![8
Syntax For Materialized Views
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name>
TABLESPACE <tbs name> {<storage parameters>}
<build option>
REFRESH <refresh option> <refresh mode>
[ENABLE|DISABLE] QUERY REWRITE
AS
SELECT <select clause>;
The <build option> determines when MV is built
– BUILD IMMEDIATE: view is built at creation time
– BUILD DEFFERED: view is built at a later time](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mvs-240224061905-13975d5d/85/materialized-view-description-presentation-8-320.jpg)
![10
Materialized View Refresh Modes
Refresh Modes
– ON COMMIT – refreshes occur whenever a commit is
performed on one of the view’s underlying detail table(s)
Available only with single table aggregate or join based views
Keeps view data transactionally accurate
Need to check alert log for view creation errors
– ON DEMAND – refreshes are initiated manually using one of
the procedures in the DBMS_MVIEW package
Can be used with all types of materialized views
Manual Refresh Procedures
– DBMS_MVIEW.REFRESH(<mv_name>, <refresh_option>)
– DBMS_MVIEW.REFRESH_ALL_MVIEWS()
– START WITH [NEXT] <date> - refreshes start at a specified
date/time and continue at regular intervals](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mvs-240224061905-13975d5d/85/materialized-view-description-presentation-10-320.jpg)
materialized view description presentation
- 1. Materialized Views Acknowledgement to Author: Willie Albino
- 2. 2 Materialized Views – Agenda What is a Materialized View? – Advantages and Disadvantages How Materialized Views Work – Parameter Settings, Privileges, Query Rewrite Creating Materialized Views – Syntax, Refresh Modes/Options, Build Methods – Examples
- 3. 3 What is a Materialized View? A database object that stores the results of a query – Marries the query rewrite features found in Oracle Discoverer with the data refresh capabilities of snapshots Features/Capabilities – Can be partitioned and indexed – Can be queried directly – Can have DML applied against it – Several refresh options are available – Best in read-intensive environments
- 4. 4 Ordinary views vs. materialized views Ordinary views – Virtual table – Named select statement Part of the SQL standard Syntax – CREATE VIEW viewName AS selectStatement Physical table – Replication of master data at a single point in time Not part of the SQL standard Syntax – CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW viewName AS selectStatement
- 5. 5 Why use materialized views? Replicate data to non-master sites – To save network traffic when data is used in transactions Cache expensive queries – Expensive in terms of time or memory – Example: Sum, average or other calculations on large amounts of data
- 6. 6 Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages – Useful for summarizing, pre-computing, replicating and distributing data – Faster access for expensive and complex joins – Transparent to end-users MVs can be added/dropped without invalidating coded SQL Disadvantages – Performance costs of maintaining the views – Storage costs of maintaining the views
- 7. 7 Database Parameter Settings System or session settings – query_rewrite_enabled={true|false} Can be set for a session using – alter session set query_rewrite_enabled=true; Privileges which must be granted to users directly – QUERY_REWRITE - for MV using objects in own schema – GLOBAL_QUERY_REWRITE - for objects in other schemas
- 8. 8 Syntax For Materialized Views CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> TABLESPACE <tbs name> {<storage parameters>} <build option> REFRESH <refresh option> <refresh mode> [ENABLE|DISABLE] QUERY REWRITE AS SELECT <select clause>; The <build option> determines when MV is built – BUILD IMMEDIATE: view is built at creation time – BUILD DEFFERED: view is built at a later time
- 9. 9 Refresh Options – COMPLETE – totally refreshes the view Can be done at any time; can be time consuming – FAST – incrementally applies data changes A materialized view log is required on each detail table Data changes are recorded in MV logs or direct loader logs Many other requirements must be met for fast refreshes – FORCE – Try a FAST refresh, if not possible make COMPLETE The default refresh option Materialized View Refresh Options
- 10. 10 Materialized View Refresh Modes Refresh Modes – ON COMMIT – refreshes occur whenever a commit is performed on one of the view’s underlying detail table(s) Available only with single table aggregate or join based views Keeps view data transactionally accurate Need to check alert log for view creation errors – ON DEMAND – refreshes are initiated manually using one of the procedures in the DBMS_MVIEW package Can be used with all types of materialized views Manual Refresh Procedures – DBMS_MVIEW.REFRESH(<mv_name>, <refresh_option>) – DBMS_MVIEW.REFRESH_ALL_MVIEWS() – START WITH [NEXT] <date> - refreshes start at a specified date/time and continue at regular intervals
- 11. 11 Materialized View Example CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW items_summary_mv REFRESH FORCE AS SELECT a.PRD_ID, a.SITE_ID, a.TYPE_CODE, a.CATEG_ID, sum(a.GMS) GMS, sum(a.NET_REV) NET_REV, sum(a.BOLD_FEE) BOLD_FEE, sum(a.BIN_PRICE) BIN_PRICE, sum(a.GLRY_FEE) GLRY_FEE, sum(a.QTY_SOLD) QTY_SOLD, count(a.ITEM_ID) UNITS FROM items a GROUP BY a.PRD_ID, a.SITE_ID, a.TYPE_CODE, a.CATEG_ID; ANALYZE TABLE item_summary_mv COMPUTE STATISTICS;
- 12. 12 Materialized View Example (cont’d) -- Query to test impact of materialized view select categ_id, site_id, sum(net_rev), sum(bold_fee), count(item_id) from items where prd_id in ('2000M05','2000M06','2001M07','2001M08') and site_id in (0,1) and categ_id in (2,4,6,8,1,22) group by categ_id, site_id save mv_example.sql
- 13. 13 Materialized View Example (cont’d) SQL> ALTER SESSION SET QUERY_REWRITE_ENABLED=FALSE; SQL> @mv_example.sql CATEG_ID SITE_ID SUM(NET_REV) SUM(BOLD_FEE) COUNT(ITEM_ID) -------- ------- ------------ ------------- -------------- 1 0 -2.35 0 1 22 0 -42120.87 -306 28085 Elapsed: 01:32:17.93 Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=HINT: FIRST_ROWS (Cost=360829 Card=6 Bytes=120) 1 0 SORT (GROUP BY) (Cost=360829 Card=6 Bytes=120) 2 1 PARTITION RANGE (INLIST 3 2 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF ‘ITEMS' (Cost=360077 Card=375154 Bytes=7503080)
- 14. 14 Materialized View Example (cont’d) SQL> ALTER SESSION SET QUERY_REWRITE_ENABLED=TRUE; SQL> @mv_example.sql CATEG_ID SITE_ID SUM(NET_REV) SUM(BOLD_FEE) COUNT(ITEM_ID) -------- ------- ------------ ------------- -------------- 1 0 -2.35 0 1 22 0 -42120.87 -306 28085 Elapsed: 00:01:40.47 Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=HINT: FIRST_ROWS (Cost=3749 Card=12 Bytes=276) 1 0 SORT (GROUP BY) (Cost=3749 Card=12 Bytes=276) 2 1 PARTITION RANGE (INLIST) 3 2 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF ‘ITEMS_SUMMARY_MV' (Cost=3723 Card=7331 Bytes=168613)
- 15. 15 Example of FAST REFRESH MV CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON ITEMS TABLESPACE MV_LOGS STORAGE(INITIAL 10M NEXT 10M) WITH ROWID; CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON CUSTOMERS TABLESPACE MV_LOGS STORAGE(INITIAL 1M NEXT 1M) WITH ROWID; CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW cust_activity BUILD IMMEDIATE REFRESH FAST ON COMMIT AS SELECT u.ROWID cust_rowid, l.ROWID item_rowid, u.cust_id, u.custname, u.email, l.categ_id, l.site_id, sum(gms), sum(net_rev_fee) FROM customers u, items l WHERE u.cust_id = l.seller_id GROUP BY u.cust_id, u.custname, u.email, l.categ_id, l.site_id;
- 16. 16 Getting Information About an MV Getting information about the key columns of a materialized view: SELECT POSITION_IN_SELECT POSITION, CONTAINER_COLUMN COLUMN, DETAILOBJ_OWNER OWNER, DETAILOBJ_NAME SOURCE, DETAILOBJ_ALIAS ALIAS, DETAILOBJ_TYPE TYPE, DETAILOBJ_COLUMN SRC_COLUMN FROM USER_MVIEW_KEYS WHERE MVIEW_NAME=‘ITEMS_SUMMARY_MV’; POS COLUMN OWNER SOURCE ALIAS TYPE SRC_COLUMN --- ---------- ----- -------- ----- ------ ----------- 1 PRD_ID TAZ ITEMS A TABLE PRD_ID 2 SITE_ID TAZ ITEMS A TABLE SITE_ID 3 TYPE_CODE TAZ ITEMS A TABLE TYPE_CODE 4 CATEG_ID TAZ ITEMS A TABLE CATEG_ID
- 17. 17 Getting Information About an MV Getting information about the aggregate columns of a materialized view: SELECT POSITION_IN_SELECT POSITION, CONTAINER_COLUMN COLUMN, AGG_FUNCTION FROM USER_MVIEW_AGGREGATES WHERE MVIEW_NAME=‘ITEMS_SUMMARY_MV’; POSITION COLUMN AGG_FUNCTION -------- ----------------- ------------ 6 GMS SUM 7 NET_REV SUM : : : 11 QTY_SOLD SUM 12 UNITS COUNT
- 18. Willie Albino May 15, 2003 18 Summary Materialized Views – reduce system cpu/io resource requirements by pre- calculating and storing results of intensive queries – allow for the automatic rewriting of intensive queries – are transparent to the application – have storage/maintenance requirements – can understand complex data relationships – can be refreshed on demand or on a schedule
- 19. 19 Requirements for FAST REFRESH Requirement Joins Only Joins & Aggregates Single Table Aggregates Must be based on detail tables only X X X Must be based on a single table X Each table can appear only once in the FROM list X X X Cannot contain nonrepeating expressions (ROWNUM, SYSDATE, etc) X X X Cannot contain references to RAW or LONG RAW X X X Cannot contain the GROUP BY clause X The SELECT list must include the ROWIDs of all the detail tables X Expressions can be included in the GROUP BY and SELECT clause as long as they are the same in each X X Aggregates are allowed but cannot be nested X X If SELECT clause contains AVG, it must also contain COUNT X X If SELECT clause contains SUM, it must also contain COUNT X If SELECT clause contains VARIANCE, it must also contain COUNT and SUM X X If SELECT clause contains STDDEV, it must also contain COUNT and SUM X The join predicates of the WHERE clause can included AND but not OR X The HAVING and CONNECT BY clauses are not allowed X X X
- 20. Requirement Joins Only Joins & Aggregates Single Table Aggregates Sub-queries, inline views, or set functions such as UNION are not allowed X X X A WHERE clause is not allowed X COUNT(*) must be present X MIN and MAX are not allowed X Unique constraints must exist on the join columns of the inner table, if an outer join is used X A materialized view log must exist that contains all column referenced in the materialized view, and it must have been created with the LOG NEW VALUES clause X A materialized view log containing ROWID must exist for each detail table X Any non aggregate expressions in the SELECT and GROUP BY clauses must be non-modified columns X DML allowed on detailed tables X X Direct path data load allowed X X X 20 Rqmts For FAST REFRESH (cont’d)