When going through Arduino codes, you may come across some numbers which are followed by either a U or an L or both (or in small caps, u and l). These are formatters, which force integer constants to be of a specific format. U forces an integer constant to be of the unsigned data format, while L forces the integer constant to be of the long data format.These formatters can be used when defining variables, as well as using some integer values directly in a formula.Exampleint a = 33u; # define b 33ul int c = a*1000L;All of the above ... Read More

The same operators that are used for comparing integers like , >=, 'A'.ExampleTake a look at the following example.void setup() {    Serial.begin(9600);    Serial.println();    String s1 = "Hello";    String s2 = "hello";    String s3 = "100";    String s4 = "90";    if (s1 > s2) {       Serial.println("s1 is greater than s2");    } else if(s2 > s1) {       Serial.println("s2 is greater than s1");    }    if (s3 > s4) {       Serial.println("s3 is greater than s4");    } else if(s4 > s3) {     ... Read More

The getBytes() function helps copy the content of a String to a byte array. The syntax is −string1.getBytes(buf, len)where, string1 is the string whose content you want to copy to a byte array, buf is the byte array, andlen is the length of content to be copied.ExampleThe following example illustrates how to use this function −byte buf[10]; void setup() {    Serial.begin(9600);    Serial.println();    String s1 = "Hello World";    s1.getBytes(buf, 5);    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {       Serial.println(buf[i]);    } } void loop() { }OutputThe Serial Monitor output is shown ... Read More

The isControl() function is used to determine if a character is a control character. A control character or a non-printing character (NPC) is a code point (a number) in a character set that does not represent a written symbol. All entries in the ASCII table below code 32 are of this kind. This includes characters like '', '\t', and so on.SyntaxThe syntax of the isControl function is as follows −isControl(myChar)Where myChar is the character being evaluated. If it is a control character, this function returns True, otherwise False.ExampleThe following example illustrates how to use this function −void setup() {   ... Read More

In this article, we will see how to interface Arduino with a GSM Module, and ping to a website.You will need the following −An Arduino boardA GSM Module (SIM800C, SIM900A, are popular examples, but you can have any other module as well)A GSM (2G) SIM Card, or a 4G SIM Card with 2G fallback option (Jio SIM Cards won't work for this project)A GSM AntennaYou could also get a GSM Module development board, like the one below (the SIM Card Holder is on the other side of the board) −A GSM Module interacts with a microcontroller via UART (see the ... Read More

In this article, we will see how to interface Arduino with a GSM Module, and delete all the read SMSes. You will need the following −An Arduino boardA GSM Module (SIM800C, SIM900A, are popular examples, but you can have any other module as well)A GSM (2G) SIM Card, or a 4G SIM Card with 2G fallback option (Jio SIM Cards won't work for this project)A GSM AntennaYou could also get a GSM Module development board, like the one below (the SIM Card Holder is on the other side of the board) −A GSM Module interacts with a microcontroller via UART ... Read More

In this article, we will see how to interface Arduino with a GSM Module, and read an SMS sent to the SIM card attached to the module.You will need the following −An Arduino boardA GSM Module (SIM800C, SIM900A, are popular examples, but you can have any other module as well)A GSM (2G) SIM Card, or a 4G SIM Card with 2G fallback option (Jio SIM Cards won't work for this project)A GSM AntennaYou could also get a GSM Module development board, like the one below (the SIM Card Holder is on the other side of the board) −A GSM Module ... Read More

Arduino has come up with a number of boards specifically for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. If you go to the Products page on Arduino website, you will find a separate section for IoT boards. Their prices range from $18 to $69.The main feature that differentiates these boards from other Arduino boards (like Uno) is the presence of some connectivity onboard. For instance, The Arduino Nano 33 IOT board has WiFi and Bluetooth connectivity.The MKR Fox 1200 board (available in Europe only) supports the Sigfox architecture.The MKR GSM 1400 board supports GSM.The MKR NB 1500 supports the recently developed NBIoT ... Read More

We will have a comparison of the specifications of Arduino Uno and the Arduino Due BoardArduino UnoArduino MicroRefer to the table below for a detailed comparisonUnoMicroGeneralDimensionsPricing2.7'' x 2.1''$20-231.88'' x 0.7''$20-21ConnectivityI/O PinsPWM PinsAnalog Pins146620712ComputingProcessorFlash MemorySRAMEEPROMClock speedVoltage LevelUSB ConnectivityATmega328P32 kB2 kB1 kB16 MHz5VStandard A/B USBATmega32u432 kB2.5 kB1 kB16 MHz5VMicro USBCommunicationHardware Serial PortsSPI SupportI2C Support1YesYes2YesYesArduino Micro is very similar to Leonardo. The biggest difference between Micro and Leonardo, perhaps, is the form factor. Apart from the differences mentioned in the above table, one other major difference that I'd like to highlight −Micro's ATmega32u4 has in-built USB communication, thereby eliminating the need for a ... Read More

We will have a comparison of the specifications of Arduino Uno and the Arduino Leonardo Board.Arduino UnoArduino LeonardoRefer to the table below for a detailed comparison −UnoLeonardoGeneralDimensionsPricing2.7'' x 2.1''$20-232.7'' x 2.1''$20-21ConnectivityI/O PinsPWM PinsAnalog Pins146620712ComputingProcessorFlash MemorySRAMEEPROMClock speedVoltage LevelUSB ConnectivityATmega328P32 kB2 kB1 kB16 MHz5VStandard A/B USBATmega32u432 kB2.5 kB1 kB16 MHz5VStandard A/B USBCommunicationHardware Serial PortsSPI SupportI2C Support1YesYes2Yes (master only)YesApart from the differences mentioned in the above table, two other major differences that I'd like to highlight −The SPI pins on Leonardo are not exposed via digital pins, but via ICSP headers.And the slave select pin is not exposed at all. Therefore, the Leonardo ... Read More