C Program for Rabin-Karp Algorithm for Pattern Searching

Pattern matching in C − We have to find if a string is present in another string, as an example, the string "algorithm” is present within the string "naive algorithm". If it is found, then its location (i.e. position it is present at) is displayed. We tend to create a function that receives 2character arrays and returns the position if matching happens otherwise returns -1.

Input: txt = "HERE IS A NICE CAP"
   pattern = "NICE"
Output: Pattern found at index 10
Input: txt = "XYZXACAADXYZXYZX"
   pattern = "XYZX"
Output: Pattern found at index 0
   Pattern found at index 9
   Pattern found at index 12

Rabin-Karp is another pattern searching algorithm. It is the string matching algorithm that was proposed by Rabin and Karp to find the pattern in a more efficient way. Like the Naive Algorithm, it also checks the pattern by moving the window one by one, but without checking all characters for all cases, it finds the hash value. When the hash value is matched, then only it proceeds to check each character. In this way, there is only one comparison per text subsequence making it a more efficient algorithm for pattern searching.

Preprocessing time- O(m)

The time complexity of the Rabin-Karp Algorithm is O(m+n), but for the worst case, it is O(mn).

Algorithm

rabinkarp_algo(text, pattern, prime)

Input − The main text and the pattern. Another prime number of find hash location

Output − locations, where the pattern is found

Start
   pat_len := pattern Length
   str_len := string Length
   patHash := 0 and strHash := 0, h := 1
   maxChar := total number of characters in character set
for index i of all character in the pattern, do
   h := (h*maxChar) mod prime
for all character index i of pattern, do
   patHash := (maxChar*patHash + pattern[i]) mod prime
   strHash := (maxChar*strHash + text[i]) mod prime
for i := 0 to (str_len - pat_len), do
   if patHash = strHash, then
      for charIndex := 0 to pat_len -1, do
         if text[i+charIndex] ≠ pattern[charIndex], then
         break
if charIndex = pat_len, then
   print the location i as pattern found at i position.
if i < (str_len - pat_len), then
   strHash := (maxChar*(strHash – text[i]*h)+text[i+patLen]) mod prime, then
   if strHash < 0, then
   strHash := strHash + prime
End

Example

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main (){
   char txt[80], pat[80];
   int q;
   printf ("Enter the container string \n");
   scanf ("%s", &txt);
   printf ("Enter the pattern to be searched \n");
   scanf ("%s", &pat);
   int d = 256;
   printf ("Enter a prime number \n");
   scanf ("%d", &q);
   int M = strlen (pat);
   int N = strlen (txt);
   int i, j;
   int p = 0;
   int t = 0;
   int h = 1;
   for (i = 0; i < M - 1; i++)
      h = (h * d) % q;
   for (i = 0; i < M; i++){
      p = (d * p + pat[i]) % q;
      t = (d * t + txt[i]) % q;
   }
   for (i = 0; i <= N - M; i++){
      if (p == t){
         for (j = 0; j < M; j++){
            if (txt[i + j] != pat[j])
            break;
         }
         if (j == M)
            printf ("Pattern found at index %d \n", i);
      }
      if (i < N - M){
         t = (d * (t - txt[i] * h) + txt[i + M]) % q;
         if (t < 0)
            t = (t + q);
      }
   }
   return 0;
}

Output

Enter the container string
tutorialspointisthebestprogrammingwebsite
Enter the pattern to be searched
p
Enter a prime number
3
Pattern found at index 8
Pattern found at index 21