Virginia
| Virginia Kiōng-êng-kok Commonwealth of Virginia | |||||
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| Chhiok-hō: "Old Dominion", "Mother of Presidents and the Mother of Statesmen" | |||||
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Piau-gí: Sic semper tyrannis (English: Thus Always to Tyrants)[1] | |||||
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| Koan-hong gí-giân | Eng-gí | ||||
| Liû-thong gí-giân |
Eng-gí 85.87%, Se-pan-gâ-gí 6.41% Kî-tha 7.72% | ||||
| Chū-bîn chheng-ho͘ | Virginian | ||||
| Siú-hú | Richmond | ||||
| Siāng-tōa siâⁿ-chhī | Virginia Beach | ||||
| Siāng-tōa to͘-hōe | Washington tō͘-chhī-khu | ||||
| Bīn-chek | Pâi-miâ tē-35 | ||||
| • Ha̍p-kè |
42,774.2 sq mi (110,785.67 km2) | ||||
| • Tang-sai khoah | 200 lí (320 km) | ||||
| • Lâm-pak khoah | 430 lí (690 km) | ||||
| • % chúi-bīn | 7.4 | ||||
| • Hūi-tō͘ | 36° 32′ N to 39° 28′ N | ||||
| • Keng-tō͘ | 75° 15′ W to 83° 41′ W | ||||
| Jîn-kháu | Pâi-miâ tē-12 | ||||
| • Ha̍p-kè | 8,411,808 (2016 est.)[2] | ||||
| • Bi̍t-tō͘ |
206.7/sq mi (79.8/km2) Pâi-miâ tē-14 | ||||
| • Hō͘-kháu siu-ji̍p tiong-ta̍t | $61,486[3] (tē-14) | ||||
| Koân-tō͘ | |||||
| • Ko-tiám |
Mount Rogers[4][5] 5,729 ft (1746 m) | ||||
| • Pêng-kin | 950 ft (290 m) | ||||
| • Kē-tiám |
Tāi-se-iûⁿ[4] sea level | ||||
| Siat chiu chìn-chêng | Virginia Si̍t-bîn-tē | ||||
| Sin chiu seng-li̍p | 1788 nî 6 goe̍h 25 (10th) | ||||
| Chiu-tiúⁿ | Ralph Northam (D) | ||||
| Hù-chiu-tiúⁿ | Justin Fairfax (D) | ||||
| Li̍p-hoat | Gī-hōe | ||||
| • Siōng-gī-īⁿ | Chham-gī-hōe | ||||
| • Hā-gī-īⁿ | Chiòng-gī-hōe | ||||
| Chham-gī-goân |
Mark Warner (D) Tim Kaine (D) | ||||
| Chiòng-gī-īⁿ tāi-piáu |
7-ê Kiōng-hô-thóng, 4-ê Bîn-chú-thóng (lia̍t-toaⁿ) | ||||
| Sî-khu | Eastern: UTC −5/−4 | ||||
| ISO 3166 | US-VA | ||||
| Kán-siá | VA, Va. | ||||
| Bāng-chām |
www | ||||
Virginia sī Bí-kok ê chi̍t-ê chiu. Siú-hú sī Richmond. Siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Virginia Beach.
Tē-lí
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]Virginia ê tang-pêng kap pak-pêng sī Washington, D.C. kap Maryland; lâm-pên sī North Carolina; sai-lâm-pêng sī Tennessee; sai-pêng sī Kentucky; pak-pêng kiam sai-pêng sī West Virginia. Lēng-gōa óa tang-pêng ê hái sī Tāi-se-iûⁿ
Le̍k-sú
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]Ū khó-kó͘ gián-kiù hoat-àn Pocahontas Island (chi̍t-ê poàn-tó tē-hng) tī Chêng 6500 chiō ū lâng khiā-khí.
Tong Eng-lân khún-hō͘ tī 1607 nî tú lâi-kàu Jamestown ê sî, tī Virgina chúi-chhiâng-sòaⁿ (fall line, chi̍t khoán tē-lí hun-kài) tang-pêng tōa-hūn thó͘-tē lóng sī Algonquin pō͘-cho̍k khòng-chè ê só͘-chāi. In sī liân-ha̍p tī le̍k-sú-ha̍k siōng só͘ kóng ê Powhatan Pang-liân ē-té, he̍k-chiá kóng sī chi̍t-ê "tè-kok". Siú-léng Wahunsunacock tī 16 sè-kí bóe kàu 17 sè-kí chheh cheng-ho̍k kiam liân-ha̍p liáu tāi-khài saⁿ-cha̍p-ê pō͘-lo̍k, che siú-léng hông kiò chò sī Powhatan, i chheng só͘ khòng-chè ê thó͘-tē sī Tenakomakah.
Virginia si̍t-bîn-tē sī 1607 nî Lûn-tun Kong-si (London Company) kiàn-li̍p--ê.[6]
Tāi-eng-kok Kok-hōe tī tùi Hoat-kok kap Ìn-tò͘ ê chiàn-chéng liáu-āu hiòng si̍t-bîn-tē ka-kiông tin-sòe, ín-khí chia só͘-chāi ê put-boán. Tong-sî Patrick Henry kap Richard Henry Lee téng gī-oân chhōa-thâu ê Kong-bîn-hōe (House of Burgesses) chiō sī hoán-tùi sin sòe-kim chè-tō͘--ê. 1773 nî, Virginia lâng khai-sí kap pa̍t chiu cho͘-chit in hêng-tông. 1774 nî in phài tāi-piáu chham-ka Tāi-lio̍k Hōe-gī, tong-nî Kong-bîn-hōe hō͘ ông-ka phài ê chóng-tok kái-sàn, kek-bēng-phài ê thâu-lâng chiō keng-kòe Virgina Tāi-hōe (Virginia Conventions) î-chhî koán-lí. Kàu 1776 nî ê sî, Tāi-hōe soan-pò͘ Virginia tùi Tāi-eng Tè-kok to̍k-li̍p, chhái-ēng George Mason ê Virginia Khoân-lī Soan-giân (Virginia Declaration of Rights). Lēng-gōa chi̍t ūi Virginia lâng Thomas Jefferson āu--lâi koh chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ khí-chhó liáu Bí-kok ê To̍k-li̍p Soan-giân.
Lōe-chiàn chìn-chêng, Virginia tû-liáu tī lông-gia̍p siōng, ùi khòng-gia̍p ê lô͘-lē sú-iōng mā tng teh chin-ka. 1800 nî. Hit chūn mā sán-seng lô͘-lē hóng-khòng oa̍h-tāng, pau-koat chhiūⁿ Gabriel Prosser tī 1800 nî, Nat Turner tī 1831 nî, kap John Brow tī 1859 nî, hun-pia̍t niá-chhōa liáu po̍k-tōng sū-kiāⁿ. Kàu 1860 nî ê sî, tāi-khài chiâⁿ pah bān, chiàu beh 31% ê Virginia jîn-kháu sī lô͘-lē.
1861 nî 4 goe̍h 17 ji̍t, Virginia tâu-phiò koat-tēng thoat-lî Bí-kok. Kàu 4 goe̍h 24, in ka-ji̍p America Pang-liân-kok, tong-sî Pang-liân siú-hú chiō siat tī Virginia ê Richmond. Chiàn-cheng kiat-sok liáu-āu, tī 1870 nî, keng-kòe Kiú-jîn Úi-oân-hōe (Committee of Nine) ê ūn-chok, Virginia chèng-sek tó-tńg Bí-kok.
Virginia chhut-sin ê James Albert Bonsack tī 1880 nî hoat-bêng liáu kńg ta-bá-koh chóa-hun ê ke-khì, niá-chhōa liáu Richmond ê chi̍t kái kang-gia̍p hoat-tián. Kàu 1886 nî ê sî, thih-lō͘ si̍t-gia̍p-ka Collis Potter Huntington kiàn-li̍p khí Newport News Shipbuilding chō-chûn-só͘, che kang-tiûⁿ tè-bé tī tâu-jip It-chhù Tāi-chià chêng-āu Bí-kok Hái-kun chiàn-lām ê seng-sán.
1951 nî tī Farmville, Barbara Rose Johns hoat-tōng hoán-khòng chéng-cho̍k keh-lî ha̍k-hāu ê ūn-tōng, ín-khí Davis tùi Prince Edward Kūn ê Kūn Ha̍k-hāu Lí-sū-hōe (Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County) koaⁿ-si. Àn-kiāⁿ tī 1954 nî keng-kòe Brown tùi Kàu-io̍k Lí-sū-hōe (Brown v. Board of Education) àn khak-tēng, kī-choa̍t liáu keh-lî-phài tùi "hûn-lî m̄-koh pêng-téng" ê chú-tiuⁿ. 1960 nî-tāi oa̍h-hiáⁿ ê Kong-bîn Khoân-lī Ūn-tōng, ín-chhōa liáu Bí-kok chē hāng choân-kok-sèng ê hoat-àn. Tī 1964 nî, Bí-kok Chòe-ko Hoat-īⁿ bēng-lēng Prince Edward Kūn téng tē-hng ài hòe-tû keh-lî-sek ha̍k-hāu.
Keng-chè
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]Virginia tī 2015 nî ê GDP sī 481,084 pa̍h-bān bí-kim.[7] Chiàu 2015 nî ê chu-liāu, pún chiu siāng-chē lâng-kang ê sán-gia̍p sī sió-bē-gia̍p.[8]
Chham-khó
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]- ↑ "Factpack" (PDF). Virginia General Assembly. January 11, 2007. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī October 28, 2008 hőng khó͘-pih. October 14, 2008 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. June 22, 2017. June 22, 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ "Median Annual Household Income". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. December 9, 2016 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. goân-loē-iông tī November 2, 2011 hőng khó͘-pih. October 24, 2011 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ↑ Grant, Susan-Mary (2012). A Concise History of the United States of America. Cambridge University Press. p. 74. ISBN 9780521612791.
- ↑ "Total Gross Domestic Product by State for Virginia". FRED. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. 2016-12-07. 2017-04-03 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ "Major industries with highest employment, by state, 1990-2015". Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2016-08-05. 2017-03-11 khòaⁿ--ê.
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