J2ee servlet

Servlet technology is used to create web application
(resides at server side and generates dynamic web
page).
Servlet technology is robust and scalable because of
java language. Before Servlet, CGI (Common Gateway
Interface) scripting language was popular as a server-
side programming language. But there was many
disadvantages of this technology. We have discussed
these disadvantages below.
There are many interfaces and classes in the servlet
API such as Servlet, GenericServlet, HttpServlet,
ServletRequest, ServletResponse etc.

 Servlet is a technology i.e. used to create web
application.
 Servlet is an API that provides many interfaces
and classes including documentations.
 Servlet is an interface that must be implemented
for creating any servlet.
 Servlet is a class that extend the capabilities of
the servers and respond to the incoming request.
It can respond to any type of requests.
 Servlet is a web component that is deployed on
the server to create dynamic web page.

 A web application is an application accessible
from the web.
 A web application is composed of web
components like Servlet, JSP, Filter etc. and
other components such as HTML.
 The web components typically execute in
Web Server and respond to HTTP request.

 CGI technology enables the web server to call an
external program and pass HTTP request
information to the external program to process
the request. For each request, it starts a new
process.
Disadvantages of CGI
 There are many problems in CGI technology:
 If number of clients increases, it takes more
time for sending response.
 For each request, it starts a process and Web
server is limited to start processes.
 It uses platform dependent language e.g. C, C++,
perl.

 There are many advantages of servlet over CGI.
The web container creates threads for handling
the multiple requests to the servlet. Threads
have a lot of benefits over the Processes such as
they share a common memory area, lightweight,
cost of communication between the threads are
low. The basic benefits of servlet are as follows:
 better performance: because it creates a thread
for each request not process.
 Portability: because it uses java language.
 Robust: Servlets are managed by JVM so we
don't need to worry about memory leak, garbage
collection etc.
 Secure: because it uses java language..

 Servlet class is loaded.
 Servlet instance is created.
 init method is invoked.
 service method is invoked.
 destroy method is invoked.

1) Servlet class is loaded
 The classloader is responsible to load the servlet
class. The servlet class is loaded when the first
request for the servlet is received by the web
container.
2) Servlet instance is created
 The web container creates the instance of a servlet
after loading the servlet class. The servlet instance is
created only once in the servlet life cycle.
3) init method is invoked
 The web container calls the init method only once
after creating the servlet instance. The init method is
used to initialize the servlet. It is the life cycle
method of the javax.servlet.Servlet interface. Syntax
of the init method is given below:
 public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletE
xception

4) service method is invoked
 The web container calls the service method each
time when request for the servlet is received. If
servlet is not initialized, it follows the first three
steps as described above then calls the service
method. If servlet is initialized, it calls the service
method. Notice that servlet is initialized only once.
The syntax of the service method of the Servlet
interface is given below:
 public void service(ServletRequest request, ServletRe
sponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException
5) destroy method is invoked
 The web container calls the destroy method before
removing the servlet instance from the service. It
gives the servlet an opportunity to clean up any
resource for example memory, thread etc. The syntax
of the destroy method of the Servlet interface is
given below:
 public void destroy()

The servlet example can be created by three
ways:
 By implementing Servlet interface,
 By inheriting GenericServlet class, (or)
 By inheriting HttpServlet class
 The mostly used approach is by extending
HttpServlet because it provides http request
specific method such as doGet(), doPost(),
doHead() etc.

Here, we are going to use apache tomcat
server in this example. The steps are as
follows:
 Create a directory structure
 Create a Servlet
 Compile the Servlet
 Create a deployment descriptor
 Start the server and deploy the project
 Access the servlet

There are three ways to create the servlet:-
 By implementing the Servlet interface
 By inheriting the GenericServlet class
 By inheriting the HttpServlet class
 The HttpServlet class is widely used to create
the servlet because it provides methods to
handle http requests such as doGet(),
doPost, doHead() etc.In this example we are
going to create a servlet that extends the
HttpServlet class. In this example, we are
inheriting the HttpServlet class and providing
the implementation of the doGet() method.
Notice that get request is the default
request.

 import javax.servlet.http.*;
 import javax.servlet.*;
 import java.io.*;
 public class DemoServlet extends HttpServlet{
 public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req,HttpServletResponse res)
 throws ServletException,IOException
 {
 res.setContentType("text/html");//setting the content type
 PrintWriter pw=res.getWriter();//get the stream to write the data
 //writing html in the stream
 pw.println("<html><body>");
 pw.println("Welcome to servlet");
 pw.println("</body></html>");

 pw.close();//closing the stream
 }}

 RequestDispacher is an interface that
provides the facility to forward a request to
another resource or include the content of
another resource. RequestDispacher provides
a way to call another resource from a
servlet. Another resource can be servlet, jsp
or html.

Methods of RequestDispacher interface:
 1. forward(ServletRequest request,ServletResponse response): This
method forwards a request from a servlet to another resource on the
server.
 Syntax:public void forward(ServletRequest request,ServletResponse
response)throws ServletException, IOException
 2. include(ServletRequest request,ServletResponse response): This
method includes the content of a resource in the response.
 Syntax: public void include(ServletRequest request,ServletResponse
response)throws ServletException, IOException
How to get an object of RequestDispacher.
 RequestDispacher object can be gets from HttpServletRequest
object.ServletRequest’s getRequestDispatcher()method is used to get
RequestDispatcher object.
 RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher =
request.getRequestDispatcher(“/another resource”);
 After creating RequestDispatcher object you call forword or include
method as per your requirement.
 requestDispatcher.forward(request, response);
or
 requestDispatcher.include(request, response);

 sendRedirect() is the method of
HttpServletResponse interface which is used
to redirect response to another resource.
 Syntax: response. sendRedirect(relative
url);

ServletAnnotationExample:
@WebServlet("/HelloWorld")
public class ServletAnnotationExample extends HttpServlet
{
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
//no-argument constructor
public ServletAnnotationExample() { }
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response) throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
out.print("<h1>Hello World example using annotations.</h1>");
out.close();
}
}

Cookie:
 A cookie is a small piece of information as a text file
stored on client’s machine by a web application.
How cookie works?
 As HTTP is a stateless protocol so there is no way to
identify that it is a new user or previous user for
every new request.
 In case of cookie a text file with small piece of
information is added to the response of first request.
 They are stored on client’s machine. Now when a
new request comes cookie is by default added with
the request. With this information we can identify
that it is a new user or a previous user.

 1. Session cookies/Non-persistent
cookies: These types of cookies are session
dependent i.e. they are accessible as long as
session is open and they are lost when
session is closed by exiting from the web
application.
 2. Permanent cookies/Persistent
cookies: These types of cookies are session
independent i.e. they are not lost when
session is closed by exiting from the web
application. They are lost when they expire.

Advantages of cookies:
 1. They are stored on client side so don’t
need any server resource.
 2. and easy technique for session
management.
Disadvantages of cookies:
 1. Cookies can be disabled from the browser.
 2. Security risk is there because cookies exist
as a text file so any one can open and read
user’s information

Hidden field:
 Hidden field is an input text with hidden type. This field will not
be visible to the user.
 Syntax:<input name=”fieldName” value=”fieldValue”
type=”hidden”/>
How to get hidden field value in servlet?
 HttpServletRequest interface’s getParameter() method is used to
get hidden field value in servlet.
 Syntax: String value = request.getParameter(“fieldName”);
 Note: Hidden field only works in case of form submission so
they will not work in case of anchor tag as no form submission
is there.
Advantages of hidden field:
 1. All browsers support hidden fields.
2. Simple to use.
Disadvantages of hidden fields:
 1. Not secure.
2. Only work in case of form submission.

J2ee servlet

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J2ee servlet