JavaScript
The base programming language in all these. ES5 and ES6 are just different versions of this language
CoffeeScript
CoffeeScript is a programming language which transcompiles to JavaScript. It’s a compiler layer on top of JavaScript.
TypeScript
A language that compiles down to JavaScript. TypeScript is a method to create JavaScript code by writing it in the TypeScript dialect and compiles to JavaScript. TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript.
ES5 and ES6
CoffeeScript & TypeScript are the ones that support ES6 features. The compiler convert code into JavaScript (ES5). ES6 is next generation JavaScript.