HTML, CSS and Java Scripts Basics

HTML Basics
HTML, Text, Images, Tables

Table of Contents
© Sun Technologies Inc. 2
1. Introduction to HTML
How the Web Works?
What is a Web Page?
My First HTML Page
Basic Tags: Hyperlinks, Images, Formatting
Headings and Paragraphs
2. HTML in Details
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
The <head> Section: Title, Meta, Script, Style

Table of Contents (2)
2. HTML in Details
• The <body> Section
• Text Styling and Formatting Tags
• Hyperlinks: <a>, Hyperlinks and Sections
• Images: <img>
• Lists: <ol>, <ul> and <dl>
3. The <div> and <span> elements
4. HTML Tables
5. HTML Forms

How the Web Works?
• WWW use classical client / server architecture
• HTTP is text-based request-response protocol
4
Page request
Client running a
Web Browser
Server running
Web Server
Software (IIS,
Apache, etc.)
Server response
HTTP
HTTP
© Sun Technologies Inc.

What is a Web Page?
• Web pages are text files containing HTML
• HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language
• A notation for describing
• document structure (semantic markup)
• formatting (presentation markup)
• The markup tags provide information about the page content
structure
5© Sun Technologies Inc.

Creating HTML Pages
• An HTML file must have an .htm or .html file extension
• HTML files can be created with text editors:
• NotePad, NotePad ++, PSPad
• Or HTML editors (WYSIWYG Editors):
• Microsoft FrontPage
• Macromedia Dreamweaver
• Netscape Composer
• Microsoft Word
• Visual Studio

HTML Basics
Text, Images, Tables, Forms

HTML Structure
•HTML is comprised of “elements” and “tags”
•Begins with <html> and ends with </html>
•Elements (tags) are nested one inside another:
•Tags have attributes:
•HTML describes structure using two main sections:
<head> and <body>
8
<html> <head></head> <body></body> </html>
<img src="logo.jpg" alt="logo" />

HTML Code Formatting
•The HTML source code should be formatted to
increase readability and facilitate debugging.
•Every block element should start on a new line.
•Every nested (block) element should be indented.
•Browsers ignore multiple whitespaces in the page
source, so formatting is harmless.
• For performance reasons, formatting can be sacrificed

First HTML Page
10
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is some text...</p>
</body>
</html>
test.html

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
First HTML Page: Tags
11
Opening
tag
Closing
tag
An HTML element consists of an opening tag, a closing
tag and the content inside.

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
First HTML Page: Header
12
HTML
header

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
First HTML Page: Body
13
HTML body

Some Simple Tags
• Hyperlink Tags
• Image Tags
• Text formatting tags
<a href="http://www.telerik.com/"
title="Telerik">Link to Telerik Web site</a>
<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />
This text is <em>emphasized.</em>
<br />new line<br />
This one is <strong>more emphasized.</strong>

Some Simple Tags – Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>Simple Tags Demo</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="http://www.telerik.com/" title=
"Telerik site">This is a link.</a>
<br />
<br />
<strong>Bold</strong> and <em>italic</em> text.
</body>
</html>
some-tags.html

Some Simple Tags – Example (2)
16
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>Simple Tags Demo</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="http://www.telerik.com/" title=
"Telerik site">This is a link.</a>
<br />
<br />
<strong>Bold</strong> and <em>italic</em> text.
</body>
</html>
some-tags.html

Tags Attributes
• Tags can have attributes
• Attributes specify properties and behavior
• Example:
• Few attributes can apply to every element:
• id, style, class, title
• The id is unique in the document
• Content of title attribute is displayed as hint when the element is hovered with the mouse
• Some elements have obligatory attributes
17
Attribute alt with value "logo"

Headings and Paragraphs
• Heading Tags (h1 – h6)
• Paragraph Tags
• Sections: div and span
18
<p>This is my first paragraph</p>
<p>This is my second paragraph</p>
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>
<div style="background: skyblue;">
This is a div</div>

Headings and Paragraphs – Example
19
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head><title>Headings and paragraphs</title></head>
<body>
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<div style="background:skyblue">
This is a div</div>
</body>
</html>
headings.html

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head><title>Headings and paragraphs</title></head>
<body>
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<div style="background:skyblue">
This is a div</div>
</body>
</html>
Headings and Paragraphs – Example (2)
20
headings.html

Introduction to HTML
HTML Document Structure in Depth

Preface
• It is important to have the correct vision and attitude towards
HTML
• HTML is only about structure, not appearance
• Browsers tolerate invalid HTML code and parse errors – you should
not.

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
•HTML documents must start with a document
type definition (DTD)
•It tells web browsers what type is the served code
•Possible versions: HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0
(Transitional or Strict), XHTML 1.1, HTML 5
•Example:
•See http://w3.org/QA/2002/04/valid-dtd-list.html for a list
of possible doctypes
23
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

The <head> Section
• Contains information that doesn’t show directly on the viewable page
• Starts after the <!doctype> declaration
• Begins with <head> and ends with </head>
• Contains mandatory single <title> tag
• Can contain some other tags, e.g.
•<meta>
•<script>
•<style>
•<!–- comments -->

<head> Section: <title> tag
•Title should be placed between <head> and
</head> tags
•Used to specify a title in the window title bar
•Search engines and people rely on titles
25
<title>Telerik Academy – Winter Season 2009/2010
</title>

<head> Section: <meta>
• Meta tags additionally describe the content contained within the
page
26
<meta name="description" content="HTML tutorial"
/>
<meta name="keywords" content="html, web design,
styles" />
<meta name="author" content="Chris Brewer" />
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5;
url=http://www.telerik.com" />

<head> Section: <script>
• The <script> element is used to embed scripts into an HTML
document
• Script are executed in the client's Web browser
• Scripts can live in the <head> and in the <body> sections
• Supported client-side scripting languages:
• JavaScript (it is not Java!)
• VBScript
• JScript

The <script> Tag – Example
28
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Example</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
function sayHello() {
document.write("<p>Hello World!</p>");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type=
"text/javascript">
sayHello();
</script>
</body>
</html>
scripts-example.html

<head> Section: <style>
•The <style> element embeds formatting
information (CSS styles) into an HTML page
29
<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
p { font-size: 12pt; line-height: 12pt; }
p:first-letter { font-size: 200%; }
span { text-transform: uppercase; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>Styles demo.<br />
<span>Test uppercase</span>.
</p>
</body>
</html>
style-example.html

Comments:  Tag
• Comments can exist anywhere between the <html></html> tags
• Comments start with 
30
<!–- Telerik Logo (a JPG file) -->
<img src="logo.jpg" alt=“Telerik Logo">
<!–- Hyperlink to the web site -->
<a href="http://telerik.com/">Telerik</a>
<!–- Show the news table -->
<table class="newstable">
...

<body> Section: Introduction
• The <body> section describes the viewable portion of the page
• Starts after the <head> </head> section
• Begins with <body> and ends with </body>
31
<html>
<head><title>Test page</title></head>
<body>

</body>
</html>

Text Formatting
• Text formatting tags modify the text between the opening tag and the
closing tag
• Ex. <b>Hello</b> makes “Hello” bold
<b></b> bold
<i></i> italicized
<u></u> underlined
<sup></sup> Samplesuperscript
<sub></sub> Samplesubscript
<strong></strong> strong
<em></em> emphasized
<pre></pre> Preformatted text
<blockquote></blockquote> Quoted text block
<del></del> Deleted text – strike through
32

Text Formatting – Example
33
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Notice</h1>
<p>This is a <em>sample</em> Web page.</p>
<p><pre>Next paragraph:
preformatted.</pre></p>
<h2>More Info</h2>
<p>Specifically, we’re using XHMTL 1.0 transitional.<br />
Next line.</p>
</body>
</html>
text-formatting.html

Text Formatting – Example (2)
34
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Notice</h1>
<p>This is a <em>sample</em> Web page.</p>
<p><pre>Next paragraph:
preformatted.</pre></p>
<h2>More Info</h2>
<p>Specifically, we’re using XHMTL 1.0 transitional.<br />
Next line.</p>
</body>
</html>
text-formatting.html

Hyperlinks: <a> Tag
• Link to a document called form.html on the same server in the same
directory:
• Link to a document called parent.html on the same server in the parent
directory:
• Link to a document called cat.html on the same server in the
subdirectory stuff:
35
<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a>
<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a>
<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a>

Hyperlinks: <a> Tag (2)
• Link to an external Web site:
• Always use a full URL, including "http://", not just "www.somesite.com"
• Using the target="_blank" attribute opens the link in a new window
• Link to an e-mail address:
36
<a href="http://www.devbg.org" target="_blank">BASD</a>
<a
href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=Bug+Report">
Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>

Hyperlinks: <a> Tag (3)
• Link to a document called apply-now.html
•On the same server, in same directory
•Using an image as a link button:
• Link to a document called index.html
•On the same server, in the subdirectory english
of the parent directory:
37
<a href="apply-now.html"><img
src="apply-now-button.jpg" /></a>
<a href="../english/index.html">Switch to English
version</a>

Hyperlinks and Sections
•Link to another location in the same
document:
•Link to a specific location in another
document:
38
<a href="#section1">Go to Introduction</a>
...
<h2 id="section1">Introduction</h2>
<a href="chapter3.html#section3.1.1">Go to Section 3.1.1</a>
<!–- In chapter3.html -->
...
<div id="section3.1.1">
<h3>3.1.1. Technical Background</h3>
</div>

Hyperlinks – Example
39
<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a> <br />
<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a> <br />
<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a> <br />
<a href="http://www.devbg.org" target="_blank">BASD</a> <br
/>
<a href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=Bug
Report">Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>
<br />
<a href="apply-now.html"><img src="apply-now-button.jpg”
/></a> <br />
<a href="../english/index.html">Switch to English version</a> <br
/>
hyperlinks.html

<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a> <br />
<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a> <br />
<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a> <br />
<a href="http://www.devbg.org" target="_blank">BASD</a> <br />
<a href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=Bug Report">Please
report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>
<br />
<a href="apply-now.html"><img src="apply-now-button.jpg” /></a>
<br />
<a href="../english/index.html">Switch to English version</a> <br />
hyperlinks.html
Hyperlinks – Example (2)

Links to the Same Document –
Example
41
<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
<p><a href="#section1">Introduction</a><br />
<a href="#section2">Some background</A><br />
<a href="#section2.1">Project History</a><br />
...the rest of the table of contents...

... Section 1 follows here ...
<h2 id="section2">Some background</h2>
<h3 id="section2.1">Project History</h3>
... Section 2.1 follows here ...
links-to-same-document.html

Links to the Same Document –
Example (2)
42
<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
<p><a href="#section1">Introduction</a><br />
<a href="#section2">Some background</A><br />
<a href="#section2.1">Project History</a><br />
...the rest of the table of contents...

<h2 id="section2">Some background</h2>
<h3 id="section2.1">Project History</h3>
... Section 2.1 follows here ...
links-to-same-document.html

 Inserting an image with <img> tag:
 Image attributes:
 Example:
Images: <img> tag
src Location of image file (relative or absolute)
alt Substitute text for display (e.g. in text mode)
height Number of pixels of the height
width Number of pixels of the width
border Size of border, 0 for no border
<img src="/img/basd-logo.png">
<img src="./php.png" alt="PHP Logo" />

Miscellaneous Tags
• <hr />: Draws a horizontal rule (line):
• <center></center>: Deprecated!
• <font></font>:
44
<hr size="5" width="70%" />
<center>Hello World!</center>
<font size="3" color="blue">Font3</font>
<font size="+4" color="blue">Font+4</font>

Miscellaneous Tags – Example
45
<html>
<head>
<title>Miscellaneous Tags Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<hr size="5" width="70%" />
<center>Hello World!</center>
<font size="3" color="blue">Font3</font>
<font size="+4" color="blue">Font+4</font>
</body>
</html>
misc.html

a. Apple
b. Orange
c. Grapefruit
Ordered Lists: <ol> Tag
•Create an Ordered List using <ol></ol>:
•Attribute values for type are 1, A, a, I, or i
46
1. Apple
2. Orange
3. Grapefruit
A. Apple
B. Orange
C. Grapefruit
I. Apple
II. Orange
III. Grapefruit
i. Apple
ii. Orange
iii. Grapefruit
<ol type="1">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ol>

Unordered Lists: <ul> Tag
• Create an Unordered List using <ul></ul>:
• Attribute values for type are:
•disc, circle or square
47
• Apple
• Orange
• Pear
o Apple
o Orange
o Pear
 Apple
 Orange
 Pear
<ul type="disk">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ul>

Definition lists: <dl> tag
• Create definition lists using <dl>
• Pairs of text and associated definition; text is in <dt> tag,
definition in <dd> tag
• Renders without bullets
• Definition is indented
48
<dl>
<dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>A markup language …</dd>
<dt>CSS</dt>
<dd>Language used to …</dd>
</dl>

Lists – Example
49
<ol type="1">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ol>
<ul type="disc">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>A markup lang…</dd>
</dl>
lists.html

HTML Special Characters
££British Pound
€€Euro
""Quotation Mark
¥¥Japanese Yen
——Em Dash
 Non-breaking Space
&&Ampersand
>>Greater Than
<<Less Than
™™Trademark Sign
®®Registered Trademark Sign
©©Copyright Sign
SymbolHTML EntitySymbol Name
50
© Sun Technologies Inc

Special Characters – Example
51
<p>[>>  Welcome
  <<]</p>
<p>►I have following cards:
A♣, K♦ and 9♥.</p>
<p>►I prefer hard rock ♫
music ♫</p>
<p>© 2006 by Svetlin Nakov & his team</p>
<p>Telerik Academy™</p>
special-chars.html

Special Chars – Example (2)
52
<p>[>>  Welcome
  <<]</p>
<p>►I have following cards:
A♣, K♦ and 9♥.</p>
<p>►I prefer hard rock ♫
music ♫</p>
<p>© 2006 by Svetlin Nakov & his team</p>
<p>Telerik Academy™</p>
special-chars.html

Using <DIV> and <SPAN>
Block and Inline Elements

Block and Inline Elements
• Block elements add a line break before and after them
• <div> is a block element
• Other block elements are <table>, <hr>, headings, lists, <p> and etc.
• Inline elements don’t break the text before and after them
• <span> is an inline element
• Most HTML elements are inline, e.g. <a>
54

The <div> Tag
• <div> creates logical divisions within a page
• Block style element
• Used with CSS
• Example:
55
<div style="font-size:24px; color:red">DIV example</div>
<p>This one is <span style="color:red; font-
weight:bold">only a test</span>.</p>
div-and-span.html

The <span> Tag
• Inline style element
• Useful for modifying a specific portion of text
• Don't create a separate area (paragraph) in the
document
• Very useful with CSS
56
<p>This one is <span style="color:red; font-
weight:bold">only a test</span>.</p>
<p>This one is another <span style="font-size:32px; font-
weight:bold">TEST</span>.</p>
span.html

HTML Tables
• Tables represent tabular data
• A table consists of one or several rows
• Each row has one or more columns
• Tables comprised of several core tags: <table></table>: begin /
end the table
<tr></tr>: create a table row
<td></td>: create tabular data (cell)
• Tables should not be used for layout. Use CSS floats

HTML Tables (2)
• Start and end of a table
• Start and end of a row
• Start and end of a cell in a row
59
<table> ... </table>
<tr> ... </tr>
<td> ... </td>

Simple HTML Tables – Example
60
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5">
<tr>
<td><img src="ppt.gif"></td>
<td><a href="lecture1.ppt">Lecture 1</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="zip.gif"></td>
<td><a href="lecture2-demos.zip">
Lecture 2 - Demos</a></td>
</tr>
</table>

<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="zip.gif"></td>
<td><a href="lecture2-demos.zip">
Lecture 2 - Demos</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
Simple HTML Tables – Example (2)

Complete HTML Tables
• Table rows split into three semantic sections: header, body and
footer
• <thead> denotes table header and contains <th> elements, instead of
<td> elements
• <tbody> denotes collection of table rows that contain the very data
• <tfoot> denotes table footer but comes BEFORE the <tbody> tag
• <colgroup> and <col> define columns (most often used to set column
widths)

Complete HTML Table: Example
63
<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width:100px" /><col />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr><th>Column 1</th><th>Column 2</th></tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr><td>Footer 1</td><td>Footer 2</td></tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr><td>Cell 1.1</td><td>Cell 1.2</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
header
footer
Last comes the body
(data)
th
columns

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width:200px" /><col />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr><th>Column 1</th><th>Column 2</th></tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr><td>Footer 1</td><td>Footer 2</td></tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
</tbody>
</table>
Complete HTML Table:
Example (2)
64
table-full.html
Although the footer
is before the data in
the code, it is
displayed last
By default, header
text is bold and
centered.

Nested Tables
•Table data “cells” (<td>) can contain nested
tables (tables within tables):
65
<table>
<tr>
<td>Contact:</td>
<td>
<table>
<tr>
<td>First Name</td>
<td>Last Name</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
nested-tables.html

 cellpadding
 Defines the empty
space around the
cell content
 cellspacing
 Defines the
empty space
between cells
Cell Spacing and Padding
• Tables have two important attributes:
66
cell cell
cell cell
cell
cell
cell
cell

Cell Spacing and Padding –
Example
67
<html>
<head><title>Table Cells</title></head>
<body>
<tr><td>First</td>
<td>Second</td></tr>
</table>
<br/>
<tr><td>First</td><td>Second</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
table-cells.html

Cell Spacing and Padding –
Example (2)
68
<html>
<head><title>Table Cells</title></head>
<body>
<tr><td>First</td>
<td>Second</td></tr>
</table>
<br/>
<tr><td>First</td><td>Second</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
table-
cells.html

 rowspan
 Defines how
many rows the
cell occupies
 colspan
 Defines how
many columns
the cell occupies
Column and Row Span
• Table cells have two important attributes:
69
cell[1,1
]
cell[1,2]
cell[2,1]
colspan="
1"
colspan="
1"
colspan="
2"
cell[1,1]
cell[1,2
]
cell[2,1
]
rowspan="
2"
rowspan="
1"
rowspan="
1"

Column and Row Span – Example
70
<table cellspacing="0">
<tr class="1"><td>Cell[1,1]</td>
<td colspan="2">Cell[2,1]</td></tr>
<tr class=“2"><td>Cell[1,2]</td>
<td rowspan="2">Cell[2,2]</td>
<td>Cell[3,2]</td></tr>
</table>
table-colspan-rowspan.html

<table cellspacing="0">
<tr class="1"><td>Cell[1,1]</td>
<td colspan="2">Cell[2,1]</td></tr>
<td rowspan="2">Cell[2,2]</td>
</table>
Column and Row Span –
Example (2)
71
table-colspan-rowspan.html
Cell[2,3]Cell[1,3]
Cell[3,2]
Cell[2,2]
Cell[1,2]
Cell[2,1]Cell[1,1]

HTML FormsEntering User Data from a Web
Page

HTML Forms
• Forms are the primary method for gathering data from site visitors
• Create a form block with
• Example:
73
<form></form>
<form name="myForm" method="post"
action="path/to/some-script.php">
...
</form>
The "action" attribute tells where
the form data should be sent
The “method" attribute tells
how the form data should be
sent – via GET or POST request

Form Fields
•Single-line text input fields:
•Multi-line textarea fields:
•Hidden fields contain data not shown to the
user:
•Often used by JavaScript code
76
<input type="text" name="FirstName"
value="This is a text field" />
<textarea name="Comments">This is a multi-line
text field</textarea>
<input type="hidden" name="Account"
value="This is a hidden text field" />

Fieldsets
•Fieldsets are used to enclose a group of
related form fields:
75
<form method="post" action="form.aspx">
<fieldset>
<legend>Client Details</legend>
<input type="text" id="Name" />
<input type="text" id="Phone" />
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<legend>Order Details</legend>
<input type="text" id="Quantity" />
<textarea cols="40" rows="10"
id="Remarks"></textarea>
</fieldset>
</form>

Form Input Controls
•Checkboxes:
•Radio buttons:
•Radio buttons can be grouped, allowing only
one to be selected from a group:
76
<input type="checkbox" name="fruit" value="apple" />
<input type="radio" name="title" value="Mr." />
<input type="radio" name="city" value="Lom" />
<input type="radio" name="city" value="Ruse" />

Other Form Controls
• Dropdown menus:
• Submit button:
77
<select name="gender">
<option value="Value 1"
selected="selected">Male</option>
<option value="Value
2">Female</option>
<option value="Value 3">Other</option>
</select>
<input type="submit" name="submitBtn" value="Apply
Now" />

Other Form Controls (2)
Reset button – brings the form to its initial state
Image button – acts like submit but image is
displayed and click coordinates are sent
Ordinary button – used for Javascript, no default
action
78
<input type="reset" name="resetBtn" value="Reset the
form" />
<input type="image" src="submit.gif"
name="submitBtn" alt="Submit" />
<input type="button" value="click me" />

•Password input – a text field which masks
the entered text with * signs
•Multiple select field – displays the list of
items in multiple lines, instead of one
79
<input type="password" name="pass" />
<select name="products" multiple="multiple">
<option value="Value 1"
selected="selected">keyboard</option>
<option value="Value 2">mouse</option>
<option value="Value 3">speakers</option>
</select>

•File input – a field used for uploading files
•When used, it requires the form element to
have a specific attribute:
80
<input type="file" name="photo" />
<form enctype="multipart/form-data">
...
<input type="file" name="photo" />
...
</form>

Labels
•Form labels are used to associate an
explanatory text to a form field using the
field's ID.
•Clicking on a label focuses its associated
field (checkboxes are toggled, radio buttons
are checked)
•Labels are both a usability and accessibility
feature and are required in order to pass
accessibility validation.
81
<label for="fn">First Name</label>
<input type="text" id="fn" />

HTML Forms – Example
82
<form method="post" action="apply-now.php">
<input name="subject" type="hidden" value="Class" />
<fieldset><legend>Academic information</legend>
<label for="degree">Degree</label>
<select name="degree" id="degree">
<option value="BA">Bachelor of Art</option>
<option value="BS">Bachelor of Science</option>
<option value="MBA" selected="selected">Master of
Business Administration</option>
</select>
<br />
<label for="studentid">Student ID</label>
<input type="password" name="studentid" />
</fieldset>
<fieldset><legend>Personal Details</legend>
<label for="fname">First Name</label>
<input type="text" name="fname" id="fname" />
<br />
<label for="lname">Last Name</label>
<input type="text" name="lname" id="lname" />
form.html

HTML Forms – Example (2)
83
<br />
Gender:
<input name="gender" type="radio" id="gm" value="m" />
<label for="gm">Male</label>
<input name="gender" type="radio" id="gf" value="f" />
<label for="gf">Female</label>
<br />
<label for="email">Email</label>
<input type="text" name="email" id="email" />
</fieldset>
<p>
<textarea name="terms" cols="30" rows="4"
readonly="readonly">TERMS AND CONDITIONS...</textarea>
</p>
<p>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Send Form" />
<input type="reset" value="Clear Form" />
</p>
</form>
form.html (continued)

form.html (continued)
HTML Forms –
Example (3)

TabIndex
• The TabIndex HTML attribute controls the order in which form
fields and hyperlinks are focused when repeatedly pressing the
TAB key
• TabIndex="0" (zero) - "natural" order
• If X > Y, then elements with TabIndex="X" are iterated before elements
with TabIndex="Y"
• Elements with negative TabIndex are skipped, however, this is not
defined in the standard
85
<input type="text" tabindex="10" />

HTML Frames
<frameset>, <frame> and <iframe>

HTML Frames
• Frames provide a way to show multiple HTML documents in a
single Web page
• The page can be split into separate views (frames) horizontally
and vertically
• Frames were popular in the early ages of HTML development,
but now their usage is rejected
• Frames are not supported by all user agents (browsers, search
engines, etc.)
• A <noframes> element is used to provide content for non-compatible
agents.

HTML Frames – Demo
88
<html>
<head><title>Frames Example</title></head>
<frameset cols="180px,*,150px">
<frame src="left.html" />
<frame src="middle.html" />
<frame src="right.html" />
</frameset>
</html>
frames.html
 Note the target attribute applied to the <a>
elements in the left frame.

Inline Frames: <iframe>
• Inline frames provide a way to show one website inside another
website:
89
<iframe name="iframeGoogle" width="600" height="400"
src="http://www.google.com" frameborder="yes"
scrolling="yes"></iframe>
iframe-demo.html

Table of Contents
• What is CSS?
• Styling with Cascading Stylesheets (CSS)
• Selectors and style definitions
• Linking HTML and CSS
• Fonts, Backgrounds, Borders
• The Box Model
• Alignment, Z-Index, Margin, Padding
• Positioning and Floating Elements
• Visibility, Display, Overflow
• CSS Development Tools

CSS: A New Philosophy
• Separate content from presentation!
92
Title
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetuer adipiscing elit.
Suspendisse at pede ut purus
malesuada dictum. Donec
vitae neque non magna
aliquam dictum.
• Vestibulum et odio et ipsum
• accumsan accumsan. Morbi
at
• arcu vel elit ultricies porta.
Proin
tortor purus, luctus non,
aliquam nec, interdum vel, mi.
Sed nec quam nec odio lacinia
molestie. Praesent augue
tortor, convallis eget, euismod
nonummy, lacinia ut, risus.
Bold
Italics
Indent
Content
(HTML document)
Presentation
(CSS Document)

The Resulting Page
93
Title
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer
adipiscing elit. Suspendisse at pede ut
purus malesuada dictum. Donec vitae
neque non magna aliquam dictum.
• Vestibulum et odio et ipsum
• accumsan accumsan. Morbi at
• arcu vel elit ultricies porta. Proin
Tortor purus, luctus non, aliquam nec,
interdum vel, mi. Sed nec quam nec odio
lacinia molestie. Praesent augue tortor,
convallis eget, euismod nonummy, lacinia
ut, risus.

CSS Intro
Styling with Cascading
Stylesheets

CSS Introduction
•Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
•Used to describe the presentation of
documents
•Define sizes, spacing, fonts, colors, layout, etc.
•Improve content accessibility
•Improve flexibility
•Designed to separate presentation from
content
•Due to CSS, all HTML presentation tags and
attributes are deprecated, e.g. font, center,
etc.

CSS Introduction (2)
• CSS can be applied to any XML document
• Not just to HTML / XHTML
• CSS can specify different styles for different media
• On-screen
• In print
• Handheld, projection, etc.
• … even by voice or Braille-based reader

Why “Cascading”?
• Priority scheme determining which style rules apply to element
• Cascade priorities or specificity (weight) are calculated and assigned to
the rules
• Child elements in the HTML DOM tree inherit styles from their parent
• Can override them
• Control via !important rule
97

Why “Cascading”? (2)

Why “Cascading”? (3)
• Some CSS styles are inherited and some not
• Text-related and list-related properties are inherited - color, font-
size, font-family, line-height, text-align, list-
style, etc
• Box-related and positioning styles are not inherited - width,
height, border, margin, padding, position, float,
etc
•<a> elements do not inherit color and text-decoration

Style Sheets Syntax
•Stylesheets consist of rules, selectors,
declarations, properties and values
•Selectors are separated by commas
•Declarations are separated by semicolons
•Properties and values are separated by
colons
100
h1,h2,h3 { color: green; font-weight: bold; }
http://css.maxdesign.com.a
u/

Selectors
• Selectors determine which element the rule applies to:
• All elements of specific type (tag)
• Those that mach a specific attribute (id, class)
• Elements may be matched depending on how they are nested in the
document tree (HTML)
• Examples:
101
.header a { color: green }
#menu>li { padding-top: 8px }

Selectors (2)
•Three primary kinds of selectors:
• By tag (type selector):
• By element id:
• By element class name (only for HTML):
•Selectors can be combined with commas:
This will match <h1> tags, elements with class
link, and element with id top-link
102
h1 { font-family: verdana,sans-serif; }
#element_id { color: #ff0000; }
.myClass {border: 1px solid red}
h1, .link, #top-link {font-weight: bold}

Selectors (3)
• Pseudo-classes define state
• :hover, :visited, :active , :lang
• Pseudo-elements define element "parts" or are used to
generate content
• :first-line , :before, :after
103
a:hover { color: red; }
p:first-line { text-transform: uppercase; }
.title:before { content: "»"; }
.title:after { content: "«"; }

Selectors (4)
•Match relative to element placement:
This will match all <a> tags that are inside of <p>
•* – universal selector (avoid or use with care!):
This will match all descendants of <p> element
•+ selector – used to match “next sibling”:
This will match all siblings with class name link
that appear immediately after <img> tag
104
p a {text-decoration: underline}
p * {color: black}
img + .link {float:right}

Selectors (5)
•> selector – matches direct child nodes:
This will match all elements with class error, direct
children of <p> tag
•[ ] – matches tag attributes by regular expression:
This will match all <img> tags with alt attribute
containing the word logo
•.class1.class2 (no space) - matches elements with
both (all) classes applied at the same time
105
p > .error {font-size: 8px}
img[alt~=logo] {border: none}

Values in the CSS Rules
•Colors are set in RGB format (decimal or hex):
•Example: #a0a6aa = rgb(160, 166, 170)
•Predefined color aliases exist: black, blue, etc.
•Numeric values are specified in:
•Pixels, ems, e.g. 12px , 1.4em
•Points, inches, centimeters, millimeters
• E.g. 10pt , 1in, 1cm, 1mm
•Percentages, e.g. 50%
• Percentage of what?...
• Zero can be used with no unit: border: 0;

Default Browser Styles
• Browsers have default CSS styles
• Used when there is no CSS information or any other style information
in the document
• Caution: default styles differ in browsers
• E.g. margins, paddings and font sizes differ most often and usually
developers reset them
107
* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }
body, h1, p, ul, li { margin: 0; padding: 0; }

Linking HTML and CSS
• HTML (content) and CSS (presentation) can be linked in three ways:
• Inline: the CSS rules in the style attribute
• No selectors are needed
• Embedded: in the <head> in a <style> tag
• External: CSS rules in separate file (best)
• Usually a file with .css extension
• Linked via <link rel="stylesheet" href=…> tag or @import directive
in embedded CSS block

Linking HTML and CSS (2)
• Using external files is highly recommended
• Simplifies the HTML document
• Improves page load speed as the CSS file is cached

Inline Styles: Example
110
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0
Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/ DTD/xhtml1-
transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Inline Styles</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Here is some text</p>

<p style="font-size: 20pt">Here is some
more text</p>
<p style="font-size: 20pt;color:
#0000FF" >Even more text</p>
</body>
</html>
inline-styles.html

Inline Styles: Example
111
Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/ DTD/xhtml1-
transitional.dtd">
<head>
<title>Inline Styles</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Here is some text</p>

<p style="font-size: 20pt">Here is some
more text</p>
<p style="font-size: 20pt;color:
#0000FF" >Even more text</p>
</body>
</html>
inline-styles.html

CSS Cascade (Precedence)
• There are browser, user and author stylesheets with "normal" and
"important" declarations
• Browser styles (least priority)
• Normal user styles
• Normal author styles (external, in head, inline)
• Important author styles
• Important user styles (max priority)
112
a { color: red !important ; }
http://www.slideshare.net/maxdesign/css-cascade-
1658158

CSS Specificity
• CSS specificity is used to determine the precedence of CSS
style declarations with the same origin. Selectors are what
matters
• Simple calculation: #id = 100, .class = 10, :pseudo = 10, [attr] = 10, tag
= 1, * = 0
• Same number of points? Order matters.
• See also:
• http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2007/07/27/css-specificity-
things-you-should-know/
• http://css.maxdesign.com.au/selectutorial/advanced_conflict.ht
m

Embedded Styles
• Embedded in the HTML in the <style> tag:
• The <style> tag is placed in the <head> section of the document
• type attribute specifies the MIME type
• MIME describes the format of the content
• Other MIME types include text/html, image/gif, text/javascript …
• Used for document-specific styles
114

Embedded Styles: Example
115
Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-
transitional.dtd">
<head>
<title>Style Sheets</title>
em {background-color:#8000FF; color:white}
h1 {font-family:Arial, sans-serif}
p {font-size:18pt}
.blue {color:blue}
</style>
<head>
embedded-stylesheets.html

Embedded Styles: Example (2)
116
…
<body>
<h1 class="blue">A Heading</h1>
<p>Here is some text. Here is some text. Here
is some text. Here is some text. Here is some
text.</p>
<h1>Another Heading</h1>
<p class="blue">Here is some more text.
Here is some more text.</p>
<p class="blue">Here is some <em>more</em>
text. Here is some more text.</p>
</body>
</html>

…
<body>
<h1 class="blue">A Heading</h1>
<p>Here is some text. Here is some text. Here
is some text. Here is some text. Here is some
text.</p>
<h1>Another Heading</h1>
<p class="blue">Here is some more text.
Here is some more text.</p>
<p class="blue">Here is some <em>more</em>
text. Here is some more text.</p>
</body>
</html>
Embedded Styles: Example (3)

External CSS Styles
•External linking
•Separate pages can all use a shared style sheet
•Only modify a single file to change the styles
across your entire Web site (see
http://www.csszengarden.com/)
•link tag (with a rel attribute)
•Specifies a relationship between current document
and another document
• link elements should be in the <head>
118
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="styles.css">

External CSS Styles (2)
@import
• Another way to link external CSS files
• Example:
• Ancient browsers do not recognize @import
• Use @import in an external CSS file to workaround the IE 32 CSS file limit
119
@import url("styles.css");
/* same as */
@import "styles.css";
</style>

External Styles: Example
120
/* CSS Document */
a { text-decoration: none }
a:hover { text-decoration: underline;
color: red;
background-color: #CCFFCC }
li em { color: red;
font-weight: bold }
ul { margin-left: 2cm }
ul ul { text-decoration: underline;
margin-left: .5cm }
styles.css

External Styles: Example (2)
121
Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-
transitional.dtd">
<head>
<title>Importing style sheets</title>
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"
href="styles.css" />
</head>
<body>
<h1>Shopping list for <em>Monday</em>:</h1>
<li>Milk</li>
…
external-styles.html

122
…
<li>Bread
<ul>
<li>White bread</li>
<li>Rye bread</li>
<li>Whole wheat bread</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Rice</li>
<li>Potatoes</li>
<li>Pizza <em>with mushrooms</em></li>
</ul>
<a href="http://food.com" title="grocery
store">Go to the Grocery store</a>
</body>
</html>

…
<li>Bread
<ul>
<li>White bread</li>
<li>Rye bread</li>
<li>Whole wheat bread</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Rice</li>
<li>Potatoes</li>
<li>Pizza <em>with mushrooms</em></li>
</ul>
<a href="http://food.com" title="grocery
store">Go to the Grocery store</a>
</body>
</html>

Text-related CSS Properties
•color – specifies the color of the text
•font-size – size of font: xx-small, x-small, small,
medium, large, x-large, xx-large, smaller, larger
or numeric value
•font-family – comma separated font names
•Example: verdana, sans-serif, etc.
•The browser loads the first one that is available
•There should always be at least one generic font
•font-weight can be normal, bold, bolder, lighter
or a number in range [100 … 900]
124

CSS Rules for Fonts (2)
• font-style – styles the font
• Values: normal, italic, oblique
• text-decoration – decorates the text
• Values: none, underline, line-trough, overline, blink
• text-align – defines the alignment of text or other content
• Values: left, right, center, justify

Shorthand Font Property
• font
• Shorthand rule for setting multiple font properties at the same time
is equal to writing this:
126
font:italic normal bold 12px/16px verdana
font-style: italic;
font-variant: normal;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 12px;
line-height: 16px;
font-family: verdana;

Backgrounds
• background-image
• URL of image to be used as background, e.g.:
• background-color
• Using color and image and the same time
• background-repeat
• repeat-x, repeat-y, repeat, no-repeat
• background-attachment
• fixed / scroll
127
background-image:url("back.gif");

Backgrounds (2)
• background-position: specifies vertical and horizontal position of
the background image
• Vertical position: top, center, bottom
• Horizontal position: left, center, right
• Both can be specified in percentage or other numerical values
• Examples:
128
background-position: top left;
background-position: -5px 50%;

Background Shorthand Property
•background: shorthand rule for setting
background properties at the same time:
is equal to writing:
•Some browsers will not apply BOTH color and
image for background if using shorthand rule
129
background: #FFF0C0 url("back.gif") no-repeat fixed
top;
background-color: #FFF0C0;
background-image: url("back.gif");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-attachment: fixed;
background-position: top;

Background-image or <img>?
• Background images allow you to save many image tags from
the HTML
• Leads to less code
• More content-oriented approach
• All images that are not part of the page content (and are used
only for "beautification") should be moved to the CSS

Borders
• border-width: thin, medium, thick or numerical value (e.g. 10px)
• border-color: color alias or RGB value
• border-style: none, hidden, dotted, dashed, solid, double,
groove, ridge, inset, outset
• Each property can be defined separately for left, top, bottom
and right
• border-top-style, border-left-color, …

Border Shorthand Property
• border: shorthand rule for setting border properties at once:
is equal to writing:
• Specify different borders for the sides via shorthand rules:
border-top, border-left, border-right, border-bottom
• When to avoid border:0
132
border: 1px solid red
border-width:1px;
border-color:red;
border-style:solid;

Width and Height
• width – defines numerical value for the width of element, e.g.
200px
• height – defines numerical value for the height of element, e.g.
100px
• By default the height of an element is defined by its content
• Inline elements do not apply height, unless you change their
display style.

Margin and Padding
• margin and padding define the spacing around the element
• Numerical value, e.g. 10px or -5px
• Can be defined for each of the four sides separately - margin-top,
padding-left, …
• margin is the spacing outside of the border
• padding is the spacing between the border and the content
• What are collapsing margins?

Margin and Padding: Short Rules
• margin: 5px;
• Sets all four sides to have margin of 5 px;
• margin: 10px 20px;
• top and bottom to 10px, left and right to 20px;
• margin: 5px 3px 8px;
• top 5px, left/right 3px, bottom 8px
• margin: 1px 3px 5px 7px;
• top, right, bottom, left (clockwise from top)
• Same for padding

The Box Model

IE Quirks Mode
•When using quirks
mode (pages with no
DOCTYPE or with a
HTML 4 Transitional
DOCTYPE), Internet
Explorer violates the
box model standard

Positioning
• position: defines the positioning of the element in the page
content flow
• The value is one of:
•static (default)
•relative – relative position according to where
the element would appear with static position
•absolute – position according to the
innermost positioned parent element
•fixed – same as absolute, but ignores page
scrolling

Positioning (2)
• Margin VS relative positioning
• Fixed and absolutely positioned elements do not influence the
page normal flow and usually stay on top of other elements
• Their position and size is ignored when calculating the size of parent
element or position of surrounding elements
• Overlaid according to their z-index
• Inline fixed or absolutely positioned elements can apply height like
block-level elements

Positioning (3)
• top, left, bottom, right: specifies offset of absolute/fixed/relative
positioned element as numerical values
• z-index : specifies the stack level of positioned elements
• Understanding stacking context
140
Each positioned element creates a stacking
context.
Elements in different stacking contexts are
overlapped according to the stacking order
of their containers. For example, there is no
way for #A1 and #A2 (children of #A) to be
placed over #B without increasing the z-
index of #A.

Inline element positioning
• vertical-align: sets the vertical-alignment of an inline element,
according to the line height
• Values: baseline, sub, super, top, text-top, middle, bottom, text-bottom
or numeric
 Also used for content of table cells (which apply middle alignment by
default)

Float
• float: the element “floats” to one side
• left: places the element on the left and following content on the right
• right: places the element on the right and following content on the left
• floated elements should come before the content that will wrap around
them in the code
• margins of floated elements do not collapse
• floated inline elements can apply height

Float (2)
• How floated elements are positioned

Clear
• clear
• Sets the sides of the element where other floating elements are NOT
allowed
• Used to "drop" elements below floated ones or expand a container,
which contains only floated children
• Possible values: left, right, both
•Clearing floats
• additional element (<div>) with a clear style

Clear (2)
•Clearing floats (continued)
• :after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; height: 0; }
• Triggering hasLayout in IE expands a container of floated elements
• display: inline-block;
• zoom: 1;

Opacity
• opacity: specifies the opacity of the element
• Floating point number from 0 to 1
• For old Mozilla browsers use –moz-opacity
• For IE use filter:alpha(opacity=value) where value is from 0 to 100;
also, "binary and script behaviors" must be enabled and hasLayout
must be triggered, e.g. with zoom:1

Visibility
• visibility
• Determines whether the element is visible
• hidden: element is not rendered, but still occupies place on the page
(similar to opacity:0)
• visible: element is rendered normally

Display
• display: controls the display of the element and the way it is
rendered and if breaks should be placed before and after the
element
• inline: no breaks are placed before and after (<span> is an inline
element)
• block: breaks are placed before AND after the element (<div> is a
block element)

Display (2)
• display: controls the display of the element and the way it is
rendered and if breaks should be placed before and after the
element
• none: element is hidden and its dimensions are not used to calculate
the surrounding elements rendering (differs from visibility: hidden!)
• There are some more possible values, but not all browsers support
them
• Specific displays like table-cell and table-row

Overflow
•overflow: defines the behavior of element when
content needs more space than you have specified
by the size properties or for other reasons. Values:
•visible (default) – content spills out of the element
•auto - show scrollbars if needed
•scroll – always show scrollbars
•hidden – any content that cannot fit is clipped
150

Other CSS Properties
• cursor: specifies the look of the mouse cursor when placed
over the element
• Values: crosshair, help, pointer, progress, move, hair, col-resize, row-
resize, text, wait, copy, drop, and others
• white-space – controls the line breaking of text. Value is one of:
• nowrap – keeps the text on one line
1. normal (default) – browser decides whether to brake the lines if
needed
• 15111© Sun Technologies Inc.

Benefits of using CSS
• More powerful formatting than using presentation tags
• Your pages load faster, because browsers cache the .css files
• Increased accessibility, because rules can be defined according
given media
• Pages are easier to maintain and update

Maintenance Example
153
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
har har! Use
Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
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Css.
Title
Some random
text here. You
can’t read it
anyway! Har
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Css.
CSS
file

CSS Development Tools
• Visual Studio – CSS Editor

CSS Development Tools (3)
• Firebug – add-on to Firefox used to examine and adjust CSS
and HTML

CSS Development Tools (4)
• IE Developer Toolbar – add-on to IE used to examine CSS and
HTML (press [F12])

Table of Contents
• What is DHTML?
• DHTML Technologies
• XHTML, CSS, JavaScript, DOM

• Introduction to JavaScript
• What is JavaScript
• Implementing JavaScript into Web pages
• In <head> part
• In <body> part
• In external .js file
159

• JavaScript Syntax
• JavaScript operators
• JavaScript Data Types
• JavaScript Pop-up boxes
• alert, confirm and prompt
• Conditional and switch statements, loops and functions
• Document Object Model
• Debugging in JavaScript

DHTML
Dynamic Behavior at the Client Side

What is DHTML?
• Dynamic HTML (DHTML)
• Makes possible a Web page to react and change in response to the user’s
actions
• DHTML = HTML + CSS + JavaScript
162
DHTML
XHTML CSS JavaScript DOM

DTHML = HTML + CSS + JavaScript
• HTML defines Web sites content through semantic tags (headings,
paragraphs, lists, …)
• CSS defines 'rules' or 'styles' for presenting every aspect of an HTML
document
• Font (family, size, color, weight, etc.)
• Background (color, image, position, repeat)
• Position and layout (of any object on the page)
• JavaScript defines dynamic behavior
• Programming logic for interaction with the user, to handle events, etc.

JavaScript
Dynamic Behavior in a Web
Page

JavaScript
• JavaScript is a front-end scripting language developed by Netscape
for dynamic content
• Lightweight, but with limited capabilities
• Can be used as object-oriented language
• Client-side technology
• Embedded in your HTML page
• Interpreted by the Web browser
• Simple and flexible
• Powerful to manipulate the DOM

JavaScript Advantages
• JavaScript allows interactivity such as:
• Implementing form validation
• React to user actions, e.g. handle keys
• Changing an image on moving mouse over it
• Sections of a page appearing and disappearing
• Content loading and changing dynamically
• Performing complex calculations
• Custom HTML controls, e.g. scrollable table
• Implementing AJAX functionality

What Can JavaScript Do?
• Can handle events
• Can read and write HTML elements and modify the DOM tree
• Can validate form data
• Can access / modify browser cookies
• Can detect the user’s browser and OS
• Can be used as object-oriented language
• Can handle exceptions
• Can perform asynchronous server calls (AJAX)
167

The First Script
first-script.html
168
<html>
<body>
alert('Hello JavaScript!');
</script>
</body>
</html>

Another Small Example
small-example.html
169
<html>
<body>
document.write('JavaScript rulez!');
</script>
</body>
</html>

Using JavaScript Code
• The JavaScript code can be placed in:
• <script> tag in the head
• <script> tag in the body – not recommended
• External files, linked via <script> tag the head
• Files usually have .js extension
• Highly recommended
• The .js files get cached by the browser
170
<script src="scripts.js" type="text/javscript">
<!– code placed here will not be executed! -->
</script>

JavaScript – When is Executed?
• JavaScript code is executed during the page loading or when the
browser fires an event
• All statements are executed at page loading
• Some statements just define functions that can be called later
• Function calls or code can be attached as "event handlers" via tag
attributes
• Executed when the event is fired by the browser
171
<img src="logo.gif" onclick="alert('clicked!')" />

<html>
<head>
function test (message) {
alert(message);
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<img src="logo.gif"
onclick="test('clicked!')" />
</body>
</html>
Calling a JavaScript Function from
Event Handler – Example
image-onclick.html

Using External Script Files
•Using external script files:
•External JavaScript file:
173
<html>
<head>
<script src="sample.js" type="text/javascript">
</script>
</head>
<body>
<button onclick="sample()" value="Call JavaScript
function from sample.js" />
</body>
</html>
function sample() {
alert('Hello from sample.js!')
}
external-
JavaScript.html
sample.js
The <script> tag is always
empty.

JavaScript Syntax
• The JavaScript syntax is similar to C# and Java
• Operators (+, *, =, !=, &&, ++, …)
• Variables (typeless)
• Conditional statements (if, else)
• Loops (for, while)
• Arrays (my_array[]) and associative arrays (my_array['abc'])
• Functions (can return value)
• Function variables (like the C# delegates)

Data Types
• JavaScript data types:
• Numbers (integer, floating-point)
• Boolean (true / false)
• String type – string of characters
• Arrays
• Associative arrays (hash tables)
176
var myName = "You can use both single or double
quotes for strings";
var my_array = [1, 5.3, "aaa"];
var my_hash = {a:2, b:3, c:"text"};

Everything is Object
• Every variable can be considered as object
• For example strings and arrays have member functions:
177
var test = "some string";
alert(test[7]); // shows letter 'r'
alert(test.charAt(5)); // shows letter 's'
alert("test".charAt(1)); //shows letter 'e'
alert("test".substring(1,3)); //shows 'es'
var arr = [1,3,4];
alert (arr.length); // shows 3
arr.push(7); // appends 7 to end of array
alert (arr[3]); // shows 7
objects.html

String Operations
• The + operator joins strings
• What is "9" + 9?
• Converting string to number:
178
string1 = "fat ";
string2 = "cats";
alert(string1 + string2); // fat cats
alert("9" + 9); // 99
alert(parseInt("9") + 9); // 18

Arrays Operations and
Properties
•Declaring new empty array:
•Declaring an array holding few elements:
•Appending an element / getting the last element:
•Reading the number of elements (array length):
•Finding element's index in the array:
179
var arr = new Array();
var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
arr.push(3);
var element = arr.pop();
arr.length;
arr.indexOf(1);

Standard Popup Boxes
• Alert box with text and [OK] button
• Just a message shown in a dialog box:
• Confirmation box
• Contains text, [OK] button and [Cancel] button:
• Prompt box
• Contains text, input field with default value:
180
alert("Some text here");
confirm("Are you sure?");
prompt ("enter amount", 10);

Sum of Numbers – Example
sum-of-numbers.html
181
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Demo</title>
function calcSum() {
value1 =
parseInt(document.mainForm.textBox1.value);
value2 =
parseInt(document.mainForm.textBox2.value);
sum = value1 + value2;
document.mainForm.textBoxSum.value = sum;
}
</script>
</head>

Sum of Numbers – Example (2)
sum-of-numbers.html (cont.)
182
<body>
<form name="mainForm">
<input type="text" name="textBox1" /> <br/>
<input type="text" name="textBox2" /> <br/>
<input type="button" value="Process"
onclick="javascript: calcSum()" />
<input type="text" name="textBoxSum"
readonly="readonly"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>

JavaScript Prompt – Example
prompt.html
183
price = prompt("Enter the price", "10.00");
alert('Price + VAT = ' + price * 1.2);

Greater than
<=
Symbo
l
Meaning
>
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
to
Less than or equal to
== Equal
!= Not equal
Conditional Statement (if)
184
unitPrice = 1.30;
if (quantity > 100) {
unitPrice = 1.20;
}

Conditional Statement (if) (2)
•The condition may be of Boolean or integer type:
185
var a = 0;
var b = true;
if (typeof(a)=="undefined" || typeof(b)=="undefined") {
document.write("Variable a or b is undefined.");
}
else if (!a && b) {
document.write("a==0; b==true;");
} else {
document.write("a==" + a + "; b==" + b + ";");
}
conditional-statements.html

Switch Statement
• The switch statement works like in C#:
186
switch (variable) {
case 1:
// do something
break;
case 'a':
// do something else
break;
case 3.14:
// another code
break;
default:
// something completely different
}
switch-statements.html

Loops
• Like in C#
• for loop
• while loop
• do … while loop
187
var counter;
for (counter=0; counter<4; counter++) {
alert(counter);
}
while (counter < 5) {
alert(++counter);
}
loops.html

Functions
• Code structure – splitting code into parts
• Data comes in, processed, result returned
188
function average(a, b, c)
{
var total;
total = a+b+c;
return total/3;
}
Parameters come
in here.
Declaring
variables is
optional. Type is
never declared.
Value returned
here.

Function Arguments
and Return Value
• Functions are not required to return a value
• When calling function it is not obligatory to specify all of its arguments
•The function has access to all the arguments passed via
arguments array
189
function sum() {
var sum = 0;
for (var i = 0; i < arguments.length; i ++)
sum += parseInt(arguments[i]);
return sum;
}
alert(sum(1, 2, 4));
functions-demo.html

Document Object Model (DOM)
•Every HTML element is accessible via the
JavaScript DOM API
•Most DOM objects can be manipulated by
the programmer
•The event model lets a document to react
when the user does something on the page
•Advantages
•Create interactive pages
•Updates the objects of a page without
reloading it

Accessing Elements
• Access elements via their ID attribute
• Via the name attribute
• Via tag name
• Returns array of descendant <img> elements of the element "el"
192
var elem = document.getElementById("some_id")
var arr = document.getElementsByName("some_name")
var imgTags = el.getElementsByTagName("img")

DOM Manipulation
• Once we access an element, we can read and write its
attributes
193
function change(state) {
var lampImg = document.getElementById("lamp");
lampImg.src = "lamp_" + state + ".png";
var statusDiv =
document.getElementById("statusDiv");
statusDiv.innerHTML = "The lamp is " + state";
}
…
<img src="test_on.gif" onmouseover="change('off')"
onmouseout="change('on')" />
DOM-manipulation.html

Common Element Properties
• Most of the properties are derived from the HTML attributes of the tag
• E.g. id, name, href, alt, title, src, etc…
• style property – allows modifying the CSS styles of the element
• Corresponds to the inline style of the element
• Not the properties derived from embedded or external CSS rules
• Example: style.width, style.marginTop, style.backgroundImage

Common Element Properties (2)
• className – the class attribute of the tag
• innerHTML – holds all the entire HTML code inside the element
• Read-only properties with information for the current element and its
state
• tagName, offsetWidth, offsetHeight, scrollHeight, scrollTop, nodeType, etc…

Accessing Elements through the
DOM Tree Structure
• We can access elements in the DOM through some tree manipulation
properties:
• element.childNodes
• element.parentNode
• element.nextSibling
• element.previousSibling
• element.firstChild
• element.lastChild

Accessing Elements through the
DOM Tree – Example
 Warning: may not return what you expected
due to Browser differences
197
var el = document.getElementById('div_tag');
alert (el.childNodes[0].value);
alert (el.childNodes[1].
getElementsByTagName('span').id);
…
<div id="div_tag">
<input type="text" value="test text" />
<div>
<span id="test">test span</span>
</div>
</div>
accessing-elements-demo.html

The HTML DOM Event Model
• JavaScript can register event handlers
• Events are fired by the Browser and are sent to the specified JavaScript event
handler function
• Can be set with HTML attributes:
• Can be accessed through the DOM:
199
<img src="test.gif" onclick="imageClicked()" />
var img = document.getElementById("myImage");
img.onclick = imageClicked;

The HTML DOM Event Model (2)
• All event handlers receive one parameter
• It brings information about the event
• Contains the type of the event (mouse click, key press, etc.)
• Data about the location where the event has been fired (e.g. mouse
coordinates)
• Holds a reference to the event sender
• E.g. the button that was clicked

The HTML DOM Event Model (3)
• Holds information about the state of [Alt], [Ctrl] and [Shift] keys
• Some browsers do not send this object, but place it in the
document.event
• Some of the names of the event’s object properties are browser-
specific
201

Common DOM Events
• Mouse events:
• onclick, onmousedown, onmouseup
• onmouseover, onmouseout, onmousemove
• Key events:
• onkeypress, onkeydown, onkeyup
• Only for input fields
• Interface events:
• onblur, onfocus
• onscroll

Common DOM Events (2)
• Form events
• onchange – for input fields
• onsubmit
• Allows you to cancel a form submission
• Useful for form validation
• Miscellaneous events
• onload, onunload
• Allowed only for the <body> element
• Fires when all content on the page was loaded / unloaded

onload Event – Example
• onload event
204
<html>
<head>
function greet() {
alert("Loaded.");
}
</script>
</head>
<body onload="greet()" >
</body>
</html>
onload.html

Built-in Browser Objects
• The browser provides some read-only data via:
• window
• The top node of the DOM tree
• Represents the browser's window
• document
• holds information the current loaded document
• screen
• Holds the user’s display properties
• browser
• Holds information about the browser

DOM Hierarchy – Example
207
window
navigator screen document history location
form
button form
form

Opening New Window – Example
• window.open()
208
var newWindow = window.open("", "sampleWindow",
"width=300, height=100, menubar=yes,
status=yes, resizable=yes");
newWindow.document.write(
"<html><head><title>
Sample Title</title>
</head><body><h1>Sample
Text</h1></body>");
newWindow.status =
"Hello folks";
window-open.html

The Navigator Object
209
alert(window.navigator.userAgent);
The navigator in
the browser
window
The
userAgent
(browser ID)
The
browser
window

The Screen Object
• The screen object contains information about the display
210
window.moveTo(0, 0);
x = screen.availWidth;
y = screen.availHeight;
window.resizeTo(x, y);

Document and Location
• document object
• Provides some built-in arrays of specific
objects on the currently loaded Web page
• document.location
• Used to access the currently open URL or redirect the browser
211
document.links[0].href = "yahoo.com";
document.write(
"This is some <b>bold text</b>");
document.location = "http://www.yahoo.com/";

Form Validation – Example
212
function checkForm()
{
var valid = true;
if (document.mainForm.firstName.value == "") {
alert("Please type in your first name!");
document.getElementById("firstNameError").
style.display = "inline";
valid = false;
}
return valid;
}
…
<form name="mainForm" onsubmit="return checkForm()">
<input type="text" name="firstName" />
…
</form>
form-validation.html

The Math Object
• The Math object provides some mathematical functions
213
for (i=1; i<=20; i++) {
var x = Math.random();
x = 10*x + 1;
x = Math.floor(x);
document.write(
"Random number (" +
i + ") in range " +
"1..10 --> " + x +
"<br/>");
}
math.html

The Date Object
• The Date object provides date / calendar functions
214
var now = new Date();
var result = "It is now " + now;
document.getElementById("timeField")
.innerText = result;
...
<p id="timeField"></p>
dates.html

Timers: setTimeout()
• Make something happen (once) after a fixed delay
215
var timer = setTimeout('bang()', 5000);
clearTimeout(timer);
5 seconds after this
statement executes, this
function is called
Cancels the
timer

Timers: setInterval()
• Make something happen repeatedly at fixed intervals
216
var timer = setInterval('clock()', 1000);
clearInterval(timer);
This function is called
continuously per 1
second.
Stop the
timer.

Timer – Example
217
function timerFunc() {
var now = new Date();
var hour = now.getHours();
var min = now.getMinutes();
var sec = now.getSeconds();
document.getElementById("clock").value =
"" + hour + ":" + min + ":" + sec;
}
setInterval('timerFunc()', 1000);
</script>
<input type="text" id="clock" />
timer-demo.html

Debugging JavaScript
• Modern browsers have JavaScript console where errors in
scripts are reported
• Errors may differ across browsers
• Several tools to debug JavaScript
• Microsoft Script Editor
• Add-on for Internet Explorer
• Supports breakpoints, watches
• JavaScript statement debugger; opens the script editor

Firebug
• Firebug – Firefox add-on for debugging JavaScript, CSS, HTML
• Supports breakpoints, watches, JavaScript console editor
• Very useful for CSS and HTML too
• You can edit all the document real-time: CSS, HTML, etc
• Shows how CSS rules apply to element
• Shows Ajax requests and responses
• Firebug is written mostly in JavaScript

Firebug (2)

JavaScript Console Object
• The console object exists only if there is a debugging tool that
supports it
• Used to write log messages at runtime
• Methods of the console object:
• debug(message)
• info(message)
• log(message)
• warn(message)
• error(message)

HTML, CSS and JavaScript Basics
Questions?

HTML, CSS and Java Scripts Basics

In this document