forests), the prevalence of
hippoboscid flies (Ornithomya anchineuria and I.
Haemoproteus turlerine ceratopogonid ve
hippoboscid sinekler vektorluk yapmaktadir (10, 11).
Hippoboscid (dipteran) fly like Pseudolinchia canariensis is incriminated vectors of Haemoproteus species in pigeons (Benette and Pierce, 1990).
(3,4)
Hippoboscid flies of the genus Ornithomyia and biting midges of the genus Culicoides are the intermediate hosts of Hemoproteus.
The earliest record of a
hippoboscid fly acting as vector of an avian Haemoproteus parasite was by Aragao (1908; see also Adie, 1915) and, more recently, other bird pathogens transmitted by
hippoboscid flies have been detected (e.g., Haemoproteus multipigmentatus, Valkiunas et al., 2010; Santiago-Alarcon et al., 2012).
They are also transmitted by Ticks but the Culicoides are major transmitter of Haemoproteus [2].The incidence of infection increases with the
hippoboscid andceratopogonidvectors[20].Thepopulationof
hippoboscid flies remained constant in the tropical and subtropical areas indicating high rates of transmission and prevalence throughout the year [21,22].
The documented external parasites of raptors include lice, feather mites, ticks, fleas,
hippoboscid flies and fly larvae (Sohn & Noh 1994, Morishita et al.
Odocoileus virginianus from the peninsula served as host to a variety of ectoparasites including the
hippoboscid fly Lipoptena mazamae and the ixodid ticks Amblyomma cajennense (adult female), two species of Amblyomma sp.
Smith for critically reading the manuscript; Nixon Wilson for assistance with species identification of
hippoboscid flies; and Rob Lanciotti for providing monoclonal anti-flavivirus antibody 4G2
hippoboscid - bloodsucking dipterous fly parasitic on birds and mammals