The Ring programming language version 1.5.2 book - Part 35 of 181
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This document summarizes the key classes and methods in the Ring programming language documentation. It describes classes for strings, lists, stacks, queues, hash tables, trees and math functions. For each class it lists parent classes and example methods with brief descriptions of functionality. An example usage section demonstrates the methods on various classes.
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.2
Method Description/Output
Init(x) Set vValue Attribute to x value
Print() Print vValue
PrintLn() Print vValue then New Line
Size() return number represent the size of vValue
Value() return vValue
Set(x) Call Init(x)
43.2 String Class
Parent Class : StdBase Class
Methods:
Method Description/Output
Init(String|Number|List)
Lower() New String - Lower case characters
Upper() New String - Upper case characters
Left(x) New String - contains x characters from the left
Right(x) New String - contains x characters from the right
Lines() Number - Lines count
Trim() New String - Remove Spaces
Copy(x) New String - repeat string x times
strcmp(cString) Compare string with cString
tolist() List (String Lines to String Items)
tofile(cFileName) Write string to file
mid(nPos1,nPos2) New String - from nPos1 to nPos2
getfrom(nPos1) New String - from nPos1 to the end of the string
replace(cStr1,cStr2,lCase) New String - Replace cStr1 with cStr2 , lCase (True=Match Case)
split() List - Each Word as list item
startswith(substring) Return true if the start starts with a substring
endswith(substring) Return true if the start ends with a substring
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
See "Testing the String Class" + nl
oString = new string("Hello, World!")
oString.println()
oString.upper().println()
oString.lower().println()
oString.left(5).println()
oString.right(6).println()
oString = new string("Hi" + nl + "Hello" )
See oString.lines() + nl
oString = new string(" Welcome ")
oString.println()
oString.trim().println()
oString = new string("Hello! ")
oString.copy(3).println()
see oString.strcmp("Hello! ") + nl
see oString.strcmp("Hello ") + nl
see oString.strcmp("Hello!! ") + nl
oString = new string(["one","two","three"])
43.2. String Class 315](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/341pdfsamfayedringdoc1-180227021814/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-5-2-book-Part-35-of-181-1-320.jpg)
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.2
Ring
***Ring*** programming language
******Ring****** programming language
FirstSecond
FirstFirstFirst
FirstFirstFirst
one
two
three
Hello
How are you?
43.3 List Class
Parent Class : StdBase Class
Methods:
Method Description/Output
Init(String|List)
Add(Value) Add item to the list
Delete(nIndex) Delete item from the list
Item(nIndex) Get item from the list
First() Get the first item in the list
Last() Get the last item in the list
Set(nIndex,Value) Set item value
FindInColumn(nCol,Value) Find item in a column
Sort() Sort items - return new list
Reverse() Reverse items - return new list
Insert(nIndex,Value) Inset Item after nIndex
example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
oList = new list ( [1,2,3] )
oList.Add(4)
oList.print()
see oList.item(1) + nl
oList.delete(4)
oList.print()
see oList.first() + nl
see oList.last() + nl
oList { set(1,"one") set(2,"two") set(3,"three") print() }
see oList.find("two") + nl
oList.sort().print()
oList.reverse().print()
oList.insert(2,"nice")
oList.print()
oList = new list ( [ [1,"one"],[2,"two"],[3,"three"] ] )
see copy("*",10) + nl
oList.print()
see "Search two : " + oList.findincolumn(2,"two") + nl
see "Search 1 : " + oList.findincolumn(1,1) + nl
oList = new list ( [ "Egypt" , "USA" , "KSA" ] )
for x in oList
43.3. List Class 317](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/341pdfsamfayedringdoc1-180227021814/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-5-2-book-Part-35-of-181-3-320.jpg)
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.2
see x + nl
next
oList = new list ( [1,2,3,4] )
oList + [5,6,7]
oList.print()
oList = new list ( ["one","two"] )
oList2 = new list ( ["three","four"] )
oList + oList2
oList.print()
output:
1
2
3
4
1
1
2
3
1
3
one
two
three
2
one
three
two
three
two
one
one
two
nice
three
**********
1
one
2
two
3
three
Search two : 2
Search 1 : 1
Egypt
USA
KSA
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
one
two
three
43.3. List Class 318](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/341pdfsamfayedringdoc1-180227021814/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-5-2-book-Part-35-of-181-4-320.jpg)
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.2
oQueue.add(2)
oQueue.add(3)
see oQueue.remove() + nl
see oQueue.remove() + nl
see oQueue.remove() + nl
oQueue.add(4)
see oQueue.remove() + nl
oQueue { add("one") add("two") add("three") }
oQueue.print()
output:
1
2
3
4
one
two
three
43.6 HashTable Class
Parent Class : List Class
Methods:
Method Description/Output
Init(List)
Add(cKey,Value) Add item to the HashTable
Set(cKey,Value) Set item value using the Key
GetValue(cKey) Get item value using the Key
Contains(cKey) Check if the HashTable contains item using the Key
Index(cKey) Get the item index using the Key
example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
ohashtable = new hashtable
See "Test the hashtable Class Methods" + nl
ohashtable {
Add("Egypt","Cairo")
Add("KSA","Riyadh")
see self["Egypt"] + nl
see self["KSA"] + nl
see contains("Egypt") + nl
see contains("USA") + nl
see index("KSA") + NL
print()
delete(index("KSA"))
see copy("*",60) + nl
print()
}
output:
43.6. HashTable Class 320](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/341pdfsamfayedringdoc1-180227021814/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-5-2-book-Part-35-of-181-6-320.jpg)
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.2
Test the hashtable Class Methods
Cairo
Riyadh
1
0
2
Egypt
Cairo
KSA
Riyadh
************************************************************
Egypt
Cairo
43.7 Tree Class
Data:
Attribute Description
Data Node Value
Children Children List
Methods:
Method Description/Output
set(value) Set the node value.
value() Get the node value.
Add(value) Add new child.
parent() Get the parent node.
print() Print the tree nodes.
example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
otree = new tree
See "Test the tree Class Methods" + nl
otree {
set("The first step") # set the root node value
see value() + nl
Add("one")
Add("two")
Add("three") {
Add("3.1")
Add("3.2")
Add("3.3")
see children
}
see children
oTree.children[2] {
Add("2.1") Add("2.2") Add("2.3") {
Add("2.3.1") Add("2.3.2") Add("test")
}
}
oTree.children[2].children[3].children[3].set("2.3.3")
}
43.7. Tree Class 321](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/341pdfsamfayedringdoc1-180227021814/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-5-2-book-Part-35-of-181-7-320.jpg)
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.2
Method Description
sin(x) Returns the sine of an angle of x radians
cos(x) Returns the cosine of an angle of x radians
tan(x) Returns the tangent of an angle of x radians
asin(x) Returns the principal value of the arc sine of x, expressed in radians
acos(x) Returns the principal value of the arc cosine of x, expressed in radians
atan(x) Returns the principal value of the arc tangent of x, expressed in radians
atan2(y,x) Returns the principal arc tangent of y/x, in the interval [-pi,+pi] radians
sinh(x) Returns the hyperbolic sine of x radians
cosh(x) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x radians
tanh(x) Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x radians
exp(x) Returns the value of e raised to the xth power
log(x) Returns the natural logarithm of x
log10(x) Returns the common logarithm (base-10 logarithm) of x
ceil(x) Returns the smallest integer value greater than or equal to x
floor(x) Returns the largest integer value less than or equal to x
fabs(x) Returns the absolute value of x.
pow(x,y) Returns x raised to the power of y
sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x
random(x) Returns a random number in the range [0,x]
unsigned(n,n,c) Perform operation using unsigned numbers
decimals(n) Determine the decimals digits after the point in float/double numbers
example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
oMath = new Math
See "Test the Math Class Methods" + nl
See "Sin(0) = " + oMath.sin(0) + nl
See "Sin(90) radians = " + oMath.sin(90) + nl
See "Sin(90) degree = " + oMath.sin(90*3.14/180) + nl
See "Cos(0) = " + oMath.cos(0) + nl
See "Cos(90) radians = " + oMath.cos(90) + nl
See "Cos(90) degree = " +oMath. cos(90*3.14/180) + nl
See "Tan(0) = " + oMath.tan(0) + nl
See "Tan(90) radians = " + oMath.tan(90) + nl
See "Tan(90) degree = " + oMath.tan(90*3.14/180) + nl
See "asin(0) = " + oMath.asin(0) + nl
See "acos(0) = " + oMath.acos(0) + nl
See "atan(0) = " + oMath.atan(0) + nl
See "atan2(1,1) = " +oMath. atan2(1,1) + nl
See "sinh(0) = " + oMath.sinh(0) + nl
See "sinh(1) = " + oMath.sinh(1) + nl
See "cosh(0) = " + oMath.cosh(0) + nl
See "cosh(1) = " + oMath.cosh(1) + nl
See "tanh(0) = " + oMath.tanh(0) + nl
See "tanh(1) = " + oMath.tanh(1) + nl
See "exp(0) = " + oMath.exp(0) + nl
See "exp(1) = " + oMath.exp(1) + nl
See "log(1) = " + oMath.log(1) + nl
43.8. Math Class 323](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/341pdfsamfayedringdoc1-180227021814/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-5-2-book-Part-35-of-181-9-320.jpg)
The Ring programming language version 1.5.2 book - Part 35 of 181
- 1. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.2 Method Description/Output Init(x) Set vValue Attribute to x value Print() Print vValue PrintLn() Print vValue then New Line Size() return number represent the size of vValue Value() return vValue Set(x) Call Init(x) 43.2 String Class Parent Class : StdBase Class Methods: Method Description/Output Init(String|Number|List) Lower() New String - Lower case characters Upper() New String - Upper case characters Left(x) New String - contains x characters from the left Right(x) New String - contains x characters from the right Lines() Number - Lines count Trim() New String - Remove Spaces Copy(x) New String - repeat string x times strcmp(cString) Compare string with cString tolist() List (String Lines to String Items) tofile(cFileName) Write string to file mid(nPos1,nPos2) New String - from nPos1 to nPos2 getfrom(nPos1) New String - from nPos1 to the end of the string replace(cStr1,cStr2,lCase) New String - Replace cStr1 with cStr2 , lCase (True=Match Case) split() List - Each Word as list item startswith(substring) Return true if the start starts with a substring endswith(substring) Return true if the start ends with a substring Example: Load "stdlib.ring" See "Testing the String Class" + nl oString = new string("Hello, World!") oString.println() oString.upper().println() oString.lower().println() oString.left(5).println() oString.right(6).println() oString = new string("Hi" + nl + "Hello" ) See oString.lines() + nl oString = new string(" Welcome ") oString.println() oString.trim().println() oString = new string("Hello! ") oString.copy(3).println() see oString.strcmp("Hello! ") + nl see oString.strcmp("Hello ") + nl see oString.strcmp("Hello!! ") + nl oString = new string(["one","two","three"]) 43.2. String Class 315
- 2. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.2 oString.print() see oString.lines() + nl oString = new String(1234) oString.println() oString = new String("one"+nl+"two"+nl+"three") aList = oString.tolist() see "List Items" + nl See aList oString = new String( "Welcome to the Ring programming language") See "the - position : " + oString.pos("the") + nl oString = oString.getfrom(oString.pos("Ring")) oString.println() oString.mid(1,4).println() oString = oString.replace("Ring","***Ring***",true) oString.println() oString = oString.replace("ring","***Ring***",false) oString.println() oString1 = new string("First") oString2 = new string("Second") oString = oString1 + oString2 oString.println() oString = oString1 * 3 oString.println() for t in ostring see t next oString.tofile("test.txt") oString = new string("one two three") see nl see ostring.split() oString { set("Hello") println() set("How are you?") println() } Output: Testing the String Class Hello, World! HELLO, WORLD! hello, world! Hello World! 2 Welcome Welcome Hello! Hello! Hello! 0 1 -1 one two three 4 1234 List Items one two three the - position : 12 Ring programming language 43.2. String Class 316
- 3. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.2 Ring ***Ring*** programming language ******Ring****** programming language FirstSecond FirstFirstFirst FirstFirstFirst one two three Hello How are you? 43.3 List Class Parent Class : StdBase Class Methods: Method Description/Output Init(String|List) Add(Value) Add item to the list Delete(nIndex) Delete item from the list Item(nIndex) Get item from the list First() Get the first item in the list Last() Get the last item in the list Set(nIndex,Value) Set item value FindInColumn(nCol,Value) Find item in a column Sort() Sort items - return new list Reverse() Reverse items - return new list Insert(nIndex,Value) Inset Item after nIndex example: Load "stdlib.ring" oList = new list ( [1,2,3] ) oList.Add(4) oList.print() see oList.item(1) + nl oList.delete(4) oList.print() see oList.first() + nl see oList.last() + nl oList { set(1,"one") set(2,"two") set(3,"three") print() } see oList.find("two") + nl oList.sort().print() oList.reverse().print() oList.insert(2,"nice") oList.print() oList = new list ( [ [1,"one"],[2,"two"],[3,"three"] ] ) see copy("*",10) + nl oList.print() see "Search two : " + oList.findincolumn(2,"two") + nl see "Search 1 : " + oList.findincolumn(1,1) + nl oList = new list ( [ "Egypt" , "USA" , "KSA" ] ) for x in oList 43.3. List Class 317
- 4. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.2 see x + nl next oList = new list ( [1,2,3,4] ) oList + [5,6,7] oList.print() oList = new list ( ["one","two"] ) oList2 = new list ( ["three","four"] ) oList + oList2 oList.print() output: 1 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 1 3 one two three 2 one three two three two one one two nice three ********** 1 one 2 two 3 three Search two : 2 Search 1 : 1 Egypt USA KSA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 one two three 43.3. List Class 318
- 5. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.2 four 43.4 Stack Class Parent Class : List Class Methods: Method Description/Output Init(String|Number|List) Push(Value) Push item to the stack Pop() Pop item from the stack Print() Print the stack items example: Load "stdlib.ring" oStack = new Stack oStack.push(1) oStack.push(2) oStack.push(3) see oStack.pop() + nl see oStack.pop() + nl see oStack.pop() + nl oStack.push(4) see oStack.pop() + nl oStack { push("one") push("two") push("three") } oStack.print() output: 3 2 1 4 three two one 43.5 Queue Class Parent Class : List Class Methods: Method Description/Output Init(String|Number|List) Remove() Remove item from the Queue. example: Load "stdlib.ring" oQueue = new Queue oQueue.add(1) 43.4. Stack Class 319
- 6. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.2 oQueue.add(2) oQueue.add(3) see oQueue.remove() + nl see oQueue.remove() + nl see oQueue.remove() + nl oQueue.add(4) see oQueue.remove() + nl oQueue { add("one") add("two") add("three") } oQueue.print() output: 1 2 3 4 one two three 43.6 HashTable Class Parent Class : List Class Methods: Method Description/Output Init(List) Add(cKey,Value) Add item to the HashTable Set(cKey,Value) Set item value using the Key GetValue(cKey) Get item value using the Key Contains(cKey) Check if the HashTable contains item using the Key Index(cKey) Get the item index using the Key example: Load "stdlib.ring" ohashtable = new hashtable See "Test the hashtable Class Methods" + nl ohashtable { Add("Egypt","Cairo") Add("KSA","Riyadh") see self["Egypt"] + nl see self["KSA"] + nl see contains("Egypt") + nl see contains("USA") + nl see index("KSA") + NL print() delete(index("KSA")) see copy("*",60) + nl print() } output: 43.6. HashTable Class 320
- 7. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.2 Test the hashtable Class Methods Cairo Riyadh 1 0 2 Egypt Cairo KSA Riyadh ************************************************************ Egypt Cairo 43.7 Tree Class Data: Attribute Description Data Node Value Children Children List Methods: Method Description/Output set(value) Set the node value. value() Get the node value. Add(value) Add new child. parent() Get the parent node. print() Print the tree nodes. example: Load "stdlib.ring" otree = new tree See "Test the tree Class Methods" + nl otree { set("The first step") # set the root node value see value() + nl Add("one") Add("two") Add("three") { Add("3.1") Add("3.2") Add("3.3") see children } see children oTree.children[2] { Add("2.1") Add("2.2") Add("2.3") { Add("2.3.1") Add("2.3.2") Add("test") } } oTree.children[2].children[3].children[3].set("2.3.3") } 43.7. Tree Class 321
- 8. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.2 see copy("*",60) + nl oTree.print() output: Test the tree Class Methods The first step data: 3.1 parent: List... children: List... data: 3.2 parent: List... children: List... data: 3.3 parent: List... children: List... data: one parent: List... children: List... data: two parent: List... children: List... data: three parent: List... children: List... ************************************************************ one two 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 three 3.1 3.2 3.3 43.8 Math Class Methods: 43.8. Math Class 322
- 9. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.2 Method Description sin(x) Returns the sine of an angle of x radians cos(x) Returns the cosine of an angle of x radians tan(x) Returns the tangent of an angle of x radians asin(x) Returns the principal value of the arc sine of x, expressed in radians acos(x) Returns the principal value of the arc cosine of x, expressed in radians atan(x) Returns the principal value of the arc tangent of x, expressed in radians atan2(y,x) Returns the principal arc tangent of y/x, in the interval [-pi,+pi] radians sinh(x) Returns the hyperbolic sine of x radians cosh(x) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x radians tanh(x) Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x radians exp(x) Returns the value of e raised to the xth power log(x) Returns the natural logarithm of x log10(x) Returns the common logarithm (base-10 logarithm) of x ceil(x) Returns the smallest integer value greater than or equal to x floor(x) Returns the largest integer value less than or equal to x fabs(x) Returns the absolute value of x. pow(x,y) Returns x raised to the power of y sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x random(x) Returns a random number in the range [0,x] unsigned(n,n,c) Perform operation using unsigned numbers decimals(n) Determine the decimals digits after the point in float/double numbers example: Load "stdlib.ring" oMath = new Math See "Test the Math Class Methods" + nl See "Sin(0) = " + oMath.sin(0) + nl See "Sin(90) radians = " + oMath.sin(90) + nl See "Sin(90) degree = " + oMath.sin(90*3.14/180) + nl See "Cos(0) = " + oMath.cos(0) + nl See "Cos(90) radians = " + oMath.cos(90) + nl See "Cos(90) degree = " +oMath. cos(90*3.14/180) + nl See "Tan(0) = " + oMath.tan(0) + nl See "Tan(90) radians = " + oMath.tan(90) + nl See "Tan(90) degree = " + oMath.tan(90*3.14/180) + nl See "asin(0) = " + oMath.asin(0) + nl See "acos(0) = " + oMath.acos(0) + nl See "atan(0) = " + oMath.atan(0) + nl See "atan2(1,1) = " +oMath. atan2(1,1) + nl See "sinh(0) = " + oMath.sinh(0) + nl See "sinh(1) = " + oMath.sinh(1) + nl See "cosh(0) = " + oMath.cosh(0) + nl See "cosh(1) = " + oMath.cosh(1) + nl See "tanh(0) = " + oMath.tanh(0) + nl See "tanh(1) = " + oMath.tanh(1) + nl See "exp(0) = " + oMath.exp(0) + nl See "exp(1) = " + oMath.exp(1) + nl See "log(1) = " + oMath.log(1) + nl 43.8. Math Class 323
- 10. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.2 See "log(2) = " + oMath.log(2) + nl See "log10(1) = " + oMath.log10(1) + nl See "log10(2) = " + oMath.log10(2) + nl See "log10(10) = " + oMath.log10(10) + nl See "Ceil(1.12) = " + oMath.Ceil(1.12) + nl See "Ceil(1.72) = " + oMath.Ceil(1.72) + nl See "Floor(1.12) = " + oMath.floor(1.12) + nl See "Floor(1.72) = " + oMath.floor(1.72) + nl See "fabs(1.12) = " + oMath.fabs(1.12) + nl See "fabs(1.72) = " + oMath.fabs(1.72) + nl See "pow(2,3) = " + oMath.pow(2,3) + nl see "sqrt(16) = " + oMath.sqrt(16) + nl for x = 1 to 20 see "Random number Max (100) : " + oMath.random(100) + nl next x = 1.1234567890123 for d = 0 to 14 oMath.decimals(d) see x + nl next cKey = "hello" h = 0 for x in cKey h = oMath.unsigned(h,ascii(x),"+") h = oMath.unsigned(h,oMath.unsigned(h,10,"<<"),"+") r = oMath.unsigned(h,6,">>") h = oMath.unsigned(h, r,"^") next h = oMath.unsigned(h,oMath.unsigned(h,3,"<<"),"+") h = oMath.unsigned(h,oMath.unsigned(h,11,">>"),"^") h = oMath.unsigned(h,oMath.unsigned(h,15,"<<"),"+") see "Hash : " + h output: Test the Math Class Methods Sin(0) = 0 Sin(90) radians = 0.89 Sin(90) degree = 1.00 Cos(0) = 1 Cos(90) radians = -0.45 Cos(90) degree = 0.00 Tan(0) = 0 Tan(90) radians = -2.00 Tan(90) degree = 1255.77 asin(0) = 0 acos(0) = 1.57 atan(0) = 0 atan2(1,1) = 0.79 43.8. Math Class 324