object oriented programming java lectures

TOPICS TO BE COVERED TODAY
 Array
 Single & Multi-dimensional
 Java Operators
 Assignment
 Arithmetic
 Relational
 Logical
 Bitwise & other

ARRAYS
 An array is a group of liked-typed variables referred to by a
common name, with individual variables accessed by their
index.
 Arrays are: 1) declared, 2) created, 3) initialized 4) used
 Also, arrays can have one or several dimensions.
 Array declaration involves:
1) declaring an array identifier
2) declaring the number of dimensions
3) declaring the data type of the array elements
 Two styles of array declaration:
type array-variable[ ];
or
type [ ] array-variable;

ARRAY CREATION
 After declaration, no array actually exists.
 In order to create an array, we use the new
operator:
type array-variable[ ];
array-variable = new type[size];
 This creates a new array to hold size elements of
type type, whose reference will be kept in the
variable array-variable.

ARRAY INDEXING
 Later we can refer to the elements of this array
through their indexes:
array-variable[index]
 The array index always starts with zero!
 The Java run-time system makes sure that all array
indexes are in the correct range, otherwise raises a
run-time error.

ARRAY INITIALIZATION
 Arrays can be initialized when they are declared:
int monthDays[ ] =
{31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31};
Comments:
1) there is no need to use the new operator
2) the array is created large enough to hold all specified
elements

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY
 Multidimensional arrays are arrays of arrays:
1) declaration
int array[ ][ ];
2) creation
int array = new int[2][3];
3) initialization
int array[ ][ ] = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6} };

EXAMPLE: MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

e-Macao-16-2-134
EXERCISE: ARRAYS
1) Write a program that creates an array of 10 integers with the initial values
of 3.
2) Write a Java program to find the average of a sequence of nonnegative
numbers entered by the user, where the user enters a negative number
to terminate the input. Assume the only method in the class is the main
method.
3) What's the index of the first and the last component of a one hundred
component array?
4) What will happen if you try to compile and run the following code?
public class Q {
public static void main(String argv[]){
int var[]=new int[5]; System.out.println(var[0]);
} }

ASSIGNMENT 01 (CLO-1, 2)
(DEADLINE JANUARY 26, 2024)
 Differentiate compile time vs run time errors.
 Try example codes
 Explore Arrays class in java.util package.
 Try example codes of different methods such as
binarysearch(), sort(), equals(), fill(), hashCode(),
copyOf(), copyOfRange(), ….
 These methods are overloaded.
 Visit the following link for help :
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/array-class-in-java/
Prepare Array Class for Quiz, it will be taken after
assignment submission.

JAVA OPERATORS
 Java operators are used to build value expressions.
 Java provides a rich set of operators:
1) assignment
2) arithmetic
3) relational
4) logical
5) bitwise
6) other

OPERATORS AND OPERANDS
 Each operator takes one, two or three operands:
1) a unary operator takes one operand
j++;
2) a binary operator takes two operands
i = j++;
3) a ternary operator requires three operands
i = (i>12) ? 1 : i++;

ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR
 A binary operator:
variable = expression;
 It assigns the value of the expression to the
variable.
 The types of the variable and expression must be
compatible.
 The value of the whole assignment expression is
the value of the expression on the right, so it is
possible to chain assignment expressions as
follows:
◦ int x, y, z;
◦ x = y = z = 2;

ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
 Java supports various arithmetic operators for:
1) integer numbers
2) floating-point numbers
 There are two kinds of arithmetic operators:
1) basic: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and
modulo
2) shortcut: arithmetic assignment, increment and
decrement

SIMPLE ARITHMETIC
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int j, k, p, q, r, s, t;
j = 5;
k = 2;
p = j + k;
q = j - k;
r = j * k;
s = j / k;
t = j % k;
System.out.println("p = " + p);
System.out.println("q = " + q);
System.out.println("r = " + r);
System.out.println("s = " + s);
System.out.println("t = " + t);
}
}
> java Example
p = 7
q = 3
r = 10
s = 2
t = 1
>

ARITHMETIC ASSIGNMENT / SHORTHAND
OPERATOR

SHORTHAND OPERATOR
int j, p, q, r, s, t;
j = 5;
p = 1; q = 2; r = 3; s = 4; t = 5;
p += j;
q -= j;
r *= j;
s /= j;
t %= j;
System.out.println("t = " + t);
}
}
> java Example
p = 6
q = -3
r = 15
s = 0
t = 0
>

INCREMENT/ DECREMENT OPERATORS
 Two unary operators:
1) ++ increments its operand by 1
2) -- decrements its operand by 1
 The operand must be a numerical variable.
 Each operation can appear in two versions:
• prefix version evaluates the value of the operand after
performing the increment/decrement operation
• postfix version evaluates the value of the operand
before performing the increment/decrement operation

INCREMENT AND DECREMENT
int j, p, q, r, s;
j = 5;
p = ++j; // j = j + 1; p = j;
q = j++; // q = j; j = j + 1;
System.out.println("j = " + j);
r = --j; // j = j -1; r = j;
s = j--; // s = j; j = j - 1;
}
}
> java example
p = 6
q = 6
j = 7
r = 6
s = 6
>

RELATIONAL OPERATOR
 Relational operators determine the relationship that
one operand has to the other operand, specifically
equality and ordering.
 The outcome is always a value of type boolean.
 They are most often used in branching and loop
control statements.

RELATIONAL OPERATOR EXAMPLES
int p =2; int q = 2; int r = 3;
System.out.println("p < r " + (p < r));
System.out.println("p > r " + (p > r));
System.out.println("p == q " + (p == q));
System.out.println("p != q " + (p != q));
}
}
> java Example
p < r true
p > r false
p == q true
p != q false
>

LOGICAL OPERATORS
 Logical operators act upon boolean operands only.
 The outcome is always a value of type boolean.
 In particular, logical operators occur in two forms:
1) full op1 & op2 and op1 | op2 where both op1 and op2
are evaluated
2) short-circuit - op1 && op2 and op1 || op2 where op2 is
only evaluated if the value of op1 is insufficient to
determine the final outcome

LOGICAL (&&) OPERATOR EXAMPLES
boolean t = true;
boolean f = false;
System.out.println("f && f " + (f && f));
System.out.println("f && t " + (f && t));
System.out.println("t && f " + (t && f));
System.out.println("t && t " + (t && t));
}
}
> java Example
f && f false
f && t false
t && f false
t && t true
>

LOGICAL (||) OPERATOR EXAMPLES
boolean t = true;
boolean f = false;
System.out.println("f || f " + (f || f));
System.out.println("f || t " + (f || t));
System.out.println("t || f " + (t || f));
System.out.println("t || t " + (t || t));
}
}
> java Example
f || f false
f || t true
t || f true
t || t true
>

LOGICAL (!) OPERATOR EXAMPLES
boolean t = true;
boolean f = false;
System.out.println("!f " + !f);
System.out.println("!t " + !t);
}
}
> java Example
!f true
!t false
>

LOGICAL OPERATOR EXAMPLES
SHORT CIRCUITING WITH &&
boolean b;
int j, k;
j = 0; k = 0;
b = ( j++ == k ) && ( j == ++k );
System.out.println("b, j, k " + b + ", " + j + ", " + k);
j = 0; k = 0;
b = ( j++ != k ) && ( j == ++k );
}
}
> java Example
b, j, k true 1, 1
> java Example
b, j, k true 1, 1
b, j, k false 1, 0
>

LOGICAL OPERATOR EXAMPLES
SHORT CIRCUITING WITH ||
boolean b;
int j, k;
j = 0; k = 0;
b = ( j++ == k ) || ( j == ++k );
j = 0; k = 0;
b = ( j++ != k ) || ( j == ++k );
}
} > java Example
b, j, k true 1, 0
> java Example
b, j, k true 1, 0
b, j, k true 1, 1
>

BITWISE OPERATORS
 Bitwise operators apply to integer types only.
 They act on individual bits of their operands.
 There are three kinds of bitwise operators:
1) basic bitwise AND, OR, NOT and XOR
2) shifts left, right and right-zero-fill

TWOS COMPLEMENT NUMBERS
Base 10 A byte of binary
+127 01111111
+4 00000100
+3 00000011
+2 00000010
+1 00000001
+0 00000000
-1 11111111
-2 11111110
-3 11111101
-4 11111100
-128 10000000

LOGICAL OPERATORS (BIT LEVEL)
& | ^ ~
int a = 10; // 00001010 = 10
int b = 12; // 00001100 = 12
a 00000000000000000000000000001010 10
b 00000000000000000000000000001100 12
a & b 00000000000000000000000000001000 8
a 00000000000000000000000000001010 10
b 00000000000000000000000000001100 12
a | b 00000000000000000000000000001110 14
a 00000000000000000000000000001010 10
b 00000000000000000000000000001100 12
a ^ b 00000000000000000000000000000110 6
a 00000000000000000000000000001010 10
~a 11111111111111111111111111110101 -11
&
AND
|
OR
^
XOR
~
NOT

LOGICAL (BIT) OPERATOR EXAMPLES
int a = 10; // 00001010 = 10
int b = 12; // 00001100 = 12
int and, or, xor, na;
and = a & b; // 00001000 = 8
or = a | b; // 00001110 = 14
xor = a ^ b; // 00000110 = 6
na = ~a; // 11110101 = -11
System.out.println("and " + and);
System.out.println("or " + or);
System.out.println("xor " + xor);
System.out.println("na " + na);
}
}
> java Example
and 8
or 14
xor 6
na -11
>

SHIFT OPERATORS (BIT LEVEL)
<< >> >>>
• Shift Left << Fill with Zeros
• Shift Right >> Based on Sign
• Shift Right >>> Fill with Zeros

SHIFT OPERATORS << >>
int a = 3; // ...00000011 = 3
int b = -4; // ...11111100 = -4
a 00000000000000000000000000000011 3
a << 2 00000000000000000000000000001100 12
b 11111111111111111111111111111100 -4
b << 2 11111111111111111111111111110000 -16
<<
Left
>>
Right
a 00000000000000000000000000000011 3
a >> 2 00000000000000000000000000000000 0
b 11111111111111111111111111111100 -4
b >> 2 11111111111111111111111111111111 -1

SHIFT OPERATOR >>>
int a = 3; // ...00000011 = 3
int b = -4; // ...11111100 = -4
>>>
Right 0
a 00000000000000000000000000000011 3
a >>> 2 00000000000000000000000000000000 0
b 11111111111111111111111111111100 -4
b >>> 2 00111111111111111111111111111111 +big
1073741823

SHIFT OPERATOR EXAMPLES
int a = 3; // ...00000011 = 3
int b = -4; // ...11111100 = -4
System.out.println("a<<2 = " + (a<<2));
System.out.println("b<<2 = " + (b<<2));
System.out.println("a>>2 = " + (a>>2));
System.out.println("b>>2 = " + (b>>2));
System.out.println("a>>>2 = " + (a>>>2));
System.out.println("b>>>2 = " + (b>>>2));
}
}
> java Example
a<<2 = 12
b<<2 = -16
a>>2 = 0
b>>2 = -1
a>>>2 = 0
b>>>2 = 1073741823
>

SHIFT OPERATOR >>> AND
AUTOMATIC ARITHMETIC PROMOTION
byte a = 3; // 00000011 = 3
byte b = -4; // 11111100 = -4
byte c;
c = (byte) a >>> 2
c = (byte) b >>> 2
>>>
Right
Fill 0
a 00000011 3
a >>> 2 00000000000000000000000000000000 0
c = (byte) 00000000 0
b 11111100 -4
b >>> 2 00111111111111111111111111111111 1073741823
c = (byte) Much to big for byte 11111111 -1

CONDITIONAL OPERATORS
 General form:
expr1? expr2 : expr3
where:
1) expr1 is of type boolean
2) expr2 and expr3 are of the same type If expr1 is true,
expr2 is evaluated, otherwise expr3 is evaluated.

OPERATOR PRECEDENCE
 Java operators are assigned precedence order.
 Precedence determines that the expression
1 + 2 * 6 / 3 > 4 && 1 < 0
is equivalent to
(((1 + ((2 * 6) / 3)) > 4) && (1 < 0))
 When operators have the same precedence, the earlier
one binds stronger.

CLASS PARTICIPATION
1) What would be the result of running the following
program:
Class test
{public static void main(String abc[])
{
byte x=256;
System.out.println(x);
}
}
a) 256
b) Compilation Error
c) Run Time Error

CLASS PARTICIPATION
 Given a byte value of 01110111, which of the following
statements will produce 00111011?
(Note: 01110111= 0x77)
A. 0x77<<1;
B. 0x77>>>1;
C. 0x77>>1;
D. B and C
E. None of the above

52
OUTPUT??
 System.out.println (“result: “ + 3/5);
 What does it print?
 result: 0
 System.out.println (“result: “ + 5 % 3);
 result: 2
 System.out.println (“result: “ + 3/5.0);
 result: 0.6
 System.out.println (“result: “ + 3+4.0);
 result: 34.0
 System.out.println (“result: “ + (3+4.0));
 result: 7.0

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