《史太林》嘅修訂比較

史太林
史太林; იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე ჯუღაშვილი; Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин; 大元帥
	1945年出席波茨坦會議嘅史太林
蘇聯共產黨中央委員會總書記
	任期; 1922年4月3號－1952年10月16號
前任	莫洛托夫
繼任	赫魯曉夫
第4任蘇聯部長會議主席
	任期; 1941年5月6號－1953年3月5號
第一副主席	福茨列森斯基; 莫洛托夫; 布爾加寧
前任	莫洛托夫
繼任	馬林科夫
蘇聯國防委員會主席
	任期; 1941年7月19號－1946年2月25號
總理	自己（國防委員會主席兼任）
前任	鐵木辛哥
繼任	布爾加寧
蘇聯共產黨中央政治局委員
	任期; 1917年10月10號－1953年3月5號
蘇聯共產黨中央書記處書記
	任期; 1922年4月3號－1953年3月5號
蘇聯共產黨中央組織部成員
	任期; 1920年4月5號－1952年10月27號
蘇聯共產黨中央委員會委員
	任期; 1912年1月17號－1953年3月5號
個人資料
出世	1878年12月21號; 俄羅斯帝國第比利斯省哥里
死	1953年3月5號（74歲）; 蘇聯莫斯科
墓地	莫斯科列寧墓; （1953年3月9日–1961年10月31日，未下葬）; 莫斯科克里姆林宮紅場墓園（1961年10月31日遷葬–）
國籍	蘇聯
政黨	俄國社會民主工黨; （1898年–1917年）; 俄國社會民主工黨（布爾什維克）; （1917年–1918年）; 俄國共產黨（布爾什維克）; （1918年–1924年）; 全聯盟共產黨（布爾什維克）; （1925年–1952年）; 蘇聯共產黨; （1952年–1953年）
配偶	嘉芙蓮·史華尼澤; （1906年–1907年）; 娜傑日達·阿利盧耶娃; （1919年–1932年）
仔女	雅科夫·約瑟福維奇·朱加什維利; 瓦西里·約瑟夫維奇·朱加什維利; 斯韋特蘭娜·祖瑟福芙娜·阿利盧耶娃
父母	威薩利昂·朱加什維利（父）; 嘉芙蓮·格拉澤（母）
宗教信仰	冇，之前係格魯吉亞正教
獎	; ; ; ; ; ;
簽名
軍事背景
效忠	蘇聯
服役	蘇聯紅軍
服役時間	1918年9月17號–1920年; 1941年–1953年3月5日
軍銜	蘇聯元帥; （1943年–1945年）; 蘇聯大元帥; （本人未接受）; （1945年–1953年）
指揮	蘇聯紅軍
參戰	第二次世界大戰

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喺2024年10月17號 (四) 19:03嘅修訂

史太林（俄文：Иосиф Виссарионович Джугашвили Сталин，英文：Joseph Jughashvili Stalin，1878年 12月18號—1953年 3月5號），又譯成斯大林，原名იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე ჯუღაშვილი（Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jughashvili，用俄文時轉做 Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili），係格魯吉亞人，係蘇聯嘅領袖，做過蘇聯共產黨中央委員會總書記（1922年-1953年），蘇聯人民委員會主席兼部長會議主席（總理）（1941年-1953年），國防部長（1941年-1947年）。第二次世界大戰時同埋之後係「三巨頭」之一。後尾，佢就因爲腦出血而死咗。佢推行嘅農業集體化擾亂食品生產，引發1932年蘇聯大饑荒。1930年代，斯大林喺樹立個人崇拜同時，對黨、政、軍領導人，少數民族以至群眾進行大規模逮捕，流放或勞改等，造成上百萬人死咗，呢時期因而被稱為蘇聯大清洗時期。

第二次世界大戰

1939–1941年：同納粹德國嘅協議

作為一個馬克思列寧主義者，史太林認為資本主義大國之間嘅衝突係無可避免嘅。喺納粹德國先後併吞奧地利同侵佔部分捷克斯洛伐克之後，佢覺得戰爭就嚟爆發。^[1] 佢想保持蘇聯嘅中立，希望德國同英法開戰之後，蘇聯可以成為歐洲霸主。^[2] 軍事上，蘇聯仲要應付嚟自東方嘅威脅，三十年代後期仲要同擴張主義嘅日本喺蘇日邊境衝突中打得火熱。^[3] 史太林開始搞軍事擴張，紅軍喺1939年1月到1941年6月期間人數翻咗唔止一倍，但係因為擴軍太過匆忙，好多軍官都訓練唔足。^[4] 1940年到1941年期間，佢仲要清洗軍隊，搞到開戰嗰陣軍隊嚴重缺乏有經驗嘅軍官。^[5]

因為英法似乎唔願意同蘇聯結盟，史太林覺得同德國傾仲好啲。^[6] 1939年5月3號，史太林將親西方嘅外交部長馬克西姆·利特維諾夫換咗做維亞切斯拉夫·莫洛托夫。^[7] 德國開始同蘇聯談判，提議將東歐分俾兩個大國。^[8] 史太林覺得呢個係擴張領土同暫時同德國保持和平嘅好機會。^[9] 1939年8月，蘇聯同德國簽訂咗蘇德互不侵犯條約，呢個條約係由莫洛托夫同德國外交部長約阿希姆·馮·李賓特洛甫談判嘅。^[10]

一個禮拜之後，德國入侵波蘭，令到英法向德國宣戰。^[11] 9月17號，紅軍進入波蘭東部，聲稱係要喺波蘭國家崩潰嘅時候維持秩序。^[12] 9月28號，德國同蘇聯交換咗佢哋啱啱征服嘅一啲領土；德國攞咗魯布林省同華沙省嘅一部分，呢啲地方主要講波蘭語，而蘇聯就攞咗立陶宛。^[13] 之後佢哋喺史太林嘅見證下好快就簽咗個德蘇邊界條約。^[14] 兩國繼續做生意，令到英國對德國嘅封鎖失效。^[15]

1941–1942年：德國侵略

1941年6月，德國入侵蘇聯，開始咗東線戰爭。^[16] 雖然情報機構一再警告佢德國嘅意圖，但史太林仲係措手不及。^[17] 佢組織咗一個國防委員會，自己擔任最高統帥，^[18] 仲有一個軍事最高統帥部（斯達夫卡），^[19] 朱可夫做參謀長。^[20]

德軍嘅閃電戰戰術一開始好有效；蘇聯西部邊境嘅空軍兩日之內就俾打冧晒。^[21] 德國嘅國防軍深入蘇聯領土；^[22] 好快，烏克蘭、白俄羅斯同波羅的海諸國就俾德國佔領，列寧格勒俾圍住；^[23] 蘇聯難民湧入莫斯科同周圍城市。^[24] 到咗7月，德國嘅空軍開始轟炸莫斯科，^[23] 10月，德軍就開始集結準備全面進攻首都。蘇聯政府計劃撤退到古比雪夫，但史太林決定留喺莫斯科，因為佢覺得如果佢走咗會打擊士氣。^[25] 德軍進攻莫斯科嘅行動喺兩個月嘅戰鬥之後，喺愈嚟愈惡劣嘅天氣下停咗落嚟。^[26]

違反朱可夫同其他將軍嘅建議，史太林主張進攻多過防禦。^[27] 1941年6月，佢下令實施焦土政策，喺德軍未攞到之前就要摧毀基礎設施同糧食供應，^[28] 仲命令內務部殺死大約十萬個德軍逼近地區嘅政治犯。^[29] 佢清洗軍事指揮層；好多高層要降職或者調職，有啲就俾人拉咗去執行死刑。^[30] 通過270號令，史太林命令士兵寧死都唔好俾人捉，話俾人捉到嘅係叛徒；^[31] 俾德軍捉到嘅戰俘當中包括史太林個仔雅科夫·朱加什維利，佢後尾喺德軍監禁期間死咗。^[32]

1945年：勝利

1945年4月，紅軍攻佔柏林，希特拉自殺，德國喺5月投降。^[33] 史太林原本想活捉希特拉；佢搵人將希特拉嘅遺體帶返莫斯科，以免俾納粹支持者當聖物。^[34] 好多蘇聯士兵喺德國同東歐一帶搶掠、打劫同強姦。^[35] 史太林拒絕懲罰呢班人。^[36]

打贏咗德國之後，史太林將焦點轉移到蘇日戰爭，將五十萬兵力調去遠東。^[37] 史太林俾盟友迫住要參戰，佢都想鞏固蘇聯喺亞洲嘅戰略地位。^[38] 8月8號，就喺美國廣島同長崎原子彈轟炸期間，蘇聯軍隊入侵日本佔領嘅滿洲，打敗咗關東軍。^[39] 呢啲事件導致咗日本投降同戰爭結束。^[40] 蘇聯軍隊繼續擴張，直到佔領晒所有割讓俾佢哋嘅領土，但美國拒絕咗史太林想紅軍參與盟軍佔領日本嘅要求。^[41]

喺1945年7-8月嘅波茨坦會議上，史太林重申之前嘅承諾，話唔會將東歐「蘇維埃化」。^[42] 史太林要求德國賠償，冇理會德國人民生存所需嘅基本物資，搞到杜魯門同邱吉爾擔心德國會成為西方國家嘅財政負擔。^[43] 佢仲要求「戰利品」，即係容許蘇聯直接冇限制咁攞戰敗國嘅財產，最後加咗條有啲限制嘅條款。^[43] 德國分咗做四個區：蘇聯、美國、英國同法國，而位於蘇聯區嘅柏林本身都係咁樣分。^[44]

睇埋

參考

↑ Montefiore 2003, p. 308.
↑ Conquest 1991, pp. 220–221; Service 2004, pp. 380–381.
↑ Service 2004, pp. 392–393; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 163, 168–169.
↑ Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 185–186.
↑ Conquest 1991, pp. 232–233, 236.
↑ Service 2004, pp. 399–400.
↑ Nekrich 1997, p. 109.
↑ Conquest 1991, p. 220; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 166.
↑ Conquest 1991, p. 220; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 168, 169.
↑ Conquest 1991, p. 221; Roberts 1992, pp. 57–78; Service 2004, p. 399; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 166.
↑ Conquest 1991, p. 222; Roberts 1992, pp. 57–78; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 169.
↑ Conquest 1991, p. 222; Roberts 2006, p. 43.
↑ Conquest 1991, p. 223; Service 2004, pp. 402–403; Wettig 2008, p. 20.
↑ Conquest 1991, p. 224.
↑ Conquest 1991, p. 224; Service 2004, p. 405.
↑ Service 2004, pp. 410–411; Roberts 2006, p. 82; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 198.
↑ Service 2004, pp. 408–409, 411–412; Roberts 2006, p. 67; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 199–200, 202.
↑ Service 2004, pp. 414–415; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 206–207.
↑ Service 2004, p. 413.
↑ Service 2004, p. 420.
↑ Service 2004, p. 417; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 201–202.
↑ Conquest 1991, p. 416; Service 2004.
↑ ^23.0 ^23.1 Service 2004, p. 418.
↑ Service 2004, p. 417.
↑ Conquest 1991, pp. 248–249; Service 2004, p. 420; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 214–215.
↑ Glantz 2001, p. 26.
↑ Service 2004, pp. 421, 424; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 220.
↑ Service 2004, p. 482; Roberts 2006, p. 90.
↑ Gellately 2007, p. 391.
↑ Conquest 1991, pp. 239–240; Roberts 2006, p. 98; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 209.
↑ Conquest 1991, p. 241; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 210.
↑ Conquest 1991, pp. 241–242; Service 2004, p. 521.
↑ Service 2004, p. 474; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 247.
↑ Service 2004, pp. 479–480.
↑ Conquest 1991, pp. 265; Service 2004, p. 473; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 234.
↑ Service 2004, p. 473.
↑ Service 2004, p. 474.
↑ Glantz 1983.
↑ Service 2004, p. 476; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 248–249.
↑ Conquest 1991, p. 268; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 248.
↑ Conquest 1991, p. 267; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 249.
↑ Roberts 2006, pp. 274–275.
↑ ^43.0 ^43.1 Wettig 2008, pp. 90–91.
↑ Service 2004, p. 506.

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[FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003308-1] Montefiore 2003, p. 308.

[FOOTNOTEConquest1991220–221Service2004380–381-2] Conquest 1991, pp. 220–221; Service 2004, pp. 380–381.

[FOOTNOTEService2004392–393Khlevniuk2015163,_168–169-3] Service 2004, pp. 392–393; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 163, 168–169.

[FOOTNOTEKhlevniuk2015185–186-4] Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 185–186.

[FOOTNOTEConquest1991232–233,_236-5] Conquest 1991, pp. 232–233, 236.

[FOOTNOTEService2004399–400-6] Service 2004, pp. 399–400.

[FOOTNOTENekrich1997109-7] Nekrich 1997, p. 109.

[FOOTNOTEConquest1991220Khlevniuk2015166-8] Conquest 1991, p. 220; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 166.

[FOOTNOTEConquest1991220Khlevniuk2015168,_169-9] Conquest 1991, p. 220; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 168, 169.

[FOOTNOTEConquest1991221Roberts199257–78Service2004399Khlevniuk2015166-10] Conquest 1991, p. 221; Roberts 1992, pp. 57–78; Service 2004, p. 399; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 166.

[FOOTNOTEConquest1991222Roberts199257–78Khlevniuk2015169-11] Conquest 1991, p. 222; Roberts 1992, pp. 57–78; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 169.

[FOOTNOTEConquest1991222Roberts200643-12] Conquest 1991, p. 222; Roberts 2006, p. 43.

[FOOTNOTEConquest1991223Service2004402–403Wettig200820-13] Conquest 1991, p. 223; Service 2004, pp. 402–403; Wettig 2008, p. 20.

[FOOTNOTEConquest1991224-14] Conquest 1991, p. 224.

[FOOTNOTEConquest1991224Service2004405-15] Conquest 1991, p. 224; Service 2004, p. 405.

[FOOTNOTEService2004410–411Roberts200682Khlevniuk2015198-16] Service 2004, pp. 410–411; Roberts 2006, p. 82; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 198.

[FOOTNOTEService2004408–409,_411–412Roberts200667Khlevniuk2015199–200,_202-17] Service 2004, pp. 408–409, 411–412; Roberts 2006, p. 67; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 199–200, 202.

[FOOTNOTEService2004414–415Khlevniuk2015206–207-18] Service 2004, pp. 414–415; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 206–207.

[FOOTNOTEService2004413-19] Service 2004, p. 413.

[FOOTNOTEService2004420-20] Service 2004, p. 420.

[FOOTNOTEService2004417Khlevniuk2015201–202-21] Service 2004, p. 417; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 201–202.

[FOOTNOTEConquest1991416Service2004-22] Conquest 1991, p. 416; Service 2004.

[FOOTNOTEService2004418-23] 23.0 ^23.1 Service 2004, p. 418.

[FOOTNOTEService2004417-24] Service 2004, p. 417.

[FOOTNOTEConquest1991248–249Service2004420Khlevniuk2015214–215-25] Conquest 1991, pp. 248–249; Service 2004, p. 420; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 214–215.

[FOOTNOTEGlantz200126-26] Glantz 2001, p. 26.

[FOOTNOTEService2004421,_424Khlevniuk2015220-27] Service 2004, pp. 421, 424; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 220.

[FOOTNOTEService2004482Roberts200690-28] Service 2004, p. 482; Roberts 2006, p. 90.

[FOOTNOTEGellately2007391-29] Gellately 2007, p. 391.

[FOOTNOTEConquest1991239–240Roberts200698Khlevniuk2015209-30] Conquest 1991, pp. 239–240; Roberts 2006, p. 98; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 209.

[FOOTNOTEConquest1991241Khlevniuk2015210-31] Conquest 1991, p. 241; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 210.

[FOOTNOTEConquest1991241–242Service2004521-32] Conquest 1991, pp. 241–242; Service 2004, p. 521.

[FOOTNOTEService2004474Khlevniuk2015247-33] Service 2004, p. 474; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 247.

[FOOTNOTEService2004479–480-34] Service 2004, pp. 479–480.

[FOOTNOTEConquest1991265Service2004473Khlevniuk2015234-35] Conquest 1991, pp. 265; Service 2004, p. 473; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 234.

[FOOTNOTEService2004473-36] Service 2004, p. 473.

[FOOTNOTEService2004474-37] Service 2004, p. 474.

[FOOTNOTEGlantz1983-38] Glantz 1983.

[FOOTNOTEService2004476Khlevniuk2015248–249-39] Service 2004, p. 476; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 248–249.

[FOOTNOTEConquest1991268Khlevniuk2015248-40] Conquest 1991, p. 268; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 248.

[FOOTNOTEConquest1991267Khlevniuk2015249-41] Conquest 1991, p. 267; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 249.

[FOOTNOTERoberts2006274–275-42] Roberts 2006, pp. 274–275.

[FOOTNOTEWettig200890–91-43] 43.0 ^43.1 Wettig 2008, pp. 90–91.

[FOOTNOTEService2004506-44] Service 2004, p. 506.

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 * [[阿道夫·希特拉]]
 * [[毛澤東]]
+== 參考 ==
+{{Reflist}}
+== 文獻 ==
+{{Collapsible list|
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+* {{Cite book |last=Harris |first=James |title=The Great Fear: Stalin's Terror of the 1930s |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-1987-9786-9}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Haslam |first=Jonathan |year=1979 |title=The Comintern and the Origins of the Popular Front 1934–1935 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=22 |pages=673–691 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x00017039 |s2cid=159573290 |number=3}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Healey |first=Dan |date=1 June 2018 |title=GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag |url=https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/ou_press/golfo-alexopoulos-illness-and-inhumanity-in-stalin-s-gulag-i363rKPYOp |url-status=live |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=1049–1051 |doi=10.1093/ahr/123.3.1049 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708105319/https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/ou_press/golfo-alexopoulos-illness-and-inhumanity-in-stalin-s-gulag-i363rKPYOp |archive-date=8 July 2018 |access-date=23 September 2018}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Himmer |first=Robert |year=1986 |title=On the Origin and Significance of the Name "Stalin" |journal=The Russian Review |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=269–286 |doi=10.2307/130111 |jstor=130111}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Khlevniuk |first=Oleg V. |title=Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-3001-6388-9 |translator-last=Nora Seligman Favorov}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Kotkin |first=Stephen |title=[[Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928]] |publisher=Allen Lane |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-7139-9944-0}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Kotkin |first=Stephen |title=[[Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941]] |publisher=Allen Lane |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-7139-9945-7}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Kuromiya |first=Hiroaki |year=2008 |title=The Soviet Famine of 1932–1933 Reconsidered |journal=Europe-Asia Studies |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=663–675 |doi=10.1080/09668130801999912 |jstor=20451530 |s2cid=143876370}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Hua-yu |year=2009 |title=Reactions of Chinese Citizens to the Death of Stalin: Internal Communist Party Reports |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/265885 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Cold War Studies |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=70–88 |doi=10.1162/jcws.2009.11.2.70 |s2cid=57561115 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624003711/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/265885 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=29 April 2016}}
+* {{Cite book |last=McCauley |first=Martin |title=Stalin and Stalinism |publisher=Pearson |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-5825-0587-2 |edition=third}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=McDermott |first=Kevin |year=1995 |title=Stalin and the Comintern during the 'Third Period', 1928–33 |journal=European History Quarterly |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=409–429 |doi=10.1177/026569149502500304 |s2cid=144922280}}
+* {{Cite book |last=McDermott |first=Kevin |url=https://archive.org/details/stalinrevolution00mcde |title=Stalin: Revolutionary in an Era of War |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-3337-1122-4 |url-access=registration}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Montefiore |first=Simon Sebag |title=Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-8421-2726-1}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Montefiore |first=Simon Sebag |title=Young Stalin |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-2978-5068-7}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Rebekah |year=2012 |title='A Crime Against Humanity Arguably Without Parallel in European History': Genocide and the "Politics" of Victimhood in Western Narratives of the Ukrainian Holodomor |journal=Australian Journal of Politics & History |volume=58 |pages=367–379 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8497.2012.01641.x |number=3}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Nekrich |first=Alexander |title=Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German-Soviet Relations, 1922–1941 |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-2311-0676-9}}
+* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NoIajCLpLigC&q=order+of+precedence++1953+++Mikoyan++Vorosilov++Kaganovich&pg=PA20 |title=Flawed Succession: Russia's Power Transfer Crises |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-1403-2 |editor-last=Ra'anan |editor-first=Uri |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101024034/https://books.google.com/books?id=NoIajCLpLigC&q=order+of+precedence++1953+++Mikoyan++Vorosilov++Kaganovich&pg=PA20 |archive-date=1 January 2021 |url-status=live}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Overy |first=Richard J. |url=https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich |title=The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia |publisher=Allen Lane |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-3930-2030-4}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Pinkus |first=Benjamin |title=The Soviet Government and the Jews 1948–1967: A Documented Study |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-5212-4713-9}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Rappaport |first=Helen |title=Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion |publisher=ABC-Clio |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-5760-7084-0}}
+* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |title=Stalin: A New History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |last=Rieber |first=Alfred J. |editor-last=Davies |editor-first=Sarah |pages=18–44 |isbn=978-1-1394-4663-1 |editor2=James Harris |contribution=Stalin as Georgian: The Formative Years}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Geoffrey |year=1992 |title=The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany |journal=Soviet Studies |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=57–78 |doi=10.1080/09668139208411994 |jstor=152247}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Geoffrey |year=2002 |title=Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography |journal=Journal of Cold War Studies |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=93–103 |doi=10.1162/15203970260209527 |s2cid=57563511}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Geoffrey |title=Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-3001-5040-7}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Geoffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjNZEAAAQBAJ |title=Stalin's Library: A Dictator and His Books |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-3001-7904-0 |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203233625/https://books.google.com/books?id=yjNZEAAAQBAJ |archive-date=3 February 2024 |url-status=live}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Rosefielde |first=Steven |date=September 1996 |title=Stalinism in Post-Communist Perspective: New Evidence on Killings, Forced Labour and Economic Growth in the 1930s |journal=Europe-Asia Studies |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=959–987 |doi=10.1080/09668139608412393}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Sandle |first=Mark |title=A Short History of Soviet Socialism |publisher=UCL Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-8572-8355-6 |doi=10.4324/9780203500279}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Semeraro |first=David A. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAXMDwAAQBAJ |title=Joseph Stalin |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5267-0205-0 |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407223021/https://books.google.com/books?id=bAXMDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=7 April 2023 |url-status=live}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Service |first=Robert |title=Lenin: A Biography |publisher=Macmillan |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-3337-2625-9}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Service |first=Robert |title=Stalin: A Biography |publisher=Macmillan |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-3337-2627-3}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |title=Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin |publisher=Vintage Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4070-7550-1}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Suny |first=Ronald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I4XzDwAAQBAJ |title=Red Flag Wounded |date=2020b |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-7887-3074-7 |page=59 |access-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813085731/https://books.google.com/books?id=I4XzDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=13 August 2023 |url-status=live}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Suny |first=R. G. |title=Stalin: Passage to Revolution |publisher=Princeton University Press. |year=2020}} [https://www.amazon.com/Stalin-Revolution-Ronald-Grigor-Suny/dp/0691182035/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119152008/https://www.amazon.com/Stalin-Revolution-Ronald-Grigor-Suny/dp/0691182035 |date=19 November 2020 }}
+* {{Cite book |last=Volkogonov |first=Dimitri |title=Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-2978-1080-3 |translator-last=Shukman |translator-first=Harold}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Wettig |first=Gerhard |title=Stalin and the Cold War in Europe |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Wheatcroft |first=Stephen |year=1996 |title=The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45 |url=http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/WCR-German_Soviet.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Europe-Asia Studies |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=1319–1353 |doi=10.1080/09668139608412415 |jstor=152781 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717103830/http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/WCR-German_Soviet.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2011 |access-date=12 June 2006}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Wheatcroft |first=Stephen |date=1999 |title=The Great Leap Upwards: Anthropometric Data and Indicators of Crises and Secular Change in Soviet Welfare Levels, 1880–1960 |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=27–60 |doi=10.2307/2672986 |jstor=2672986 |pmid=22368819 |s2cid=43228133}}
+{{Refend}}
+==== Magazines, newspapers and websites ====
+{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
+* {{Citation|last=Allilueva|first=Svetlana|author-link=Svetlana Allilueva|translator-last=Johnson|translator-first=Priscilla|title=Twenty Letters to a Friend|year=1967|publisher=Hutchinson|location=London|isbn=0-060-10099-0}}
+* {{Cite news |title=Joseph Stalin: An Address Given by the Rev. Stanley Evans, M.A., at a Memorial Service for Joseph Stalin at the Church of St. George, Queen Square, London, on March 13th, 1953 |ref={{Harvid|Evans|1953}}}}<br/>{{*}} {{Cite web |year=1953 |title=[online] |url=http://anglicanhistory.org/england/sgevans/stalin1953.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811115527/http://anglicanhistory.org/england/sgevans/stalin1953.html |archive-date=11 August 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022 |publisher=Society of Socialist Clergy and Ministers |via=anglicanhistory.org, transcribed by Richard Mammana 2019}}<br/>{{*}} {{Cite web |title=[online] |url=https://librarysearch.lse.ac.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9934039710302021&context=L&vid=44LSE_INST:44LSE_VU1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121071928/https://librarysearch.lse.ac.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9934039710302021&context=L&vid=44LSE_INST:44LSE_VU1 |archive-date=21 November 2022 |access-date=21 November 2022}}
+* {{Cite web |last1=Bakradze |first1=Lasha |last2=Gudjov |first2=Lev |last3=Lipman |first3=Maria |last4=Wall |first4=Thomas |date=1 March 2013 |title=The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion |url=http://carnegieeurope.eu/2013/03/01/stalin-puzzle-deciphering-post-soviet-public-opinion-pub-51075 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402134541/http://carnegieeurope.eu/2013/03/01/stalin-puzzle-deciphering-post-soviet-public-opinion-pub-51075 |archive-date=2 April 2017 |access-date=2 April 2017 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}
+* {{Cite news |last=Bell |first=Bethany |date=5 March 2013 |title=Georgia Divided Over Stalin 'Local Hero' Status in Gori |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21656615 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719183921/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21656615 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |access-date=21 June 2018 |ref={{Harvid|Bell, 5 March 2013}} |agency=BBC}}
+* {{Cite web |last=Coynash |first=Halya |date=22 June 2021 |title=Russians name Stalin as the most 'outstanding' figure of all times |url=https://khpg.org//en/1608809237 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621214422/https://khpg.org//en/1608809237 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |publisher=[[Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group]] |ref={{Harvid|Coynash, 22 June 2021}}}}
+* {{Cite web |last=Lentine |first=Gina |date=15 January 2022 |title=Moscow's Memory Wars: Putin seeks to whitewash Russia's Stalinist past |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/memory-wars-putin-seeks-to-whitewash-russias-stalinist-past/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625055122/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/memory-wars-putin-seeks-to-whitewash-russias-stalinist-past/ |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=25 June 2022 |website=Atlantic Council |ref={{Harvid|Lentine, 25 June 2022}}}}
+* {{Cite news |last=Luhn |first=Alec |date=16 April 2019 |title=Record 70 Percent of Russians Say Stalin Played a Positive Role in Their Country's History |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/04/16/record-70-per-cent-russians-approve-stalin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130234249/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/04/16/record-70-per-cent-russians-approve-stalin/ |archive-date=30 November 2020 |access-date=23 November 2020 |work=The Daily Telegraph |ref={{Harvid|Luhn, 16 April 2019}}}}
+* {{Cite web |last=Masci |first=David |date=29 June 2017 |title=In Russia, Nostalgia for USSR and Positive Feelings about Stalin |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/06/29/in-russia-nostalgia-for-soviet-union-and-positive-feelings-about-stalin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129164332/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/06/29/in-russia-nostalgia-for-soviet-union-and-positive-feelings-about-stalin/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=23 November 2020 |publisher=Pew Research Center |ref={{Harvid|Masci, 29 June 2017}}}}
+* {{Cite news |last=Montefiore |first=Simon Sebag |date=6 September 2007 |title=Stalin, his father and the Rabbit |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/long-reads/2007/09/stalin-father-egnatashvili |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808094223/https://www.newstatesman.com/long-reads/2007/09/stalin-father-egnatashvili |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=The New Statesman |ref={{Harvid|Montefiore, 6 September 2007}}}}
+* {{Cite web |last=Nemtsova |first=Anna |date=17 May 2021 |title='The best master': Russia's new Stalin Center evokes pride, revulsion |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/russia-s-new-stalin-center-evokes-pride-revulsion-n1267521 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625055122/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/russia-s-new-stalin-center-evokes-pride-revulsion-n1267521 |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=25 June 2022 |website=NBC News |ref={{Harvid|Nemtsova, 17 May 2021}}}}
+* {{Cite news |date=2 March 2013 |title=Poll Finds Stalin's Popularity High |url=https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/poll-finds-stalins-popularity-high-21998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320024227/https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/poll-finds-stalins-popularity-high-21998 |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=20 March 2017 |work=The Moscow Times |ref={{Harvid|''The Moscow Times'', 2 March 2013}}}}
+* {{Cite news |last=Rutland |first=Peter |date=13 June 2019 |title=Perspective – Putin's dangerous campaign to rehabilitate Stalin |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/06/13/putins-dangerous-campaign-rehabilitate-stalin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004175242/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/06/13/putins-dangerous-campaign-rehabilitate-stalin/ |archive-date=4 October 2021 |access-date=25 June 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post |ref={{Harvid|Rutland, 13 June 2019}}}}
+* {{Cite magazine |last=Snyder |first=Timothy D. |date=26 May 2010 |title=Springtime for Stalin |url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/may/26/springtime-for-stalin/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024091842/http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/may/26/springtime-for-stalin/ |archive-date=24 October 2012 |access-date=4 January 2021 |magazine=The New York Review of Books |ref={{Harvid|Snyder, 26 May 2010}}}}
+* {{Cite magazine |last=Snyder |first=Timothy D. |date=27 January 2011 |title=Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Was Worse? |url=http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2011/01/27/hitler-vs-stalin-who-was-worse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012090945/http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2011/01/27/hitler-vs-stalin-who-was-worse/ |archive-date=12 October 2017 |access-date=15 December 2016 |magazine=The New York Review of Books |ref={{Harvid|Snyder, 27 January 2011}}}}
+* {{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |date=15 February 2017 |title=Positive Views of Stalin among Russian Reach 16-year High, Poll Shows |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/02/15/positive-views-of-stalin-among-russians-reach-16-year-high-poll-shows/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320040114/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/02/15/positive-views-of-stalin-among-russians-reach-16-year-high-poll-shows/ |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=30 April 2017 |newspaper=The Washington Post |ref={{Harvid|Taylor, 15 February 2017}}}}
+* {{Cite news |date=5 June 2018 |title=Wall of Grief: Putin Opens First Soviet Victims Memorial |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41809659 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605175715/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41809659 |archive-date=5 June 2018 |access-date=30 October 2017 |ref={{Harvid|BBC, 5 June 2018}} |agency=BBC}}
+* {{Cite news |date=18 April 2019 |title=Why So Many Russian like Dictator Stalin |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-47975704 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719074954/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-47975704 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |access-date=11 June 2019 |ref={{Harvid|BBC, 18 April 2019}} |agency=BBC News}}
+* {{Cite web |last=Yegorov |first=Oleg |date=15 December 2017 |title=Why did the USSR help to create Israel, but then became its foe |url=https://www.rbth.com/history/327040-ussr-and-israel-from-friends-to-foes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204093524/https://www.rbth.com/history/327040-ussr-and-israel-from-friends-to-foes |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022 |website=Russia Beyond |ref={{Harvid|Yegorov, 15 December 2017}}}}
+* {{Cite journal |date=13 March 1943 |title=О присвоении Верховному Главнокомандующему вооруженными силами СССР Сталину И. В. военного звания Маршала Советского Союза |trans-title=On the assignment of the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union to the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR Stalin I.V. |url=http://sun.tsu.ru/mminfo/2020/000462771/1943/1943_011.pdf |url-status=live |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120145303/http://sun.tsu.ru/mminfo/2020/000462771/1943/1943_011.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2021 |access-date=21 November 2021 |ref={{Harvid|''Journal of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR'', 13 March 1943}} |script-journal=ru:Ведомости Верховного Совета СССР |trans-journal=Journal of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR}}
+{{Refend}}
+}}
 {{蘇聯共產黨總書記}}