Evernic acid and
vulpinic acid were purchased from Extrasynthese (Cenay, France) and methyl [ss]-orcinol carboxylate from Sigma-Aldrich.
The yeasts might be what's making the difference between the forms, maybe even synthesizing toxic
vulpinic acid, the researchers say.
Vulpinic and pinastric acids as lichen antiherbivore compounds: contrary evidence.
adspersum (source Tibell 1996) (source Tibell 1999) Thallus verrucose, yellowish granular, greyish Capitulum brownish pruina and yellowish pruina often yellowish pruina Ascus size 33-50 x 3,5-4,5 24-33 x 6-8 ([micro]m) and shape cylindrical clavate Ascospore size 8-12 x 4-5 13-17 x 6-8 ([micro]m) Arrangement of uniseriate to biseriate biseriate to spores in the asci threeseriate Ascospore spirally arranged cracks spirally ornamentation ridges; arranged ridges occasional irregular Chemistry norstictic and norstictic and placodiolic acids,
vulpinic acids xanthones C.
Pinastric acid 56 and vulpinic acid 57 are typical medullary lichen acids with intense yellow color in the genus Vulpicida, and their production is independent of algal partners (Golojuch and Lawrey 1988, Mattsson 1993).
Quantitative variation in vulpinic and pinastric acids produced by Tuckermannopsis pinastri (Lichen-forming ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae).
The extracts had a high total phenolic content, and the main constituents identified by HPLC were fumarprotocetraric acid in Cetraria islandica, and usnic, pinastric and vulpinic acids in Vulpicida canadensis.
The standards used were obtained by isolating fumarprotocetraric acid from Bryoria sp., protocetraric acid from Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale, vulpinic acid from Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue.
Macre, R., 1995.1n vitro activities of the lichen secondary metabolites
vulpinic acid, (+) -usnic acid, and (-) -usnic acid against aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms.
In vitro activities of the lichen secondary metabolites
vulpinic acid (+)-usnic acid, and (-)usnic acid against aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms.
In vitro activities of the lichen secondary metabolites
vulpinic acid, (+)-usnic acid and (-)-usnic acid against aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms.
Lauterwein M, Oethinger M, Belsner K, Peters T, Marre R (1995) In vitro activities of the lichen secondary metabolites
vulpinic acid, (+)-usnic acid, and (--)-usnic acid against aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms.