The quicksort technique is done by separating the list into two parts. Initially, a pivot element is chosen by partitioning algorithm. The left part of the pivot holds the smaller values than the pivot, and right part holds the larger value. After partitioning, each separate lists are partitioned using the same procedure.
The complexity of Quicksort Technique
- Time Complexity: O(n log n) for best case and average case, O(n^2) for the worst case.
- Space Complexity: O(log n)
Input and Output
Input: The unsorted list: 90 45 22 11 22 50 Output: Array before Sorting: 90 45 22 11 22 50 Array after Sorting: 11 22 22 45 50 90
Algorithm
partition(array, lower, upper)
Input: The data set array, lower boundary and upper boundary
Output: Pivot in the correct position
Begin pivot := array[lower] start := lower and end := upper while start < end do while array[start] <= pivot AND start < end do start := start +1 done while array[end] > pivot do end := end – 1 done if start < end then swap array[start] with array[end] done array[lower] := array[end] array[end] := pivot return end End
quickSort(array, left, right
Input − An array of data, and lower and upper bound of the array
Output − The sorted Array
Begin if lower < right then q = partition(arraym left, right) quickSort(array, left, q-1) quickSort(array, q+1, right) End
Example
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void swapping(int &a, int &b) { //swap the content of a and b
int temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
void display(int *array, int size) {
for(int i = 0; i<size; i++)
cout << array[i] << " ";
cout << endl;
}
int partition(int *array, int lower, int upper) {
//Hoare partitioning technique to find correct location for pivot
int pivot, start, end;
pivot = array[lower]; //first element as pivot
start = lower; end = upper;
while(start < end) {
while(array[start] <= pivot && start<end) {
start++; //start pointer moves to right
}
while(array[end] > pivot) {
end--; //end pointer moves to left
}
if(start < end) {
swap(array[start], array[end]); //swap smaller and bigger element
}
}
array[lower] = array[end];
array[end] = pivot;
return end;
}
void quickSort(int *array, int left, int right) {
int q;
if(left < right) {
q = partition(array, left, right);
quickSort(array, left, q-1); //sort left sub-array
quickSort(array, q+1, right); //sort right sub-array
}
}
int main() {
int n;
cout << "Enter the number of elements: ";
cin >> n;
int arr[n]; //create an array with given number of elements
cout << "Enter elements:" << endl;
for(int i = 0; i<n; i++) {
cin >> arr[i];
}
cout << "Array before Sorting: ";
display(arr, n);
quickSort(arr, 0, n-1); //(n-1) for last index
cout << "Array after Sorting: ";
display(arr, n);
}Output
Enter the number of elements: 6 Enter elements: 90 45 22 11 22 50 Array before Sorting: 90 45 22 11 22 50 Array after Sorting: 11 22 22 45 50 90