Programming Fundamentals lecture 2

Introduction
to
Programming
REHAN IJAZ
By
ProgrammingFundamentals

 In computing, a program is a specific set of ordered operations for a
computer to perform.
 Typically, the program is put into a storage area accessible to the computer.
 The computer gets one instruction and performs it and then gets the next
instruction.
 The storage area or memory can also contain the data that the instruction
operates on.

 Programming is the process of writing instructions in any computer
programming language to get any specific objective.
 Process of writing instructions is based on some logic.
 Your first step is to figure out exactly what you want your program to do
 Chalk out the steps on paper (algorithm)

 A programming language is a special language programmers use to develop
applications, scripts, or other set of instructions for computers to execute.
 programming languages provide methods for sending input into the computer
program so that it can be manipulated
 Examples BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Ada, and Pascal.

 Machine language consisting of binary digits which a
computer can respond to directly.
 Machine language is the only language a computer is
capable of understanding directly.
 Every processor or processor family has its own
machine code instruction set. Instructions are patterns
of bits that by physical design correspond to different
commands to the machine.

 David J. Wheeler created the first assembly
language. While working as part of a team on
the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Computer,

 Sometimes referred to as assembly or ASL, assembly language is a low-level
programming language used to interface with computer hardware.
 Assembly language uses structured commands as substitutions for numbers
allowing humans to more easily read the code versus looking at binary.
 Although easier to read than binary, assembly language is a difficult language
and is usually substituted for a higher language such as C.

 Assembly language uses a mnemonic to represent each low-level machine
instruction or operation.
 Assembly language is converted into executable machine code (object code)
by a utility program referred to as an assembler; the conversion process is
referred to as assembly, or assembling the code.

Programming Fundamentals lecture 2

 C, an early systems programming language, was developed by
Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at Bell Labs between 1969 and
1973.
 C++ is a high-level programming language developed by Bjarne
Stroustrup at Bell Labs beginning in 1979.

 C++ is a Machine Independent Language.
 C++ Provides huge Function Library
 C++ is an Object Oriented Programming Language (OOPL).
 C++ can be used for developing System Software viz., operating systems, compilers,
editors and data bases.
 C++ is suitable for Development of Reusable Software. , thus reduces cost of
software development.

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World!" << endl;
return 0;
}

 you should first write the program
 Save the program
 Compile the Program ( Alt+F9)
 fix the syntax errors, if identified by the complier
 Re-compile the program
 Run the program (Ctrl + F9)
 See the output, if any

 1. Come up with an idea for a program.
 2. Decide the probable identity of the typical user of the program.
 3. Pick computer language(s) to use.
 4. Design the program by using pseudocode or any other tool to outline
the structure of the program.
 5. Write the program.
 6. Test the program.
 Step 6 is known as alpha testing.

 7. Fix any problems that you discover during alpha testing.
 Repeat Steps 6 and 7 as often as possible.
 8. Give out copies of the program to other people to test.
 Step 8 is known as beta testing. The idea is to let total strangers use your
program so they can tell you what they like and dislike.
 9. Fix any problems that people discover during beta testing.
 Repeat Steps 8 and 9 as often as possible.
 10. Release the program

Programming Fundamentals lecture 2

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Programming Fundamentals lecture 2