Based on drug class, the global allergy-relieving eye drops market has been segmented into antihistamines, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
vasoconstrictors, and others.
Topical
vasoconstrictors, digital pressure, cauterization and packing are some of the treatments widely adopted.
Improvements in expression of markers of liver function, including increased expression of vasodilators and reduced expression of
vasoconstrictors, were observed in liver cells isolated from emricasan-treated cirrhotic rats.
Potential explanations for PH include autoimmune or high cardiac-output-mediated endothelial damage in addition to elevated pulmonary vascular resistance due to decrease in pulmonary vasodilators and an increase in
vasoconstrictors [9, 14].
A significant number of mediators that are produced by the endothelial layer are
vasoconstrictors, angiotensin II and endothelin I, and vasodilators, nitric oxide (NO), endothelial hyperpolarizing factor, and prostacyclin [10].
This was similar to that reported in human and rat hypertension models (Vanhoutte et al., 2005; Shi et al., 2008) where there was an endothelium dysfunction because of a lower bioavailability of NO due to the increase in oxidative stress that stimulates COX and production of prostaglandin
vasoconstrictors (Vanhoutte, 2011).
However,
vasoconstrictors are helpful but not always harmless.
The abortive treatment of choice for migraine is one of the ergot alkaloids or triptans, which are
vasoconstrictors that act upon the terminal branches of the external carotid artery.
TXA[sub]2 synthesis is also closely related to vasoconstriction.[sup][3] The impairment of keeping vascular homeostasis, which is regulated through the synthesis and release of vasodilators and
vasoconstrictors results in endothelial dysfunction.
[4] Use of local
vasoconstrictors can lead to endoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive technique that has found a definite place in all surgical techniques.
Han, "Systematic review of topical
vasoconstrictors in endoscopic sinus surgery," Laryngoscope, vol.