Inheritance chepter 7

Chapter 7

Inheritance

http://www.java2all.com

Inheritance


What is a Inheritance ?

• The derivation of one class from another class is
called Inheritance.

• Type of inheritance :


A
A

B
B

Single Inheritance
A C

Multi level Inheritance

B C D

Hierarchical Inheritance

• A class that is inherited is called a superclass.
• The class that does the inheriting is called as
subclass.
• In above figure all class A is superclass.
• A subclass inherits all instance variables and
methods from its superclass and also has its own
variables and methods.
• One can inherit the class using keyword extends.
Syntax :
• Class subclass-name extends superclass-name
• { // body of class.
• }

In java, a class has only one super class.

Java does not support Multiple
Inheritance.

One can create a hierarchy of inheritance
in which a subclass becomes a superclass of
another subclass.

However, no class can be a superclass of
itself.


class A //superclass
{
int num1; //member of superclass
int num2; //member of superclass
void setVal(int no1, int no2) //method of superclass
{
num1 = no1;
num2 = no2;
}
}

class B extends A //subclass B
{
int multi; //member of subclass
void mul() //method of subclass
{
multi = num1*num2; //accessing member of superclass from subclass
}
}
Output :
class inhe2
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Multiplication is 30
B subob = new B();
subob.setVal(5,6); //calling superclass method throgh subclass object
subob.mul();
System.out.println("Multiplication is " + subob.multi);
}
}


Note : Private members of super
class is not accessible in sub class, super
class is also called parent class or base
class, sub class is also called child class or
derived class.


Super & Final


super :
super keyword is used to call a superclass
constructor and to call or access super class
members(instance variables or methods).

syntax of super : super(arg-list)

When a subclass calls super() it is calling the
constructor of its immediate superclass.

super() must always be the first statement
executed inside a subclass constructor.
super.member
Here member can be either method or an instance
variables. http://www.java2all.com

This second form of super is most applicable to
situation in which member names of a subclass hide
member of superclass due to same name.


class A1
{
public int i;
A1()
{
i=5;
}
}
class B1 extends A1
{
int i;
B1(int a,int b)
{
super(); //calling super class constructor
//now we will change value of superclass variable i
super.i=a; //accessing superclass member from subclass
i=b;
}
void show()
{
System.out.println("i in superclass = " + super.i );
System.out.println("i in subclass = " + i );
}
}
public class Usesuper
Output :
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
B1 b = new B1(10,12);
i in superclass = 10
b.show(); i in subclass = 12
} } http://www.java2all.com

The instance variable i in B1 hides the i in A, super
allows access to the i defined in the superclass.

super can also be used to call methods that are hidden by
a subclass.


Final


final keyword can be use with variables,
methods and class.
=> final variables.

When we want to declare constant variable in
java we use final keyword.
Syntax : final variable name = value;

=> final method
Syntax : final methodname(arg)

When we put final keyword before method than
it becomes final method.

To prevent overriding of method final keyword
is used, means final method cant be override.
=> final class
A class that can not be sub classed is called
a final class.
A class that can not be sub classed is called a
final class.
This is archived in java using the keyword final
as follow.

Syntax : final class class_name { ... }

Any attempt to inherit this class will cause an
error and compiler will not allow it. http://www.java2all.com

final class aa
{
final int a=10;
public final void ainc()
{
a++; // The final field aa.a cannot be assigned
}

}

class bb extends aa // The type bb cannot subclass the final class aa
{
public void ainc() //Cannot override the final method from aa
{
System.out.println("a = " + a);

}
} Here no output will be
there because all the
public class Final_Demo
{ comments in above program
{
are errors. Remove final
bb b1 = new bb();
b1.ainc();
keyword from class than you
} will get error like final method
}
can not be override.

Method Overriding


Method overriding :

Defining a method in the subclass that has the
same name, same arguments and same return type as
a method in the superclass and it hides the super class
method is called method overriding.

Now when the method is called, the method
defined in the subclass is invoked and executed
instead of the one in the superclass.


class Xsuper
{
int y;
Xsuper(int y)
{
this.y=y;
}
void display()
{
System.out.println("super y = " +y);
}
}
class Xsub extends Xsuper
{
int z;
Xsub(int z , int y)
{
super(y);
this.z=z;
}
void display()
{
System.out.println("super y = " +y);
System.out.println("sub z = " +z);
}
}


public class TestOverride
{
{
Xsub s1 = new Xsub(100,200);
s1.display();
}
}

Output :

super y = 200
sub z = 100

Here the method display() defined in the
subclass is invoked.

class student
{
int rollno;
String name;
student(int r, String n)
{
rollno = r;
name = n;
}
void dispdatas()
{
System.out.println("Rollno = " + rollno);
System.out.println("Name = " + name);
} }
class marks extends student
{
int total;
marks(int r, String n, int t)
{
super(r,n); //call super class (student) constructor
total = t;
}
void dispdatam()
{
dispdatas(); // call dispdatap of student class
System.out.println("Total = " + total);
} }

class percentage extends marks
{
int per;

percentage(int r, String n, int t, int p)
{
super(r,n,t); //call super class(marks) constructor

}
per = p; Output :
void dispdatap()
{
dispdatam(); // call dispdatap of marks class Rollno = 1912
System.out.println("Percentage = " + per);
} Name = SAM
}
class Multi_Inhe
Total = 350
{ Percentage = 50
{
percentage stu = new percentage(1912, "SAM", 350, 50); //call constructor percentage
stu.dispdatap(); // call dispdatap of percentage class
}
}


It is common that a class is derived from another
derived class.

The class student serves as a base class for the
derived class marks, which in turn serves as a base
class for the derived class percentage.

The class marks is known as intermediated base
class since it provides a link for the inheritance
between student and percentage.

The chain is known as inheritance path.


When this type of situation occurs, each subclass
inherits all of the features found in all of its super
classes. In this case, percentage inherits all aspects of
marks and student.

To understand the flow of program read all
comments of program.

When a class hierarchy is created, in what
order are the constructors for the classes that
make up the hierarchy called?


class X
{
X()
{
System.out.println("Inside X's constructor.");
}
}
class Y extends X // Create a subclass by extending class A.
{
Y()
{
System.out.println("Inside Y's constructor.");
}
}
class Z extends Y // Create another subclass by extending B.
{
Z()
{
System.out.println("Inside Z's constructor."); Output :
}
}

{
public class CallingCons
Inside X's constructor.
public static void main(String args[]) Inside Y's constructor.
{
Z z = new Z(); Inside Z's constructor.
}
} http://www.java2all.com

The answer is that in a class hierarchy,
constructors are called in order of derivation, from
superclass to subclass.

Further, since super( ) must be the first
statement executed in a subclass’ constructor, this
order is the same whether or not super( ) is used.

If super( ) is not used, then the default or
parameterless constructor of each superclass will
be executed.

As you can see from the output the
constructors are called in order of derivation.http://www.java2all.com

If you think about it, it makes sense that
constructors are executed in order of derivation.

Because a superclass has no knowledge of any
subclass, any initialization it needs to perform is
separate from and possibly prerequisite to any
initialization performed by the subclass. Therefore, it
must be executed first.


Dynamic Method Dispatch


Dynamic Method Dispatch:

Dynamic method dispatch is the mechanism
by which a call to an overridden method is
resolved at run time, rather than compile time.

Dynamic method dispatch is important
because this is how Java implements run-time
polymorphism.

method to execution based upon the type of
the object being referred to at the time the call
occurs. Thus, this determination is made at run
time. http://www.java2all.com

In other words, it is the type of the object
being referred to (not the type of the reference
variable) that determines which version of
an overridden method will be executed.

class A
{
void callme()
{
System.out.println("Inside A's callme method");
}
}

class B extends A
{
// override callme()
void callme()
{
System.out.println("Inside B's callme method");
}
}

class C extends A
{
// override callme()
void callme()
{
System.out.println("Inside C's callme method");
}
}


public class Dynamic_disp
{
{
A a = new A(); // object of type A
B b = new B(); // object of type B
C c = new C(); // object of type C
A r; // obtain a reference of type A
r = a; // r refers to an A object
r.callme(); // calls A's version of callme
r = b; // r refers to a B object
r.callme(); // calls B's version of callme

r = c; // r refers to a C object
r.callme(); // calls C's version of callme
}
}

Output :

Inside A's callme method
Inside B's callme method
Inside C's callme method

Here reference of type A, called r, is declared.

The program then assigns a reference to each
type of object to r and uses that reference to invoke
callme( ).

As the output shows, the version of callme( )
executed is determined by the type of object being
referred to at the time of the call.


Abstract Classes


Abstract Classes :
When the keyword abstract appears in a class
definition, it means that zero or more of it’s methods are
abstract.

An abstract method has no body.

Some of the subclass has to override it and provide the
implementation.

Objects cannot be created out of abstract class.

Abstract classes basically provide a guideline for the
properties and methods of an object.


• In order to use abstract classes, they have to be
subclassed.
• There are situations in which you want to define
a superclass that declares the structure of a given
abstraction without providing a complete
implementation of every method.
• That is, sometimes you want to create a
superclass that only defines generalized form that
will be shared by all of its subclasses, leaving it to
each subclass to fill in the details.
• One way this situation can occur is when a
superclass is unable to create a meaningful
implementation for a method.

Syntax : abstract type name(parameter-list);

As you can see, no method body is present.
Any class that contains one or more abstract methods
must also be declared abstract.

To declare a class abstract, you simply use the
abstract keyword in front of the class keyword at the
beginning of the class declaration.

There can be no objects of an abstract class.
That is, an abstract class cannot be directly
instantiated with the new operator.

Any subclass of an abstract class must either
implement all of the abstract methods of the
superclass, or be itself declared abstract.


abstract class A1
{
abstract void displayb1();
void displaya1()
{
System.out.println("This is a concrete method");
}

}

class B1 extends A1
{
void displayb1()
{
System.out.println("B1's implementation");
}
}

public class Abstract_Demo
{
public static void main(String args[]) Output :
{
B1 b = new B1();
b.displayb1();
b.displaya1(); B1's implementation
}
} This is a concrete method

Object Class


The Object class :

There is one special class, Object, defined by
Java. All other classes are subclasses of Object.

That is, Object is a superclass of all other
classes.
This means that a reference variable of type
Object can refer to an object of any other class.
Every class in java is descended from the
java.lang.Object class.

If no inheritance is specified when a class is defined,
the super class of the class is Object by default.

EX :

public class circle { ... }

is equivalent to

public class circle extends Object { ... }


Methods of Object class
METHOD PURPOSE

Void finalize() Called before an unused object is recycled

int hashCode( ) Returns the hash code associated with the
invoking object.
void notify( ) Resumes execution of a thread waiting on
the invoking object.
void notifyAll( ) Resumes execution of all threads waiting
on the invoking object.

String toString( ) Returns a string that describes the object.

void wait( )
void wait(long milliseconds) Waits on another thread of execution.
void wait(long milliseconds,
int nanoseconds) http://www.java2all.com

The methods notify(), notifyall() and wait() are
declared as final.

You may override the others.
tostring()
?public String tostring()

it returns a String that describe an object.

?It consisting class name, an at (@) sign and
object memory address in hexadecimal.


EX :

Circle c1 = new Circle();
System.out.println(c1.tostring());
It will give O/P like Circle@15037e5
We can also write System.out.println(c1);


Polymorphism :

An object of a sub class can be used whenever
its super class object is required.

This is commonly known as polymorphism.

In simple terms polymorphism means that a
variable of super type can refer to a sub type
object.

Inheritance chepter 7

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