Ooad unit – 1 introduction

OBJECT ORIENTED
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Text Book: Object Oriented Systems development
Author: Ali Bahrami

INTRODUCTION
 An Overview of Object Oriented Systems Development
 Object Basics
 Object Oriented Systems Development Life Cycle

Object-oriented analysis and design
• Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is a popular technical
approach for
• analyzing,
• designing an application, system, or business
• by applying the object oriented paradigm and
• visual modeling throughout the development life cycles for better communication
and product quality.
• Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a method
• based on the concept of “objects",
• which are data structures that contain data,
• in the form of fields,
• often known as attributes;
• and code, in the form of procedures,
• often known as methods.

Continued…
• What is OOAD?- Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD)
is a software engineering approach that models a system as a
group of interacting objects .
• Analysis — understanding, finding and describing concepts in the
problem domain.
• Design — understanding and defining software solution/objects
that represent the analysis concepts and will eventually be
implemented in code.
• OOAD - A software development approach that emphasizes a
logical solution based on objects.

Continued…
Software development is dynamic and always undergoing major
change.
System development refers to all activities that go into producing
information system solution.
System development activities consist of
 system analysis,
 modelling,
 design,
 implementation,
 testing and maintenance.
A software development methodology  series of processes  can
lead to the development of an application.
Practices, procedures, and rules used to develop software, totally
based on system requirements

ORTHOGONALVIEWS OFTHE SOFTWARE
Two Approaches,
 Traditional Approach
 Objected-Oriented Approach
TRADITIONALAPPROACH
• Collection of programs or functions.
• A system that is designed for performing certain actions.
• Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs.
• Software Development Models (Waterfall, Spiral, Incremental, etc..)

Difference between Traditional and Object Oriented
Approach

Continued…
OBJECT ORIENTED APPROACH
• OO development offers a different model from the traditional software 
based on functions and procedures.
• software is a collection of discrete object that encapsulate their data as
well as the functionality.
• Each object has attributes (properties) and method (procedures).
• software by building self contained modules or objects that can be easily
REPLACED, MODIFIED AND REUSED.
• Objects grouped in to classes and object are responsible for itself.

BENEFITS OFOBJECT ORIENTATION
Faster development,
Reusability,
Increased quality
modeling the real world and provides us with the stronger
equivalence of the real world‘s entities (objects).
Raising the level of abstraction to the point where application can be
implemented in the same terms as they are described.

WHYOBJECT ORIENTATION
OO Methods enables to develop set of objects that work together 
software  similar to traditional techniques.
It adapts to
• Changing requirements
• Easier to maintain
• More robust
• Promote greater design
• Code reuse

Continued…
Others
• Higher level of abstraction
• Seamless transition among different phases of software
development.
• Encouragement of good programming technique.
• Promotion of reusability.

OVERVIEW OFUNIFIEDAPPROACH
The unified approach (UA) is a methodology for software
development.
Booch, Rumbaugh, Jacobson methodologies gives the best
practices, processes and guidelines for OO oriented software
development.
 Combines with the object management groups in unified
modelling language.
 UA utilizes the unified modeling language (UML) which is a set of
notations and conventions used to describe and model an
application.

Continued…
Layered Architecture
• UA uses layered architecture to develop applications.
• Creates object that represent elements to the user through
interface or physically stored in database.
• The layered approach consists of user interface, business, access
layers.
• This approach reduces the interdependence of the user interface,
database access and business control.
• More robust and flexible system.

OBJECT BASICS
Goals:
The developer should
Define Objects and classes
Describe objects, methods, attributes and how objects respond to
messages,
Define Polymorphism, Inheritance, data abstraction, encapsulation,
and protocol,
Describe objects relationships,
Describe object persistence,

OBJECT ORIENTED PHILOSOPHY
The programming languages provide the programmers the way of
describing the process.
The ease of description, reusability, extensibility, readability,
computational efficiency, and ability to maintain depends on
languages used.
System Software – Machine Understandable language (Integers,
floating point numbers, chars, Addressing Modes,….)
Eg., Financial Investment Development of Financial Investment
Machine directly would reduce translation.

Conti…
Object-Oriented Programming Concepts allows closer ideas and
terms for the development of certain applications.
Financial Investment :
• Bond (data type)  character
• Buy operation on a bond (+) operation on a number

TRADITIONALAPPROACH
The traditional approach to software development tends toward
writing a lot of code to do all the things that have to be done.
Algorithmic Centric Methodology – only the algorithm that can
accomplish the task.
Data-Centric Methodology - think about the data to build a
structure based on the algorithm
You are the only active entity and the code is just basically a lot of
building materials.

OBJECT-ORIENTEDAPPROACH
OO approach is more like creating a lot of helpers
take on an active role, a spirit, that form a community whose
interactions become the application.
Reusable
Modified
Replaced

EXAMPLES OFOBJECT ORIENTED SYSTEMS
In OO system , “everything is object”.
A spreadsheet cell, bar chart, title in bar chart, report,
numbers, arrays, records, fields, files, forms,
an invoice, etc.
A window object is responsible for things like opening, sizing, and
closing itself.
A chart object is responsible for things like maintaining data and
labels even for drawing itself.

WHAT ISAN OBJECT?
The term object was first formally utilized in the Simula language to
simulate some aspect of reality.
Attributes or properties describe object‘s state (data) and methods
(properties or functions) define its behavior.
An object is an entity.
• It knows things (has attributes)
• It does things (provides services or has methods
• Examples in next Slide ……….

OBJECT’SATTRIBUTES
Attributes represented by data type.
They describe objects states.
In the Car example the car’s attributes are:
color, manufacturer, cost, owner, model, etc.

OBJECT’S METHODS
Methods define objects behaviour and specify the way in which
an Object’s data are manipulated.
In the Car example the car’s methods are:
drive it, lock it, tow it, carry passenger in it.

IT KNOWS THINGS (ATTRIBUTES)
I am an Employee.
I know my name,
social security number and
my address.
Object-Oriented Systems Development Bahrami ? Irwin/ McGraw-Hill

ATTRIBUTES
I am a Car.
I know my color,
manufacturer, cost,
owner and model.

IT DOES THINGS (METHODS)
I know how to
compute
my payroll.

METHODS
I know how
to stop.

Object is whatever an
application wants to talk about.
For example, Parts and assemblies might be objects of bill of material
application.
Stocks and bonds might be objects of financial investment
applications.

OBJECTSARE GROUPED IN CLASSES
The role of a class is to define the attributes and methods (the state
and behaviour) of its instances.
Used to distinguish one type of object from the other.
Set of objects, that share common methods, structure, behaviour.
Single object is simply an instance of class.
The class car, for example, defines the property color. Each
individual car (object) will have a value for this property, such as
"maroon," "yellow" or "white."

Employee Class
John object Jane object Mark object

SESSION - 2
OBJECTS AND CLASSES

Objects
• The concepts of objects and classes are intrinsically
linked with each other and form the foundation of object–
oriented paradigm.
• Identity that distinguishes it from other objects in the
system.
• State that determines the characteristic properties of an
object as well as the values of the properties that the
object holds.
• Behavior that represents externally visible activities
performed by an object in terms of changes in its state.

Class
• A class represents a collection of objects having same
characteristic properties that exhibit common behavior.
• Creation of an object as a member of a class is called
instantiation.
• Thus, object is an instance of a class.
• Example: Circle – a class
x, to the center
a, to denote the radius of the circle
• Some of its operations can be defined as follows:
findArea(), method to calculate area
findCircumference(), method to calculate
circumference

Object oriented Methodologies
• Many methodologies have been developed for object
oriented development.
• A methodology usually includes
• Notation : Graphical representation of classes and their
relationships with interactions.
• Process : Suggested set of steps to carry out for transforming
requirements into a working system.
• Tool : Software for drawings and documentation

UML – Unified modeling language
• UML focuses on standard modeling language and not a
standard process.
• UML focuses the concept of
Booch,
Rambaugh and
Jacobson.
• The UML is a standard graphical design for object-
oriented graphical design and a medium for presenting
important analysis and design concepts.

UML Diagrams
• Use Case Diagrams
• Class Diagrams
• Package Diagrams
• Interaction Diagrams
• Sequence
• Collaboration
• Activity Diagrams
• State Transition Diagrams
• Deployment Diagrams

Use Case Diagrams
• A use case diagram at its simplest is a representation of
a user's interaction with the system that shows the
relationship between the user and the different use cases
in which the user is involved.

Actor
An actor instance is someone or
something outside the system that interacts with the
system.
• An actor is anything that exchanges data with the system.
• An actor can be a user, external hardware, or another
system.

How to Find Actors
• Actors:
• Supply/use/remove information
• Use the functionality.
• Will be interested in any requirement.
• Will support/maintain the system.
• The system’s external resources.
• The other systems will need to interact with this one.

Documenting Actor Characteristics
Brief Description:
• What or who the actor represents?
• Why the actor is needed?
• What interests the actor has in the system?
Actor characteristics might influence how the system is
developed:
• The actor's scope of responsibility.
• The physical environment in which the actor will be using
the system.
• The number of users represented by this actor.

Use case
• A set of scenarios that describes an interaction between a user
and a system, including alternatives.
• Example

How to Find Use Cases
• What are the system tasks for each actor you have
identified?
• Does the actor need to be informed about certain
occurrences in the system?
• Will the actor need to inform the system about sudden,
external changes?
• Does the system supply the business with the correct
behavior?
• Can all features be performed by the use cases you have
identified?
• What use cases will support and maintain the system?
• What information must be modified or created in the
system?

Use cases types:
• System start and stop.
• Maintenance of the system (add user, …).
• Maintenance of data stored in the system.
• Functionality needed to modify behavior in the system.

Terminologies
• System boundary: rectangle diagram representing the
boundary between the actors and the system.
• Use Case Diagram(core relationship)
Association: communication between an actor and a use case;
Represented by a solid line.
• Generalization: relationship between one general use case and a
special use case (used for defining special alternatives)
• Represented by a line with a triangular arrow head toward the
parent use case.

• Include: a dotted line labeled <<include>> beginning at base use
case and ending with an arrows pointing to the include use case.
The include relationship occurs when a chunk of behavior is
similar across more than one use case. Use “include” in stead of
copying the description of that behavior.
• Extend: a dotted line labeled <<extend>> with an
arrow toward the base case. The extending use case may add
behavior to the base use case. The base class declares “extension
points”.
<<include>>
<<extend>>

Example: Library management System
• A generalized description of how a system will be used.
• Provides an overview of the intended functionality of the
system

Continued…
• Pay Bill is a parent use case and Bill Insurance is the child use
case. (generalization)
• Both Make Appointment and Request Medication include
Check Patient Record as a subtask.(include)
• The extension point is written inside the base case
• Pay bill; the extending class Defer payment adds the behavior
of this extension point. (extend)

Class diagram
• Used for describing structure and behavior in the use
cases
• Provides a conceptual model of the system in terms of
entities and their relationships
• Used for requirement capture, end-user interaction
• Detailed class diagrams are used for developers

Class representation
• Each class is represented by a rectangle subdivided into three
compartments
• Name
• Attributes
• Operations
• Modifiers are used to indicate visibility of attributes and operations.
• ‘+’ is used to denote Public visibility (everyone)
• ‘#’ is used to denote Protected visibility (friends and derived)
• ‘-’ is used to denote Private visibility (no one)
• By default, attributes are hidden and operations are visible.

OO Relationships
• There are two kinds of Relationships
• Generalization (parent-child relationship)
• Association (student enrolls in course)
• Associations can be further classified as
• Aggregation
• Composition

OO Relationships: Generalization

OO Relationships: Association
• Represent relationship between instances of classes
• Student enrolls in a course
• Courses have students
• Courses have exams
• Etc.
• Association has two ends
• Role names (e.g. enrolls)
• Multiplicity (e.g. One course can have many students)
• Navigability (unidirectional, bidirectional)

Association: Multiplicity and Roles
University Person
1
0..1
*
*
Multiplicity
Symbol Meaning
1 One and only one
0..1 Zero or one
M..N From M to N (natural language)
* From zero to any positive integer
0..* From zero to any positive integer
1..* From one to any positive integer
teacheremployer
Role
Role
“A given university groups many people;
some act as students, others as teachers.
A given student belongs to a single
university; a given teacher may or may not
be working for the university at a particular
time.”
student

Association: Model to Implementation
Class Student {
Course enrolls[4];
}
Class Course {
Student have[];
}
Student Course
enrollshas
* 4

OO Relationships: Composition
Class W
Class P1 Class P2
Composition: expresses a relationship
among instances
of related classes. It is a specific kind of
Whole-Part relationship.
It expresses a relationship where an instance
of the Whole-class has the responsibility to
create and initialize instances of each Part-
class.
It may also be used to express a relationship
where instances of the Part-classes have
privileged access or visibility to
certain attributes and/or behaviors defined
by the Whole-class.
Whole Class
Part Classes
Automobile
Engine Transmission
Example

OO Relationships: Aggregation
Class C
Class E1 Class E2
AGGREGATION
Aggregation: expresses a relationship among
instances of related classes. It is a specific kind of
Container-Containee relationship.
It expresses a relationship where an instance of the
Container-class has the responsibility to hold and
maintain instances of each Containee-class that
have been created outside the Container-class.
Aggregation should be used to express a more
informal relationship than composition expresses.
That is, it is an appropriate relationship where the
Container and its Containees can be manipulated
independently.
Aggregation is appropriate when Container and
Containees have no special access privileges to each
other.
Container Class
Containee Classes
Bag
Apples Milk
Example

Aggregation vs. Composition
•Composition is really a strong form of aggregation
•components have only one owner
•components cannot exist independent of their owner
•components live or die with their owner
e.g. Each car has an engine that can not be shared with
other cars.
•Aggregations may form "part of" the aggregate, but may not
be essential to it. They may also exist independent of the
aggregate.
e.g. Apples may exist independent of the bag.

Interaction Diagram -
Sequence diagram
Collaboration Diagram

Interaction Diagram
• From the name Interaction it is clear that the diagram is
used to describe some type of interactions among the
different elements in the model.
• So this interaction is a part of dynamic behavior of the
system.
• This interactive behavior is represented in UML by two
diagrams known as Sequence diagram and Collaboration
diagram.
• The basic purposes of both the diagrams are similar.

• Sequence diagram emphasizes on time sequence of
messages and collaboration diagram emphasizes on the
structural organization of the objects that send and receive
messages.
• The purposes of interaction diagram can be describes as:
To capture dynamic behavior of a system.
To describe the message flow in the system.
To describe structural organization of the objects.
To describe interaction among objects.

The following factors are to be identified clearly before
drawing the interaction diagram:
• Objects taking part in the interaction.
• Message flows among the objects.
• The sequence in which the messages are flowing.
• Object organization.
Example :
Making a phone call.

Sequence Diagram(Telephone call)

Sequence Diagrams – Object Life Spans
• Creation
• Create message
• Object life starts at that point
• Activation
• Symbolized by rectangular
stripes
• Place on the lifeline where object
is activated.
• Rectangle also denotes when
object is deactivated.
• Deletion
• Placing an ‘X’ on lifeline
• Object’s life ends at that point
Activation bar
A
B
Create
X
Deletion
Return
Lifeline

Collaboration Diagram
• A collaboration diagram also shows the passing of
messages between objects, but focuses on the objects
and messages and their order instead of the time
sequence.
• The sequence of interactions and the concurrent threads
are identified using sequence numbers.
• A collaboration diagram shows an interaction the
relationships among the objects playing the different roles.
• The UML Specification suggests that collaboration
diagrams are better for real-time specifications and for
complex scenarios than sequence diagrams.

Collaboration Diagram(Telephone call)

Use Case diagram – Telephone Call

Activity Diagram
• Activity Diagram – a special kind of State chart diagram,
but shows the flow from activity to activity
• Activity state –non-atomic execution, ultimately result in
some action; a composite made up of other activity/action
states; can be represented by other activity diagrams
• Action state –atomic execution, results in a change in
state of the system or the return of a value (i.e., calling
another operation, sending a signal, creating or
destroying an object, or some computation); non-
decomposable

continued…
• Activity diagram is basically a flow chart to represent the
flow form one activity to another activity.
• The activity can be described as an operation of the
system.
• So the control flow is drawn from one operation to another.
• This flow can be sequential, branched or concurrent.
• Activity diagrams deals with all type of flow control by
using different elements like fork, join etc.
• The basic purposes of activity diagrams are similar to
other four diagrams.

continued…
• It captures the dynamic behavior of the system.
• Other four diagrams are used to show the message flow
from one object to another but activity diagram is used to
show message flow from one activity to another.
• Activity diagrams are not only used for visualizing dynamic
nature of a system but they are also used to construct the
executable system by using forward and reverse
engineering techniques.
• The only missing thing in activity diagram is the message
part.

How to draw Activity Diagram?
• Activity diagrams are mainly used as a flow chart consists
of activities performed by the system.
• So before drawing an activity diagram we should identify
the following elements:
• Activities
• Association
• Conditions
• Constraints

Example : order management system
• Send order by the customer
• Receipt of the order
• Confirm order
• Dispatch order

Uses of Activity Diagrams
• Modeling work flow by using activities.
• Modeling business requirements.
• High level understanding of the system's functionalities.
• Investigate business requirements at a later stage.

Ooad unit – 1 introduction

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Ooad unit – 1 introduction