming/ |archive-date=17 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=planetnames>{{cite web |last=Totten |first=Sanden |date=22 January 2016 |title=Planet 9: What Should Its Name Be If It's Found? |url=http://www.scpr.org/news/2016/01/22/56998/planet-9-what-should-its-name-be-if-it-s-found |website=[[KPCC (radio station)|89.3 KPCC]] |access-date=7 February 2016 |quote={{-'}}We like to be consistent,' said Rosaly Lopes, a senior research scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and a member of the IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature. ... For a planet in our solar system, being consistent means sticking to the theme of giving them names from Greek and Roman mythology. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207085353/http://www.scpr.org/news/2016/01/22/56998/planet-9-what-should-its-name-be-if-it-s-found/ |archive-date=7 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Fesemaier_2016">{{cite web |last1=Fesenmaier |first1=Kimm |title=Caltech Researchers Find Evidence of a Real Ninth Planet |date=20 January 2016 |url=http://www.caltech.edu/news/caltech-researchers-find-evidence-real-ninth-planet-49523 |website=[[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]] |access-date=15 January 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116051438/http://www.caltech.edu/news/caltech-researchers-find-evidence-real-ninth-planet-49523 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Lemonick">{{Citation|author=Lemonick, M. D.|year=2016|title=Planet Nine from Outer Space|journal=Scientific American|volume=314|issue=5|page=36|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0516-36 |pmid=27100252 |bibcode=2016SciAm.314e..36L}}</ref>

<ref name="Batygin1">{{Citation|title=Planet Nine from Outer Space|author=Batygin, Konstantin|journal = American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts |year=2017|volume = 230|pages = 211.01|bibcode=2017AAS...23021101B}}</ref>

<ref name="Batygin2">{{Citation|title=Planet Nine from Outer Space|author1=Batygin, Konstantin|author2=Brown, Michael|journal=42nd Cospar Scientific Assembly|year=2018|volume=42|pages=PIR.1–14–18|bibcode=2018cosp...42E.229B}}</ref>

<ref name="Brown">{{Citation|title=Planet Nine from Outer Space|author=Brown, Mike|publisher=Caltech Astro|date=15 March 2019|access-date=8 April 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zw5MDh_wpnI?t=1|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228100238/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zw5MDh_wpnI|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="TechRepublic2006">{{cite web| title = Planet X Marks the Spot| work = TechRepublic| date = 2006| url = http://www.sunflower-astronomy.com/KCKCC_Docs/NewsArticles/Geek_Trivia_Planet_X_marks_the_spot.pdf| access-date = 13 July 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080910074246/http://www.sunflower-astronomy.com/KCKCC_Docs/NewsArticles/Geek_Trivia_Planet_X_marks_the_spot.pdf| archive-date = 10 September 2008| url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="Xv9">{{cite web | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/planet-nine-x-name-argument-2018-6 | title = Is It Planet 9 or Planet X? Scientists Spar over What to Call the Solar System's Hypothetical Missing World | website = [[Business Insider]] | first = Dave | last = Mosher | date = 7 June 2018 | access-date = 2018-06-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180608090727/http://www.businessinsider.com/planet-nine-x-name-argument-2018-6 | archive-date= 8 June 2018 | url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="Abell2018">{{cite journal |journal = Planetary Exploration Newsletter |url = http://planetarynews.org/archive18/pen_v12_n31_180729.txt |title = On The Insensitive Use of the Term 'Planet 9' for Objects Beyond Pluto |author = Paul Abell |display-authors = etal |volume = 12 |number = 31 |date = 29 July 2018 |access-date = 2019-01-15 |archive-date = 17 August 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161646/http://planetarynews.org/archive18/pen_v12_n31_180729.txt |url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="Katwala">{{cite web |title=The unending hunt for Planet Nine, our solar system's hidden world |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/search-for-planet-nine-planet-x-solar-system |author=Amit Katwala |website=wired.co.uk |date=24 September 2018 |access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Rice_Laughlin_TESS_2020">{{cite journal |last1=Rice |first1=Malena |last2=Laughlin |first2=Gregory |title=Exploring Trans-Neptunian Space with TESS: A Targeted Shift-stacking Search for Planet Nine and Distant TNOs in the Galactic Plane |journal= [[The Planetary Science Journal]] |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=81 (18 pp.) |date=December 2020 |arxiv=2010.13791|doi=10.3847/PSJ/abc42c |bibcode=2020PSJ.....1...81R |s2cid=225075671 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="WHT_2022">{{cite journal |last1=de la Fuente Marcos |first1=Carlos |last2=de la Fuente Marcos |first2=Raúl |last3=Vaduvescu |first3=Ovidiu | last4=Stanescu |first4=Malin |title=Distant trans-Neptunian object candidates from NASA's TESS mission scrutinized: fainter than predicted or false positives? | journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters]] |volume=513 |issue=1 |pages=L78–L82 |arxiv=2204.02230 |bibcode=2022MNRAS.513L..78D |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slac036 |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article-abstract/513/1/L78/6565292 |date=June 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="ING_PR">{{cite web |url=https://www.ing.iac.es/PR/press/tess.html |title=Distant Trans-Neptunian Object Candidates: Fainter Than Predicted or False Positives? |date=20 May 2022}} </ref>
}}
}}

== 外部連結 ==
<!-- Do not spam this list! We will give you a nasty taunting. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ey0wvGiAH9g -->
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://findplanetnine.blogspot.com/ The Search for Planet Nine] – Blog by Brown and Batygin
* [https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/hypothetical-planet-x/in-depth/ Hypothetical Planet X] – NASA Planetary Science Division



{{太阳系}}
{{太阳系}}

2024年4月10日 (三) 18:03的版本

Planet Nine
Planet Nine depicted as a dark sphere distant from the Sun with the Milky Way in the background.
藝術家對第九行星的印象,它使銀河系中央黯然失色,遠處是太陽;海王星的軌道顯示為圍繞太陽的小橢圓(參見帶標籤的版本
軌道參數
遠日點560+260
−140
AU[1]
近日點340+80
−70
AU[1]
半長軸460+160
−100
AU[1]
離心率0.20.5[2]
軌道週期9,900+5,500
−3,100
yr[A]
軌道傾角16+5
°[3]
近日點參數150° (est.)[4]
物理特徵
質量6.3+2.3
−1.5
M🜨[1]
視星等~21[3]

第九行星(英語:Planet Nine)是位於太陽系外圍假想行星[2][4]。它的引力效應可以解釋一組極端海王星外天體軌道的特殊聚集,這些天體位於海王星之外,繞太陽運行的平均距離是地球的250倍以上。這些極端海王星外天體往往在一個扇形區內最接近太陽,其軌道也有類似的傾斜。這些排列表明,一顆未被發現的行星可能正在引導已知最遙遠的太陽系天體的軌道[4][5][6]。儘管如此,一些天文學家仍對這一結論提出了質疑,並斷言這是由於在一年中的大部分時間裏發現和跟踪這些天體的困難,因此是由於觀測偏差造成極端海王星外天體軌道的聚集[7]

基於早期的考慮,預測這顆假設的超級地球大小的行星的質量是地球的五到十倍,距離太陽的細長軌道是地球的400到800倍。2021年對軌道的估計進行了改進,得出了較小的半長軸為380+140
−80
AU[3]。此後不久更新為460 +160
−100
AU[1]康斯坦丁·巴蒂金英语Konstantin Batygin麥克·布朗提出,第九行星可能是一顆巨行星核心,該行星在太陽系起源期間被木星從其原始軌道拋出。其他人提出這顆行星是從另一顆恆星捕獲[8],之前是一顆星際行星;或者它在遙遠的軌道上形成,並被一顆經過的恆星拉入偏心軌道[4]

儘管廣域紅外線巡天探測衛星(WISE)和泛星計劃等巡天都沒有探測到第九行星,但它們並沒有排除在外太陽系中存在海王星直徑的天體[9][10]。過去的這些巡天探測第九行星的能力取決於它的位置和特徵。正在使用NEOWISE和8米昴星團望遠鏡對其餘區域進行進一步調查[11][12]。除非觀測到第九行星,否則它的存在純屬猜測。已經提出了幾種替代假設來解釋觀察到的海王星外天體(TNO)的聚集。

歷史

在1846年海王星的發現英语Discovery of Neptune之後,有相當多的猜測認為有可能另一顆行星存在於其軌道之外。其中最著名的理論預測了一顆遙遠行星的存在,這顆行星正在影響天王星海王星的軌道。經過廣泛的計算,帕西瓦爾·羅威爾預測了這顆假想的跨海王星行星的可能軌道和位置,並於1906年開始對其進行廣泛的蒐索。他將這個假想物體稱為「X行星」;這個名字之前曾被加布裏埃爾·達利特英語:Gabriel Dallet[13][14]克萊德·湯博繼續了羅威爾的搜尋,並於1930年發現冥王星,但很快就被確定為太小,不符合羅威爾的X行星的資格[15]。1989年航海家2號飛越海王星後,天王星的預測軌道和觀測軌道之間的差異被確定是由於使用了以前不準確的海王星質量[16]

通過軌道擾動等間接手段探測海王星以外的行星的嘗試可以追溯到發現冥王星之前。其中第一位是喬治·福布斯 (科學家)英语George Forbes (scientist),他在1880年假設存在兩顆跨海王星行星。第一顆與太陽的平均距離或半長軸為100 天文單位(AU),是地球的100倍,第二顆將具有 300 AU 的半長軸。他的工作被認為與最近的第九行星理論相似,因為行星將負責幾個物體軌道的群集,在這種情況下,週期性彗星遠日點距離的群集接近100和300天文單位。這類似於木星族彗星在其軌道附近群集[17][18]

在2004年,發現軌道特殊的小行星塞德娜,導致人們猜測它遇到了一個巨大的天體,而不是已知的任何行星之一。塞德娜的軌道是獨立軌道近日點距離為76天文單位,因此即使通過近日點時也不會受到海王星引力影響其軌跡的海王星外天體。有幾位作者提出,塞德娜是在遇到一個巨大的天體後進入這個軌道的,例如遙遠軌道上的未知行星,與形成太陽的疏散星團的成員,或後來經過太陽系附近的另一顆恆星[19][20]。2014年3月,在類似的軌道上發現了第二個近日點距離為80天文單位的類塞德娜天體2012 VP113,這再次引發了人們的猜測,即遙遠的太陽系中仍然存在一個未知的超級地球[21][22]

在2012年的一次會議上,羅德尼·戈麥斯(英語:Rodney Gomes)提出:一顆未被發現的行星負責一些軌道獨立的ETNO的軌道,並且有著巨大半長軸半人馬小行星,而這些太陽系小天體們穿過巨行星的軌道[23][24]。擬議的海王星質量行星將位於遙遠(1500 AU)、偏心(離心率 0.4)和傾斜(傾角 :40°)的軌道上。像第九行星一樣,它會導致半長軸大於300天文單位的物體的近日點振盪,將一些送入行星交叉軌道,而另一些則進入像塞德娜這樣的獨立軌道。戈麥斯、蘇亞雷斯(英語:Soares)和布拉瑟(英語:Brasser)在2015年發表了一篇文章,詳細介紹了他們的論點[25]

2014年,天文學家查德·楚希羅史考特·桑德·雪柏注意到塞德娜和2012 VP113以及其它幾個ETNO的軌道相似。他們提出,一顆位於200至300天文單位之間圓形軌道上的未知行星正在擾亂它們的軌道[5]。那年晚些時候,勞爾和卡洛斯·德拉富恩特·馬科斯認為,軌道共振中的兩顆大質量行星是產生如此多軌道的相似性所必需的,當時已知有13顆獨立軌道的小行星[26]。使用39顆ETNO的更大樣本,他們估計較近的行星的半長軸在300-400天文單位範圍內,離心率相對較低,傾角接近14度[27]

巴蒂金和布朗的假說

Starfield with hypothetical path of Planet Nine
一條依據假想的第九行星遠日點推導出,由西向東穿過獵戶座的路徑。它源自布朗的部落格上的意境構思[28]

2016年初,加州理工學院的芭蒂金和布朗描述了第九行星如何解釋六個ETNO的相似軌道,並提出了該行星可能的軌道[4]。這個假說也可以解釋軌道垂直內行星的ETNOs[4]和其它有極端傾斜的小行星[29],並被作為對太陽旋轉軸傾斜的解釋[30]

軌道

最初假設第九行星以橢圓軌道繞太陽運行,偏心率為0.2 to 0.5,其半長軸估計為400 to 800 AU[B],大約是海王星到太陽距離的13到26倍。這顆行星需要10,000到20,000年的時間才能繞太陽運行一個完整的軌道,並且它與地球軌道平面黃道的傾角預計為15° to 25°[2][31][C]。遠日點,即或離太陽最遠的點,將位於金牛座[32],而近日點是離太陽最近的點,將位於巨蛇座(頭)、蛇夫座天秤座[33][34]。布朗認為,如果第九行星存在,那麼使用動力彈弓軌跡可以在短短20年內到達它[35]

質量和半徑

據估計,這顆行星的質量是地球的5到10倍,半徑是地球的2到4倍[2]。布朗認為,如果第九行星存在,它的質量足以在45億年(太陽系的年齡)裡清除其軌道,以它的引力支配著太陽系的外緣,這足以使它符合成為行星的當前定義 [36]。天文學家讓-呂克·瑪戈特(Jean-Luc Margot)也表示,第九行星符合它的標準,如果它被探測到,將有資格成為一顆行星[37][38]

起源

已經研究了第九行星的幾種可能起源,包括它從已知巨行星附近拋射,從另一顆恆星捕獲,以及「原位形成」。在他們最初的文章中,巴蒂金和布朗提出,第九行星在離太陽更近的地方形成,並在星雲時代與木星土星近距離接觸後,被拋射到遙遠的偏心軌道[4]。然後,要麼是附近恆星的引力,要麼是來自太陽星雲的氣態殘餘物的拖曳[39]降低了其軌道的偏心率。這個過程提高了它的近日點,使它不受其他行星的影響,處於一個非常寬闊但穩定的軌道上[40][41]

據估計,這種情況發生的幾率僅為百分之幾[42]。如果它沒有被扔進太陽系最遠的地方,第九行星可能會從原行星盤中吸積更多的質量,並發展成氣態巨行星冰巨行星的核心[36][43]。相對的,它的增長很早就停止了,使它的質量低於天王星或海王星[44]

來自巨大的小行星帶的動態摩擦也可能使第九行星被捕獲到一個穩定的軌道上。最近的模型表明,60–130M🜨的小行星盤可能是在氣體從原行星盤的外部清除時形成的[45]。當第九行星穿過這個圓盤時,它的引力會改變單個物體的路徑,從而降低第九行星相對於它的速度。這將降低第九行星的離心率並穩定其軌道。如果這個圓盤有一個遙遠的內邊緣,即100–200{{{2}}},一顆遇到海王星的行星將有20%的幾率在與第九行星相似的軌道上被捕獲,如果內緣在200{{{2}}},更有可能觀測到軌道的群集。與氣態星雲不同,小行星盤可能已經存在很長時間,因此可能允許後來的捕獲[46]

與另一顆恆星的相遇也可能改變遙遠行星的軌道,將其從圓形軌道轉變為偏心軌道。在這個距離上「原位」形成一顆行星需要一個非常巨大和廣泛的圓盤[4],或者固體在消散的盤中向外漂移,形成一個狹窄的環,行星從這個環中吸積了十億年[47]。如果一顆行星在太陽處於其原始星團中時,在如此遠的距離上形成,那麼它在高度偏心的軌道上與太陽保持束縛的概率約為10%[48]。然而,當太陽仍然在它形成的疏散星團中時,任何延伸的圓盤都會受到經過的恆星引力破壞和光蒸發造成質量的損失[2]

第九行星可能是在太陽和另一顆恆星近距離接觸中,從太陽系外捕獲的。如果一顆行星在圍繞這顆恆星的遙遠軌道上,三體在相遇期間的相互作用可能會改變行星的路徑,使其處於圍繞太陽的穩定軌道上。一顆起源於沒有木星質量行星系統中的行星,可能會在遙遠的偏心軌道上停留更長的時間,從而增加其被捕獲的機會[8]。更廣泛的可能軌道範圍將使它在相對低傾角軌道上被捕獲的幾率降低到1-2%[48]Amir SirajAvi Loeb發現,如果太陽曾經有一個遙遠的、質量相等的聯星伴星,那麼太陽奪取第九行星的幾率就會增加20倍[49][50]。這個過程也可能發生在星際行星上,但它們被捕獲的可能性要小得多,只有0.05-0.10%被捕獲在類似於第九行星的軌道上[51]

證據

第九行星的引力影響可以解釋太陽系的四個特點[52]

  • ETNO軌道的群集;
  • 塞德娜這樣的天體的高近日點,它們是獨立,不受海王星的影響;
  • ETNO的高傾角,其軌道大致垂直於八顆已知行星的軌道;
  • 半長軸小於100 AU的高傾角海王星外天體(TNO)。

第九行星最初被提出來解釋軌道的群集,通過一種機制來解釋像塞德娜這樣的天體的高近日點。其中一些天體演變成垂直軌道是出乎意料的,但發現與先前觀察到的天體相匹配。後來發現,當其它行星被納入模擬時,一些具有垂直軌道的物體的軌道會向較小的半長軸方向演化。儘管已經為這些特性提供了許多其它機制,但第九行星的引力影響是唯一可以解釋所有四種現象的機制。然而,第九行星的引力也會增加穿過其軌道的其它物體的傾角,這可能會留下離散盤的物體[53],即在海王星之外軌道運行,半長軸大於50天文單位的天體,以及傾角分佈比觀測到的更寬的短週期彗星[54]。在此之前,第九行星被假設為太陽自轉軸相對於行星軌道傾斜 6 度的原因[55],但最近對其預測軌道和質量的更新將這種偏移限制在〜1度[2]

觀測:高近日點天體的軌道群集

Orbit of a celestial body is shown as a tilted ellipse intersecting the ecliptic.
該圖說明了天體的真實異常、近心點的論點、升交點的經度和傾角。
天體的軌道顯示為與黃道相交的傾斜橢圓。
該圖說明瞭天體的真實異常、近心點的論點、升交點的經度和傾角。

特魯希略和謝潑德最早描述了具有大半長軸的海王星外天體軌道的群集,他們注意到塞德娜和類塞德娜的2012 VP113軌道之間的相似性。如果沒有第九行星的存在,這些軌道應該是隨機分佈的,沒有偏好任何方向。經過進一步分析,特魯希略和謝潑德觀察到,近日點大於30 AU且半長軸大於150 AU的12個海王星外天體的近日點參數聚集在零度附近,這意味著當它們最接近太陽時,它們會升至黃道上方。特魯希略和謝潑德提出,這種排列是由海王星以外的一顆巨大的未知行星通過古在機制引起的[5]。對於具有相似半長軸的物體,古在機制會將其近日點的論點限制在接近0度或180度。這種限制允許具有偏心和傾斜軌道的物體避免靠近行星,因為它們會在距離太陽最近和最遠的點之間穿過行星軌道的平面,並在它們遠高於或低於其軌道時穿過行星的軌道[26][56]。特魯希略和謝潑德關於這些物體如何通過古在機制對齊的假設,已被進一步的分析和證據所取代[4]

巴蒂金和布朗試圖反駁特魯希略和謝潑德提出的機制,還檢查了具有大半長軸的海王星外天體的軌道[4]。在排除了特魯希略和謝潑德的原始分析中由於接近海王星而不穩定,或受到海王星平均運動共振影響的物體後,巴蒂金和布朗確定其餘六個物體的近日點論點(塞德娜、2012 VP113小行星474640英语474640 Alicanto2010 GB1742000 CR105、和2010 VZ98)被群集在一起,大約在318°±。這一發現與古在機制如何傾向於將軌道與近日點在0°或180°的論點對齊不一致[4][D]

動畫圖從內行星和外行星的軌道縮小到最外層物體的大幅擴展軌道,這些天體指向螢幕的左側。第九行星的假想軌道顯示為一條虛線。
六個遙遠的海王星外天體之間的軌道相關性導致了這一假設。(參見:最終幀軌道。)

巴蒂金和布朗還發現,半長軸大於250 AU和近日點超過30 AU的六個ETNO的軌道(塞德娜、2012 VP113、Alicanto、2010 GB1742007 TG422、和2013 RF98),它們在空間上與它們的近日點方向大致相同,導致它們的近日點黃經的群集,這是它們最接近太陽的位置。這六個天體的軌道也相對於黃道的軌道傾斜,並且大約共面,產生了它們的升交點黃經的群集,即它們各自通過黃道上升的方向。他們確定這種對齊組合是偶然的只有0.007%的可能性[4][57][58]。 這六個天體是通過六架望遠鏡的六次不同調查發現的。這使得群集不太可能是由於觀察偏差造成的,例如將望遠鏡指向天空的特定部分。觀測到的群集應該在幾億年後被抹去,因為近日點和升交點的位置發生了變化,或者恆星進動,由於它們的半長軸和偏心率不同,它們以不同的速率變化[E]。這表明群集不可能是由於遙遠的過去的事件造成的[4], 例如,一顆路過的恆星[59],並且很可能由繞太陽運行物體的引力場維持[4]

六顆天體中的兩顆(2013 RF98和Alicanto)也具有非常相似的軌道和光譜[60][61]。這導致了一種建議,即它們是在與遙遠物體相遇時在遠日點附近被破壞的聯星天體。 聯星的破壞需要相對近距離的相遇,但這在離太陽很遠的地方變得不太可能[62]

在後來的一篇文章中,特魯希略和謝潑德指出了近日點的經度與半長軸大於150天文單位的海王星外天體的近日點幅角之間的相關性。近日點經度為 0–120° 的近日點參數在280° 到360° 之間,近日點經度在180° 和 340° 之間的參數在0° 和40° 之間。該相關性的統計學意義為99.99%。他們認為,這種相關性是由於這些物體的軌道通過其軌道上方或下方來避免接近大質量行星[63]

卡洛斯和勞爾·德拉富恩特·馬科斯在2017年的一篇文章中指出,到ETNO升交點的距離分佈,以及半人馬小行星和具有大半長軸的彗星的距離分佈可能是雙峰。他們認為這是由於ETNO避免接近半長軸為300-400天文單位的行星[64][65]。隨著數據的增加(40個物件),ETNO的相互節點距離分佈顯示出最短的相互升交點和降交點距離之間存在統計學上的顯著不對稱性,這可能不是由於觀測偏差,而可能是外部擾動的結果[66][67]

超海王星外天體繞軌道運行
超海王星外天體和第九行星的軌道
六個原始軌道和八顆額外的超海王星外天體,其近日點附近的當前位置為紫色,假設的第九行星軌道為綠色
超海王星外天體和行星軌道的特寫
13顆超海王星外天體當前位置的特寫視圖

模擬:再現觀察到的群集

超海王星外天體軌道的群集和近日點的升高在包括第九行星在內的模擬中再現。在巴蒂金和布朗進行的模擬中,以隨機方向開始的半長軸高達550 AU的離散盤天體群被雕刻成空間受限軌道的近似共線和共面群的高度偏心軌道上。 這使得大多數天體的近日點指向相似的方向,並且天體的軌道具有相似的傾斜度。這些天體中有許多進入了像塞德娜這樣的高近日點軌道,出乎意料的是,有些進入了垂直軌道。巴蒂金和布朗後來注意到這些軌道以前被觀測到過[4]

在他們最初的分析中,巴蒂金和布朗發現,在使用10個地球質量的模擬中,最好的再現前六個超海王星外天體的軌道分佈{{efn-ua|巴蒂金和布朗提供了質量的一個數量級估計。

  • 如果「M」等於0.1地球質量,那麼動力學演化將以異常緩慢的速度進行,太陽系的壽命可能不足以進行所需的軌道雕刻。
  • 如果「M」等於1地球質量,那麼長壽命拱點的反對齊軌道確實會發生,但不穩定軌道的移除將發生在比太陽系當前演化更長的時間尺度上。因此,即使它們會表現出對特定拱點方向的偏好,它們也不會像數據那樣表現出真正的侷限性。
  • 他們還指出,「M」大於10地球質量意味著半長軸更長。因此,他們估計該天體的質量可能在5到15M🜨。位於以下軌道的行星:[F]
  • 半長軸「a」 ≈ 700 AU軌道週期 7001.5=18,520 年)
  • 離心率 「e」 ≈ 0.6,(近日點280 AU遠日點1,120 AU
  • 傾角「i」 ≈ 對黃道傾角30°
  • 升交點黃經「Ω」 ≈ 100°.[G]
  • 近心點幅角「ω」 ≈ 140° 和近心點經度「ω」= 240°[68]

第九行星的這些參數對海王星外天體產生了不同的模擬效果。半長軸大於250天文單位的天體與第九行星強烈反對齊,近日點與第九行星的近日點相對。半長軸在150 AU到250 天文單位之間的天體與第九行星弱對齊,近日點與第九行星的近日點方向相同。半長軸小於150天文單位的天體幾乎沒有受到影響[9]。模擬還顯示,半長軸大於250 AU,如果它們的偏心度較低,就可以有穩定、對齊的軌道。這些天體尚待觀察[4]

還研究了第九行星的其它可能軌道,其半長軸在400 AU1500 AU之間,離心率高達0.8,軌道傾角範圍很廣。這些軌道產生了不同的結果。巴蒂金和布朗發現,如果第九行星有更高的傾角,超海王星外天體的軌道更有可能有類似的傾角,但反對齊也會减少[9]。Becker等人的模擬表明,如果第九行星的離心率較小,它們的軌道會更穩定,但在離心率較高的情况下,反對齊的可能性更大[69]。勞勒等人發現,如果第九行星的軌道是圓形的,那麼與第九行星發生軌道共振時捕獲的天體會更小,到達高傾角軌道的天體也會更少[70]。Cáceres等人的研究表明,如果第九行星的近日點軌道較低,超海王星外天體的軌道會更好地對齊,但其近日點需要高於90 AU[71]。巴蒂金等人後來的研究發現,更高的離心率軌道降低了超海王星外天體軌道的平均傾斜[2]。 雖然第九行星的軌道參數和質量有很多可能的組合,但沒有一種替代模擬能更好地預測觀測到的原始超海王星外天體的排列。更多遙遠太陽系天體的發現將使天文學家能够對這顆假設行星的軌道做出更準確的預測。這些也可能為第九行星假說提供進一步的支持或反駁[72][73]

包括巨行星遷移在內的模擬導致超海王星外天體軌道的排列較弱[54]。對齊的方向也發生了變化,隨著半長軸的增加,從更對齊變為反對齊,隨著近日點距離的增加,也從反對齊變為對齊。後者將導致螺線管的軌道與大多數其它超海王星外天體相反[53]

動力學:第九行星如何改變超海王星外天體的軌道

反響

美國太空總署行星科學部主任吉姆·格林支持麥克·布朗的說法,他認為“現在的證據比之前更強”。但格林警告說,對遙遠海王星外天體觀察到的運動有其他的可能性,並引用卡爾·薩根的話「非凡的主張需要非凡的證據」。

湯姆·萊文森得出的結論是「就目前而言,第九行星似乎是現在所知道的太陽系外圍區域唯一令人滿意的解釋」。亞歷山德羅·莫爾比德利(Alessandro Morbidelli)評論《天文期刊》的研究文章時表示同意,他說「我看不到其他解釋可以取代貝提金和布朗所提出的」。

美國天體物理學家伊森·西格爾對太陽系中存在尚未發現的行星持懷疑態度,但他推測太陽系至少有一顆超級地球,這種星球在其他行星系統中很常見,但尚未在太陽系中被發現。超級地球在太陽系早期的動力不穩定期間可能已經從太陽系中彈出。行星科學家哈爾·萊維森(Hal Levison)認為被彈出太陽系的超級地球最終落入奧爾特雲的可能性僅為2%左右,並推測如果該星球進入穩定的軌道,許多物體必須被拋出奧爾特雲。

天文學家預計,第九行星的發現將有助於人類理解太陽系和其他行星系統形成的過程,了解太陽系的非比尋常——因為其缺乏位於地球與海王星質量之間的行星。

註解

  1. ^ 據布朗和巴蒂金估計,截至2021年,第九行星的半長軸在360至620天文單位之間;這意味著這顆行星的軌道週期介於6,800(3601.5)至15,400(6201.5)年。
  2. ^ 從400 AU延伸到1,000 AU的一系列半長軸在模擬中產生了觀察到的群集[9]
  3. ^ 《紐約客》將第九行星的平均軌道距離納入視角,顯然暗指該雜誌最著名的漫畫之一:「從第九大道看世界英语View of the World from 9th Avenue」: 「如果太陽在第五大道,地球在西邊一個街區,木星將在西邊高速公路上,冥王星將在新澤西州蒙特克雷爾,而新行星將在克利夫蘭附近的某個地方[6]。」
  4. ^ 有兩種類型的保護機制是可能的[56]
    1. 對於「a」和「e」值使得它們只能在近日點(或遠日點)附近遇到行星的天體,這種相遇可以通過高傾角和「ω」大約90°或270°的天體來阻止(即使相遇發生,由於相對速度相對較高,它們也不會對小行星的軌道產生太大影響)。
    2. 當「ω」在0°或180°左右振盪,並且小行星的半長軸接近擾動行星的半長軸時,另一種機制是可行的:在這種情況下°節點交叉總是遠離行星本身,發生在近日點和遠日點附近,前提是偏心率足夠高並且行星的軌道幾乎是圓形的。
  5. ^ 對於具有較大半長軸和傾角以及較小偏心率的物體,進動速率較慢: 此處的是行星木星穿過海王星的質量和半長軸。
  6. ^ 括弧中的計算值。
  7. ^ 6個天體的升交點的平均經度約為102°。在後來發表的一篇部落格中,巴蒂金和布朗將他們對升交點經度的估計限制為94°

参见

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