In a "product sales" database, a product may have optional supplementary information such as image, more description and comment. Keeping them inside the Products table results in many empty spaces (in those records without these optional data). Furthermore, these large data may degrade the performance of the database.
Instead, we can create another table (say ProductDetails, ProductLines or ProductExtras) to store the optional data. A record will only be created for those products with optional data. The two tables, Products and ProductDetails, exhibit a one-to-one relationship. That is, for every row in the parent table, there is at most one row (possibly zero) in the child table. The same column productID should be used as the primary key for both tables.
Some databases limit the number of columns that can be created inside a table. You could use a one-to-one relationship to split the data into two tables. A one-to-one relationship is also useful for storing certain sensitive data in a secure table, while the non-sensitive ones in the main table.
