introduction to html and cssIntroHTML.ppt

Introduction to HTML
MIT - AITI

What is HTML?
 HTML, otherwise known as HyperText Markup
Language, is the language used to create Web pages
 Using HTML, you can create a Web page with text,
graphics, sound, and video

Tags
 The essence of HTML programming is tags
 A tag is a keyword enclosed by angle brackets
( Example: <I> )
 There are opening and closing tags for many but not
all tags; The affected text is between the two tags

More Tags...
 The opening and closing tags use the same command
except the closing tag contains and additional
forward slash /
 For example, the expression <B> Warning </B>
would cause the word ‘Warning’ to appear in bold
face on a Web page

Nested Tags
 Whenever you have HTML tags within other HTML tags,
you must close the nearest tag first
 Example:
<H1> <I> The Nation </I> </H1>

Structure of a Web Page
All Web pages
share a
common
structure
All Web pages
should contain
a pair of
<HTML>,
<HEAD>, <TITLE>,
and <BODY>
tags
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Example </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
This is where you would
include the text and
images on your Web
page.
</BODY>
</HTML>

The <TITLE> Tag
 Choose the title of your Web page carefully; The title
of a Web page determines its ranking in certain search
engines
 The title will also appear on Favorite lists, History lists,
and Bookmark lists to identify your page

Text Formatting
 Manipulating text in HTML can be tricky; Oftentimes,
what you see is NOT what you get
 For instance, special HTML tags are needed to create
paragraphs, move to the next line, and create
headings

Text Formatting Tags
<B> Bold Face </B>
<I> Italics </I>
<U> Underline </U>
<P> New Paragraph </P>
<BR> Next Line

Changing the Font
The expression <FONT FACE =
“fontname”> … </FONT> can be
used to change the font of the
enclosed text
 To change the size of text use the expression <FONT
SIZE=n> …. </FONT> where n is a number between 1
and 7

Changing the Font
 To change the color, use <FONT COLOR=“red”>…. </FONT>; The
color can also be defined using hexadecimal representation
( Example: #ffffff )
These attributes can be combined to
change the font, size, and color of the
text all at once; For example, <FONT
SIZE=4 FACE=“Courier” COLOR=“red”>
…. </FONT>

Headings
 Web pages are typically organized into sections with
headings; To create a heading use the expression
<Hn>….</Hn> where n is a number between 1 and 7
 In this case, the 1 corresponds to the largest size
heading while the 7 corresponds to the smallest size

Aligning Text
 The ALIGN attribute can be inserted in the <P> and
<Hn> tags to right justify, center, or left justify the text
 For example, <H1 ALIGN=CENTER> The New York Times
</H1> would create a centered heading of the largest
size

Comment Statements
 Comment statements are notes in the HTML code that
explain the important features of the code
 The comments do not appear on the Web page itself
but are a useful reference to the author of the page
and other programmers
 To create a comment statement use the 
tags

The Infamous Blink Tag
 It is possible to make text blink using the <BLINK> …
</BLINK> tag
 However, it is best to use this feature at most sparingly
or not at all; What seems like a good idea to a Web
designer can become very annoying to a Web user
 The <BLINK> tag is not supported by Internet Explorer

Page Formatting
 To define the background color, use the BGCOLOR
attribute in the <BODY> tag
 To define the text color, use the TEXT attribute in the
<BODY> tag
 To define the size of the text, type <BASEFONT SIZE=n>

Example
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Example </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR=“black” TEXT=“white”>
<BASEFONT SIZE=7>
This is where you would include the text and
images on your Web page.
</BODY>
</HTML>

Inserting Images
 Type <IMG SRC = “image.ext”>, where image.ext
indicates the location of the image file
 The WIDTH=n and HEIGHT=n attributes can be used to
adjust the size of an image
 The attribute BORDER=n can be used to add a border
n pixels thick around the image

Alternate Text
 Some browsers don’t support images. In this case, the
ALT attribute can be used to create text that appears
instead of the image.
 Example:
<IMG SRC=“satellite.jpg” ALT = “Picture of satellite”>

Links
 A link lets you move from one page to another, play
movies and sound, send email, download files, and
more….
 A link has three parts: a destination, a label, and a
target
 To create a link type
<A HREF=“page.html”> label </A>

Anatomy of a Link
<A HREF=“page.html”> label </A>
 In the above link, “page.html” is the destination. The
destination specifies the address of the Web page or
file the user will access when he/she clicks on the link.
 The label is the text that will appear underlined or
highlighted on the page

Example: Links
 To create a link to CNN, I would type:
<A HREF=“http://www.cnn.com”>CNN</A>
 To create a link to MIT, I would type:
<A HREF=“http://www.mit.edu”>MIT</A>

Changing the Color of Links
 The LINK, VLINK, and ALINK attributes can be inserted
in the <BODY> tag to define the color of a link
 LINK defines the color of links that have not been visited
 VLINK defines the color of links that have already been
visited
 ALINK defines the color of a link when a user clicks on it

Using Links to Send Email
 To create a link to an email address, type <A
HREF=“mailto:email_address”> Label</A>
 For example, to create a link to send email to myself, I
would type: <A HREF=“mailto: ktdunn@mit.edu”>email
Katie Dunn</A>

Anchors
 Anchors enable a user to jump to a specific place on
a Web site
 Two steps are necessary to create an anchor. First you
must create the anchor itself. Then you must create a
link to the anchor from another point in the document.

Anchors
 To create the anchor itself, type <A NAME=“anchor
name”>label</A> at the point in the Web page where
you want the user to jump to
 To create the link, type <A HREF=“#anchor
name”>label</A> at the point in the text where you
want the link to appear

Example: Anchor
<A HREF="#chap2">Chapter Two</A><BR>
<A NAME="chap2">Chapter 2 </A>
Link
Anch
or

Ordered Lists
 Ordered lists are a list
of numbered items.
 To create an ordered
list, type:
<OL>
<LI> This is step one.
<LI> This is step two.
<LI> This is step three.
</OL>
Here’s how it would
look on the Web:

More Ordered Lists….
 The TYPE=x attribute allows you to change the the kind
of symbol that appears in the list.
 A is for capital letters
 a is for lowercase letters
 I is for capital roman numerals
 i is for lowercase roman numerals

Unordered Lists
 An unordered list is a
list of bulleted items
 To create an
unordered list, type:
<UL>
<LI> First item in list
<LI> Second item in
list
<LI> Third item in list
</UL>
Here’s how it would
look on the Web:

More Unordered Lists...
 The TYPE=shape attribute allows you to change the
type of bullet that appears
 circle corresponds to an empty round bullet
 square corresponds to a square bullet
 disc corresponds to a solid round bullet; this is the default
value

Forms
 What are forms?
• An HTML form is an area of the document that allows users to enter
information into fields.
• A form may be used to collect personal information, opinions in polls,
user preferences and other kinds of information.

Forms
 There are two basic components of a Web form: the
shell, the part that the user fills out, and the script
which processes the information
 HTML tags are used to create the form shell. Using
HTML you can create text boxes, radio buttons,
checkboxes, drop-down menus, and more...

Example: Form
Text Box
Drop-down Menu
Radio Buttons
Checkboxes
Text Area
Submit Button
Reset Button

The Form Shell
 A form shell has three important parts:
 the <FORM> tag, which includes the address of the script
which will process the form
 the form elements, like text boxes and radio buttons
 the submit button which triggers the script to send the
entered information to the server

Creating the Shell
 To create a form shell, type <FORM METHOD=POST
ACTION=“script_url”> where “script_url” is the address
of the script
 Create the form elements
 End with a closing </FORM> tag

Creating Text Boxes
 To create a text box, type <INPUT TYPE=“text”
NAME=“name” VALUE=“value” SIZE=n MAXLENGTH=n>
 The NAME, VALUE, SIZE, and MAXLENGTH attributes are
optional

Text Box Attributes
 The NAME attribute is used to identify the text box to the
processing script
 The VALUE attribute is used to specify the text that will initially
appear in the text box
 The SIZE attribute is used to define the size of the box in
characters
 The MAXLENGTH attribute is used to define the maximum number
of characters that can be typed in the box

Example: Text Box
First Name: <INPUT
TYPE="text"
NAME="FirstName"
VALUE="First Name"
SIZE=20>
<BR><BR>
Last Name: <INPUT
TYPE="text"
NAME="LastName"
VALUE="Last Name"
SIZE=20>
<BR><BR>
 Here’s how it
would look on
the Web:

Creating Larger Text Areas
 To create larger text areas, type <TEXTAREA
NAME=“name” ROWS=n1 COLS=n2 WRAP> Default
Text </TEXTAREA>, where n1 is the height of the text
box in rows and n2 is the width of the text box in
characters
 The WRAP attribute causes the cursor to move
automatically to the next line as the user types

Example: Text Area
<B>Comments?</B>
<BR>
<TEXTAREA NAME="Comments"
ROWS=10 COLS=50 WRAP>
</TEXTAREA>

Creating Radio Buttons
 To create a radio button, type <INPUT TYPE=“radio”
NAME=“name” VALUE=“data”>Label, where “data” is
the text that will be sent to the server if the button is
checked and “Label” is the text that identifies the
button to the user

Example: Radio Buttons
<B> Size: </B>
<INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME="Size"
VALUE="Large">Large
VALUE="Medium">Medium
VALUE="Small">Small

Creating Checkboxes
 To create a checkbox, type <INPUT TYPE=“checkbox”
NAME=“name” VALUE=“value”>Label
 If you give a group of radio buttons or checkboxes the
same name, the user will only be able to select one
button or box at a time

Example: Checkboxes
<B> Color: </B>
<INPUT TYPE="checkbox"
NAME="Color" VALUE="Red">Red
NAME="Color"
VALUE="Navy">Navy
NAME="Color"
VALUE="Black">Black

Creating Drop-down Menus
 To create a drop-down menu, type <SELECT
NAME=“name” SIZE=n MULTIPLE>
 Then type <OPTION VALUE= “value”>Label
 In this case the SIZE attribute specifies the height of the
menu in lines and MULTIPLE allows users to select more
than one menu option

Example: Drop-down Menu
<B>WHICH IS FAVOURITE FRUIT:</B>
<SELECT>
<OPTION VALUE="MANGOES">MANGOES
<OPTION VALUE="PAPAYA">PAPAYA
<OPTION VALUE="GUAVA">GUAVA
<OPTION VALUE="BANANA"> BANANA
<OPTION VALUE="PINEAPPLE">PINEAPPLE
</SELECT>

Creating a Submit Button
 To create a submit button, type <INPUT
TYPE=“submit”>
 If you would like the button to say something other
than submit, use the VALUE attribute
 For example, <INPUT TYPE=“submit” VALUE=“Buy
Now!”> would create a button that says “Buy Now!”

Creating a Reset Button
 To create a reset button, type <INPUT TYPE=“reset”>
 The VALUE attribute can be used in the same way to
change the text that appears on the button

Tables
 Tables can be used to display rows and columns of
data, create multi-column text, captions for images,
and sidebars
 The <TABLE> tag is used to create a table; the <TR>
tag defines the beginning of a row while the <TD> tag
defines the beginning of a cell

Adding a Border
 The BORDER=n attribute allows you to add a border n
pixels thick around the table
 To make a solid border color, use the
BORDERCOLOR=“color” attribute
 To make a shaded colored border, use
BODERCOLORDARK=“color” and
BORDERCOLORLIGHT=“color”

Creating Simple Table
<TABLE BORDER=10>
<TR>
<TD>One</TD>
<TD>Two</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Three</TD>
<TD>Four</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
 Here’s how it
would look on
the Web:

Adjusting the Width
 When a Web browser displays a table, it often adds
extra space. To eliminate this space use the WIDTH =n
attribute in the <TABLE> and <TD> tags
 Keep in mind - a cell cannot be smaller than its
contents, and if you make a table wider than the
browser window, users will not be able to see parts of
it.

Centering a Table
 There are two ways to center a table
 Type <TABLE ALIGN=CENTER>
 Enclose the <TABLE> tags in opening and closing
<CENTER> tags

Wrapping Text around a
Table
 It is possible to wrap text around a table.
This technique is often used to keep
images and captions together within an
article.
 To wrap text around a table, type
<TABLE ALIGN = LEFT> to align the table
to the left while the text flows to the right.
 Create the table using the <TR>, <TD>,
and </TABLE> tags as you normally
would

Adding Space around a
Table
 To add space around a table, use the HSPACE=n and
VSPACE=n attributes in the <TABLE> tag
 Example:
<TABLE HSPACE=20 VSPACE=20>

Spanning Cells Across
Columns
 It is often necessary to span one cell across many
columns. For example, you would use this technique to
span a headline across the columns of a newspaper
article.
 To span a cell across many columns, type <TD
COLSPAN=n>, where n is the number of columns to be
spanned

Spanning Cells Across Rows
 To span a cell across many rows, type <TD
ROWSPAN=n>, where n is the number of rows

Aligning Cell Content
 By default, a cell’s content are aligned horizontally to
the left and and vertically in the middle.
 Use VALIGN=direction to change the vertical
alignment, where “direction” is top, middle, bottom, or
baseline
 Use ALIGN=direction to change the horizontal
alignment where “direction” is left, center, or right

Controlling Cell Spacing
 Cell spacing is the space between cells while cell
padding is the space around the contents of a cell
 To control both types of spacing, use the
CELLSPACING =n and CELLPADDING=n attributes in
the <TABLE> tag

Nesting Tables
 Create the inner table
 Create the outer table and determine which
cell of the outer table will hold the inner
table
 Test both tables separately to make sure
they work
 Copy the inner table into the cell of the
outer table
 Don’t nest too many tables. If you find
yourself doing that, find an easier way to lay
out your Web page

Changing a Cell’s Color
 To change a cell’s color, add the BGCOLOR=“color”
attribute to the <TD> tag
 Example:
<TD BGCOLOR=“blue”>

Dividing Your Table into
Column Groups
 You can divide your table into two kinds of column
groups: structural and non-structural.
 Structural column groups control where dividing lines
are drawn; Non-structural groups do not
 Both let you format an entire column of cells at once

Column Groups
To create structural column
groups, type <COLGROUP
SPAN=n> after the <TABLE> tag,
where n is the number of columns
in the group
To create non-structural column
groups, type <COL SPAN=n>,
where n is the number of columns
in the group

Dividing Table into Horizontal
Sections
 You can also create a horizontal section consisting of
one or more rows. This allows you to format the rows all
at once
 To create a horizontal section, type <THEAD>,
<TBODY>, or <TFOOT> before the first <TR> tag of the
section
 Netscape does not support these tags

Controlling Line Breaks
 Unless you specify otherwise a browser will divide the
lines in a cell as it sees fit.
 The NOWRAP attribute placed within the <TD> tag
forces the browser to keep all the text in a cell on one
line
 Example:
 <TD NOWRAP>Washington, D.C.

Parting Words….
 If you can imagine a way to lay out your page,
chances are it is possible using HTML
 When in doubt, use an HTML reference

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