I-gene

Ii-genes zizinto ezisakhiwo sazo senza i-DNA. I-DNA yingqokolela yolwazi ngezinto ezikhemical nezithwala imiyalelo eyenza okokuba kwenziwe zonke ii-proteins ezifunwa yi-cell ebomini bayo. I-gene nganye inengqokolela enye yemiyalelo. Le miyalelo ke idla ngonikwa uphawu lweprotein nganye. Ihafu ye-genes zomntu ivela kumama. Enye ihafu ivela kutata.

Ingcaciso

Ngokwentsusa: isiza sofuzo apha endalweni sizinze kwindawo ethile (locus) kwi-chromosome.^[1] Ezinye iingcaciso ezinikwayo ziziindlela ezibonakalisa ngayo i-gene:

1. I-unit enolwamvila olunye nangaphezulu kwi-phenotype yesidalwa esinobomi okanye isidalwa esiphilayo.

2. i-unit enakho ukutshintsa ngokwendalo ibe ziintlobo-ntlobo zee-alleles;

3. I-unit ehlaziya umanyano lwayo nezinye ii-units ezikwanjengayo.

Inkcazo yakutshanje kufuneka izithathele ingqalelo izinto eziman'ukufumaneka ngokuya kuhamba amaxesha.^[2] kungoku nje ii-genes zintlantlu-mbini.^[3]^p173

1. Ii-genes ezitkhutshelwe zinjalo ngokubhalwa kwi-mRNAs zaze zaguqulelwa ngokubhalwa zabangamatsheyini e-polypeptide.

2. Ii-genes ezimibhalo yayo ikhutshelwe yazii--(tRNAs, rRNAs, snRNAs) zisetyenziswa ngokungqale ngqo. Ezi ke ziziquququ ezenza umsebenzi 'wokulawula ngokulandelelana kwawo' xa ikhutshelwa injalo okanye iguqulwa i- DNA.

Zenza ntoni ii-genes?

Ii-genes zihamba zisuka kumzali zisiya kwisizalo sakhe kwaye ikwazizo ezenza isigqibo esibalulekileyo sokokuba isizalo masibonakale njani na kwaye sisebenze njani na. (ii-biological properties zazo). Ii-genes zichaphazela indlela esebenza ngayo imizimba yethu, kuquka nendlela esibonakalo ngayo. Amehlo ethu, iinwele, kunye nebala lwesikhumba zixhomekeke kwii-genes. Kuthiwa ii-genes zenza ifuthe kwisizalo nakufuzo kwimizimba yethu.

I-gene isenokongamela okanye ibe-recessive.^[4] Esi sigama sibhekisa kwifuthe i-gene ebanalo kwisizalo esiyithweleyo kwi-genome yayo.

Umzekelo, masithi umama unee-genes zeenwele ezimdaka ngombala kuphela, abe yena utata enee-genes zeenwele ezibomvu kuphela. Umntwana uyakufuza – uyakwamkela – ii-genes zeenwele ezibomvu (ezivela kutata wakhe) nezenwele ezimdaka ngokwebala (ezivela kumama wakhe). Ii-gene zeenwele ezimdaka ngokwebala, ziyako'ngamela' ii-gene zeenwele ezibomvu ngokwebala. Oku kuthetha okokuba umntwana okanye isizalo uyakubaneenwele ezimdaka ngokwebala nangona enazo zombini ii-genes zeenwele ezibomvu nezeenwele ezimdaka ngokwebala. Oku kuthetha okokuba kufuneka ibenye kuphela i-gene eyongamelayo emntwaneni ukuze afumane ufuzo oluthile, ngeli lixa kufuneka ii-genes ezimbini ukuze le inye i-gene ikwazi ukwenzeka.

Kukho i-trait esingathi yimbewu encathame nerhoxobe apha kwi-gene yezizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Makhe sisebenzise laa mzekelo wokugqibela uthetha ngomntwana. sizakumbiza u"Mary". UMary uneenwele ezimdaka ngombala, kodwa unee-genes ezinemibala emibini, ezimdaka nezibomvu. Make sithi uMary lo uthe esakubamdala watshata no-Tom. UTom naye uneenwele ezimdaka ngobala, kodwa kwanjengoMary omnye wabazali bakaTom uneenwele ezibomvu. Oku kuthetha okokuba uTom unee-genes zeenwele ezibomvu nezimdaka ngombala. UMary kunye noTom emnye kubo anganethuba lokugqithisela kwizizukulwana iinwele ezinee-genes ezimbala mdaka okanye obomvu kubantwana babo. Oku kuthetha okokuba abantwana bakaMary noTom banganeenwele ezibomvu okanye ezimdaka ngombala. Yhiyo le nto ungafika umntu eneempawu ezahlukileyo kwezo zomzali wakhe, kodwa abe efana nqwa nabazali babazali bakhe okanye nookhokho bakhe.

Ukumila nomsebenzi wee-genes

Indlela eyakhiwe ngayo i-gene inemibandela emininzi: Uqobo lophawu lwe-protein yindawo nje encinane apha kuyo. Kukho iindawo ze-DNA ezingenakubhalwa ngobunjalo bazo kube kukho nezi zingenakuguqulelwa ze-RNA^[5]^[6]

Anxulumene neli

Allele#Dominance
Sequence analysis
Genetics
ENCODE, the complete analysis of the human genome
Gene therapy

Funda nanga amanye amaphepha

↑ Carlson E.A. 1989.
↑ Keller, Evelyn Fox 2000.
↑ King R.C. Stansfield W.D. & Mulligan P.K. 2006.
↑ These are not the only possibilities: see Allele#Dominance.
↑ Alberts B. et al 2002.
↑ See also transcription (genetics)

[1] Carlson E.A. 1989.

[2] Keller, Evelyn Fox 2000.

[3] King R.C. Stansfield W.D. & Mulligan P.K. 2006.

[4] These are not the only possibilities: see Allele#Dominance.

[5] Alberts B. et al 2002.

[6] See also transcription (genetics)

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