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FTP
1
Prepared By
Dr. S. Beulah
INTRODUCTION
• FTP stands for File transfer protocol.
• FTP is a standard internet protocol provided by TCP/IP used for
transmitting the files from one host to another.
• It is mainly used for transferring the web page files from their
creator to the computer that acts as a server for other computers
on the internet.
• It is also used for downloading the files to computer from other
servers.
2
Objectives of FTP
• It provides the sharing of files.
• It is used to encourage the use of remote
computers.
• It transfers the data more reliably and
efficiently.
3
Why FTP?
• Transferring files from one system to another is very simple and
straightforward, but sometimes it can cause problems. For example,
two systems may have different file conventions.
• Two systems may have different ways to represent text and data.
• Two systems may have different directory structures.
• FTP protocol overcomes these problems by establishing two
connections between hosts.
• One connection is used for data transfer, and another connection is
used for the control connection. 4
Mechanism of FTP
5
Types of connections in FTP
Control Connection:
• The control connection uses very simple rules for
communication.
• Through control connection, we can transfer a line of
command or line of response at a time.
• The control connection is made between the control
processes.
• The control connection remains connected during the
entire interactive FTP session. 6
Types of connections in FTP
• Data Connection:
• The Data Connection uses very complex rules as data types
may vary.
• The data connection is made between data transfer
processes.
• The data connection opens when a command comes for
transferring the files and closes when the file is transferred.
7
FTP Clients
• FTP client is a program that implements a file transfer protocol which
allows you to transfer files between two hosts on the internet.
• It allows a user to connect to a remote host and upload or download the
files.
• It has a set of commands that we can use to connect to a host, transfer the
files between you and your host and close the connection.
• The FTP program is also available as a built-in component in a Web
browser. This GUI based FTP client makes the file transfer very easy and
also does not require to remember the FTP commands. 8
Advantages of FTP
• Speed: One of the biggest advantages of FTP is speed. The FTP is one of
the fastest way to transfer the files from one computer to another computer.
• Efficient: It is more efficient as we do not need to complete all the
operations to get the entire file.
• Security: To access the FTP server, we need to login with the username and
password. Therefore, we can say that FTP is more secure.
• Back & forth movement: FTP allows us to transfer the files back and forth.
Suppose you are a manager of the company, you send some information to
all the employees, and they all send information back on the same server.
9
Disadvantages of FTP
• The standard requirement of the industry is that all the FTP transmissions should be
encrypted. However, not all the FTP providers are equal and not all the providers
offer encryption. So, we will have to look out for the FTP providers that provides
encryption.
• FTP serves two operations, i.e., to send and receive large files on a network.
However, the size limit of the file is 2GB that can be sent. It also doesn't allow you to
run simultaneous transfers to multiple receivers.
• Passwords and file contents are sent in clear text that allows unwanted
eavesdropping. So, it is quite possible that attackers can carry out the brute force
attack by trying to guess the FTP password.
• It is not compatible with every system. 10
FTP Session
• When a FTP session is started between a client and a server, the client
initiates a control TCP connection with the server side.
• The client sends control information over this. When the server
receives this, it initiates a data connection to the client side.
• Only one file can be sent over one data connection. But the control
connection remains active throughout the user session.
• HTTP is stateless i.e. it does not have to keep track of any user state.
But FTP needs to maintain a state about its user throughout the session
11
Data Structures
• File Structure – In file-structure there is no internal
structure and the file is considered to be a continuous
sequence of data bytes.
• Record Structure – In record-structure the file is made
up of sequential records.
• Page Structure – In page-structure the file is made up
of independent indexed pages.
12
FTP Commands
• USER – This command sends the user identification to the server.
PASS – This command sends the user password to the server.
CWD – This command allows the user to work with a different directory or dataset
for file storage or retrieval without altering his login or accounting information.
RMD – This command causes the directory specified in the path-name to be
removed as a directory.
MKD – This command causes the directory specified in the pathname to be created
as a directory.
PWD – This command causes the name of the current working directory to be
returned in the reply.
13
FTP Commands
• RETR – This command causes the remote host to initiate a data connection and
to send the requested file over the data connection.
STOR – This command causes to store a file into the current directory of the
remote host.
LIST – Sends a request to display the list of all the files present in the directory.
ABOR – This command tells the server to abort the previous FTP service
command and any associated transfer of data.
QUIT – This command terminates a USER and if file transfer is not in progress,
the server closes the control connection.
14
FTP Replies
200 Command okay.
530 Not logged in.
331 User name okay, need a password.
225 Data connection open; no transfer in progress.
221 Service closing control connection.
551 Requested action aborted: page type unknown.
502 Command not implemented.
503 Bad sequence of commands.
504 Command not implemented for that parameter 15
SUMMARY
• Introduction
• Objectives of FTP
• Mechanism of FTP
• Types of connections in FTP
• FTP clients
• Advantages of FTP
• Disadvantages of FTP
• FTP session
• Data structures
• FTP commands and replies 16

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Introduction to File Transfer Protocol with commands in FTP

  • 2. INTRODUCTION • FTP stands for File transfer protocol. • FTP is a standard internet protocol provided by TCP/IP used for transmitting the files from one host to another. • It is mainly used for transferring the web page files from their creator to the computer that acts as a server for other computers on the internet. • It is also used for downloading the files to computer from other servers. 2
  • 3. Objectives of FTP • It provides the sharing of files. • It is used to encourage the use of remote computers. • It transfers the data more reliably and efficiently. 3
  • 4. Why FTP? • Transferring files from one system to another is very simple and straightforward, but sometimes it can cause problems. For example, two systems may have different file conventions. • Two systems may have different ways to represent text and data. • Two systems may have different directory structures. • FTP protocol overcomes these problems by establishing two connections between hosts. • One connection is used for data transfer, and another connection is used for the control connection. 4
  • 6. Types of connections in FTP Control Connection: • The control connection uses very simple rules for communication. • Through control connection, we can transfer a line of command or line of response at a time. • The control connection is made between the control processes. • The control connection remains connected during the entire interactive FTP session. 6
  • 7. Types of connections in FTP • Data Connection: • The Data Connection uses very complex rules as data types may vary. • The data connection is made between data transfer processes. • The data connection opens when a command comes for transferring the files and closes when the file is transferred. 7
  • 8. FTP Clients • FTP client is a program that implements a file transfer protocol which allows you to transfer files between two hosts on the internet. • It allows a user to connect to a remote host and upload or download the files. • It has a set of commands that we can use to connect to a host, transfer the files between you and your host and close the connection. • The FTP program is also available as a built-in component in a Web browser. This GUI based FTP client makes the file transfer very easy and also does not require to remember the FTP commands. 8
  • 9. Advantages of FTP • Speed: One of the biggest advantages of FTP is speed. The FTP is one of the fastest way to transfer the files from one computer to another computer. • Efficient: It is more efficient as we do not need to complete all the operations to get the entire file. • Security: To access the FTP server, we need to login with the username and password. Therefore, we can say that FTP is more secure. • Back & forth movement: FTP allows us to transfer the files back and forth. Suppose you are a manager of the company, you send some information to all the employees, and they all send information back on the same server. 9
  • 10. Disadvantages of FTP • The standard requirement of the industry is that all the FTP transmissions should be encrypted. However, not all the FTP providers are equal and not all the providers offer encryption. So, we will have to look out for the FTP providers that provides encryption. • FTP serves two operations, i.e., to send and receive large files on a network. However, the size limit of the file is 2GB that can be sent. It also doesn't allow you to run simultaneous transfers to multiple receivers. • Passwords and file contents are sent in clear text that allows unwanted eavesdropping. So, it is quite possible that attackers can carry out the brute force attack by trying to guess the FTP password. • It is not compatible with every system. 10
  • 11. FTP Session • When a FTP session is started between a client and a server, the client initiates a control TCP connection with the server side. • The client sends control information over this. When the server receives this, it initiates a data connection to the client side. • Only one file can be sent over one data connection. But the control connection remains active throughout the user session. • HTTP is stateless i.e. it does not have to keep track of any user state. But FTP needs to maintain a state about its user throughout the session 11
  • 12. Data Structures • File Structure – In file-structure there is no internal structure and the file is considered to be a continuous sequence of data bytes. • Record Structure – In record-structure the file is made up of sequential records. • Page Structure – In page-structure the file is made up of independent indexed pages. 12
  • 13. FTP Commands • USER – This command sends the user identification to the server. PASS – This command sends the user password to the server. CWD – This command allows the user to work with a different directory or dataset for file storage or retrieval without altering his login or accounting information. RMD – This command causes the directory specified in the path-name to be removed as a directory. MKD – This command causes the directory specified in the pathname to be created as a directory. PWD – This command causes the name of the current working directory to be returned in the reply. 13
  • 14. FTP Commands • RETR – This command causes the remote host to initiate a data connection and to send the requested file over the data connection. STOR – This command causes to store a file into the current directory of the remote host. LIST – Sends a request to display the list of all the files present in the directory. ABOR – This command tells the server to abort the previous FTP service command and any associated transfer of data. QUIT – This command terminates a USER and if file transfer is not in progress, the server closes the control connection. 14
  • 15. FTP Replies 200 Command okay. 530 Not logged in. 331 User name okay, need a password. 225 Data connection open; no transfer in progress. 221 Service closing control connection. 551 Requested action aborted: page type unknown. 502 Command not implemented. 503 Bad sequence of commands. 504 Command not implemented for that parameter 15
  • 16. SUMMARY • Introduction • Objectives of FTP • Mechanism of FTP • Types of connections in FTP • FTP clients • Advantages of FTP • Disadvantages of FTP • FTP session • Data structures • FTP commands and replies 16