function, storage class and array and strings

Handling
Input/output
&
Control Statements
Course: BCA
Subject: Programming In C Language

ARRAYS
An array is a group of related data items that share a
common name. For instance, we can define array
name salary to represent a set of salary of a group
of employees.
A particular value is indicated by writing a number
called index number or subscript in brackets after the
array name.
Eg: salary[10]

ONE DIMENSIONAL ARRAY
 An array with a single subscript is known as one
dimensional array.
 Eg: 1) int number[5];
 The values to array elements can be assigned as
follows.
 Eg: 1) number[0] = 35;
 number[1] = 40;
 number[2] = 20;

Declaration of Arrays
 The general form of array declaration is
type variable-name[size];
The type specifies the type of element that will be
contained in the array, such as int, float, or char and the
size indicates the maximum number of elements that
can be stored inside the array.

Cont..
 There is no convenient way to initialize only selected
elements.
 There is no shortcut method for initializing a large number
of array elements like the one available in FORTRAN
 Eg:
1) float height[50];
2) int group[10];
3)char name[10];

Initialization of Arrays
 The general form of initialization of arrays is:
static type array-name[size] = {list of values};
Eg:
static int number[3] = {0,0};
If the number of values in the list is less than the number of
elements, then only that many elements will be initialized.
The remaining elements will be set to zero automatically.
Initialization of arrays in C suffers two drawbacks

Cont..
 We can use the word ‘static’ before type declaration. This
declares the variable as a static variable.
 Eg :
1) static int counter[] = {1,1,1};
2)
………
………
for(i =0; i < 100; i = i+1)
{
if i < 50
sum[i] = 0.0;
else
sum[i] = 1.0;
}
……….
……….

/*Program showing one-dimensional array*/
main()
{
int i;
float x[10],value,total;
printf(“Enter 10 real
numbers:n”);
for(i =0; i < 10; i++)
{
scanf(“%f”,&value);
x[i] = value;
}
total = 0.0;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++)
total = total + x[i] * x[i];
printf(“n”);
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++)
printf(“x[%2d] = %5.2f
n”,i+1,x[i]);
printf(“nTotal = %.2fn”,total);
}
 OUTPUT
 Enter 10 real numbers:
 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.5 6.6 7.7 8.8 9.9
10.10
 x[1] = 1.10
 x[2] = 2.20
 x[3] = 3.30
 x[4] = 4.40
 x[5] = 5.50
 x[6] = 6.60
 x[7] = 7.70
 x[8] = 8.80
 x[9] = 9.90
 x[10] = 10.10
 Total = 446.86

TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS
 Two-dimensional arrays are declared as follows:
type array-name[row_size][column_size];
Eg:
product[i][j] = row * column;

MULTIDIMENSIONAL ARRAY
 C allows arrays of three or more dimensions. The exact
limit is determined by the compiler.
 The general form of a multidimensional array is
type array_name[s1][s2][s3]…s[m];
 Eg:
1. int survey[3][5][12];
2. float table[5][4][5][3];

String
 A string is a array of characters. Any group of
characters(except the double quote sign) defined between
double quotation marks is a constant string.
 Eg: 1) “Man is obviously made to think”
 If we want to include a double quote in a string, then we
may use it with the back slash.
 Eg:
 printf(“”well done!””);
 will output
 “well done!”

Cont..
 The operations that are performed on character strings
are
 Reading and writing strings.
 Combining strings together.
 Copying one string to another.
Comparing strings for equality.
 Extracting a portion of a string.

DECLARING AND INITIALIZING STRING VARIABLES
 A string variable is any valid C variable name and is always declared as an
array.
 The general form of declaration of a string variable is
 char string_name[size];
 Eg:
char city[10];
char name[30];
 When the compiler assigns a character string to a character array, it
automatically supplies a null character (‘0’) at the end of the string.
 Therefore, the size should be equal to the maximum number of characters in
the string plus one. C permits a character array to be initialized in either of
the following two forms:
 static char city[9] = “NEW YORK”;
 static char city[9] = {‘N’, ‘E’, ‘W’, ‘ ‘, ‘Y’, ‘O’, ‘R’, ‘K’, ‘0’};

Cont..
 Reading Words
 The familiar input function scanf can be used with %s
format specification to read in a string of characters.
 Eg:
char address[15];
scanf(“%s”,address);

Program
/*Reading a series of words using scanf function*/
main()
{
char
word1[40],word2[40],word3[40],
word4[40];
printf(“Enter text:n”);
scanf(“%s %s”,word1, word2);
scanf(“%s”, word3);
scanf(“%s”,word4);
printf(“n”);
printf(“word1 = %s n word2 = %s
n”,word1, word2);
printf(“word3 = %s n word4 = %s
n”,word3, word4);
}
 OUTPUT
 Enter text:
 Oxford Road, London
M17ED
 Word1 = Oxford
 Word2 = Road
 Word3 = London
 Word4 = M17ED

Reading a Line of Text
 It is not possible to use scanf function to read a line
containing more than one word.
 This is because the scanf terminates reading as soon as
a space is encountered in the input.
 We can use the getchar function repeatedly to read
single character from the terminal, using the function
getchar.
 Thus an entire line of text can be read and stored
in an array.

WRITING STRINGS TO SCREEN
 We have used extensively the printf function with %s
format to print strings to the screen.
 The format %s can be used to display an array of
characters that is terminated by the null character.
 For eg, the statement
 printf(“%s”, name);
 can be used to display the entire contents of the array
name.

ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON CHARACTERS
 C allows us to manipulate characters the same way we
do with numbers.
 Whenever a character constant or character variable is
used in an expression, it is automatically converted
into integer value by the system.
 For eg, if the machine uses the ASCII representation,
then,
x = ‘a’;
printf(“%d n”,x);
 will display the number 97 on the screen.

String Function
 The C library supports a function that converts a string
of digits into their integer values.
 The function takes the form:
x = atoi(string)

PUTTING STRINGS TOGETHER
Just as we cannot assign one string to another directly,
we cannot join two strings together by the simple
arithmetic addition. That is, the statements such as
string3 = string1 + string2;
string2 = string1 + “hello”;
are not valid. The characters from string1 and
string2 should be copied into string3 one after the
other.
The process of combining two strings together is called
concatenation.

COMPARISON OF TWO STRINGS
 C does not permit the comparison of two strings directly.
That is, the statements such as are not permitted.
if(name1 == name2)
if(name == “ABC”);
 It is therefore necessary to compare the two strings to
be tested, character by character.
 The comparison is done until there is a mismatch or one of
the strings terminate into a null character, whichever
occurs first.

STRING - HANDLING FUNCTIONS
 C library supports a large number of string-handling
functions that can be used to carry out many of the string
manipulation activities. Following are the most commonly
usedFunction Action
 strcat( ) Concatenates two strings
 strcmp( ) Compares two strings
 strcpy( ) Copies one string over another
 strlen( ) Finds the length of the string

Cont..
 strcat( ) Function
 The strcat function joins two strings together.
 It takes the following form
 strcat( string1,string2);
 Eg:
 strcat(part1, “GOOD”);
 strcat(strcat(string1,string2),string3);
 Here three strings are concatenated and the result is stored in
string1.

Cont..
 strcmp( ) Function
 It is used to compare two strings identified by the
arguments and has a value 0 if they are equal.
 It takes the form:
 Eg:
1) strcmp(name1,name2);
2) strcmp(name1,”john”;
3) strcmp(“ram”, “rom”);

Cont..
 strcpy( ) Function
 This function works almost like a string assignment
operator. It takes the form
 strcpy(string1,string2);
 This assigns the content of string2 to string1.
 Eg:
strcpy(city, “DELHI”);
strcpy(city1,city2);

Cont..
 strlen( ) Function
 This function counts and returns the number of
characters in a string.
n = strlen(string);

Function
 C functions can be classified into two categories,
namely, library functions and userdefined functions.
 Main is an example of user-defined functions,
printf and scanf belong to the category of library
functions.
 The main difference between these two categories is
that library functions are not required to be written by
us whereas a user-defined function has to be
developed by the user at the time of writing the
program

THE FORM OF C FUNCTIONS
 Function-name(argument list)
argument declaration;
{
local variable declarations;
executable statement-1;
executable statement-2;
………
………
return(expression);
}
 A function that does nothing may not include any
executable statements.
For eg:
do_nothing( ) { }

Function Include Following elements:

RETURN VALUES AND THEIR TYPES
 The return statement can take the form:
return
or
return(expression);
 Eg:
if(x <= 0)
return(0);
else
return(1);

CALLING A FUNCTION
 A function can be called by simply using the function name
in the statement.
 Eg:
main()
{
int p;
p = mul(10,5);
printf(“%d n”, p);
}
 When the compiler executes a function call, the control is
transferred to the function mul(x,y).
 The function is then executed line by line as described and the value
is returned,
 when a return statement is encountered. This value is assigned to p.

CATEGORY OF FUNCTIONS
 A function may belong to one of the following
categories.
1) Functions with no arguments and no return values.
2) Functions with arguments and no return values.
3) Functions with arguments and return values.

NO ARGUMENTS AND NO RETURN VALUES
 A function does not receive any data from the calling
function. Similarly, it does not return any value.

ARGUMENTS BUT NO RETURN VALUES
 The nature of data communication between the
calling function and the called function with
arguments but no return values is shown in the
diagram

ARGUMENTS WITH RETURN VALUES
 Here there is a two-way data
communication between the
calling and the called
function.
function1( )
{
----------
function2(a )
----------
----------
}
function2(f )
---------
{
---------
---------
return e;
}
function1( )
{
----------
function2(a )
----------
----------
}
Values of Argument
Function Results

RECURSION
 When a function in turn calls another function a
process of ‘chaining’ occurs
 The recursive function is
 a kind of function that calls itself, or
 a function that is part of a cycle in the sequence of
function calls.
 Recursion is a special case of this process, where a
function calls itself.
f1 f1 f2 fn…

Cont.
Eg:
main()
{
printf(“Example for recursion”);
main();
}
This is follows from the format of a recursive definition as
consisting of two parts:
1. Initialization –analogous to induction base cases
2. Recursion –analogous to induction step

Cont..
A simple example of a recursively defined function is the factorial
function:
n! = 1· 2· 3· 4 ···(n –2)·(n –1)·n
Fact=n*factorial(n-1);
Fact=3*factorial(2);
2*factorial
 Recursion is one way to decompose a task into smaller subtasks.
At least one of the subtasks is a smaller example of the same task.
 The smallest example of the same task has a non-recursive
solution.

Cont..
INITIALIZATION: 0!= 1
RECURSION: n != n · (n -1)!
To compute the value of a recursive function,
e.g. 5!, one plugs into the recursive definition obtaining
expressions involving lower and lower values of the
function, until arriving at the base case.
recursion
EG: 5! = 5 · 4! = 5 · 4 · 3! = 5 · 4 · 3 · 2!= 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1! = 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1 · 0!
= 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1 · 1 = 120

FUNCTIONS WITH ARRAYS
 To pass an array to a called function, it is sufficient to
list the name of the array, without any subscripts, and
the size of the array as arguments.
 Eg:
largest(a,n);

Storage Class
 A variable in C can have any one of the four storage
classes.
1. Automatic variables.
2. External variables.
3. Static variables.
4. Register variables.

AUTOMATIC VARIABLES (LOCAL/INTERNAL)
 Automatic variables are declared inside a function in which
they are to be utilized.
 They are created when a function is called and destroyed
automatically when the function is
 exited.
 Eg:
main()
{
int number;
---------
---------
}
 We may also use the keyword auto to declare automatic
variables explicitly.

EXTERNAL VARIABLES
 Variables that are both alive and active throughout
the entire program are known as external
variables.
 They are also known as global variables
Eg:
int number;
float length = 7.5;

Cont..
main()
{
-------
-------
}
function1( )
{
-------
-------
}
function2( )
{
-------
-------
}
The keyword extern can be used for explicit declarations of external
variables.

STATIC VARIABLES
 As the name suggests, the value of a static variable
persists until the end of the program.
 A variable can be declared static using the keyword
static.
 Eg:
1) static int x;
2) static int y;

REGISTER VARIABLES
 We can tell the compiler that a variable should be kept
in one of the machine’s registers, instead of keeping in
the memory.
 Since a register access is much faster than a memory
access, keeping the frequently accessed variables in the
register will lead to faster execution of programs.
 This is done as follows: register int count;

References:
1. Programming in C by yashwant kanitkar
2. ANSI C by E.balagurusamy- TMG publication
3. Computer programming and Utilization by sanjay shah Mahajan Publication
4. www.cprogramming.com/books.html
5. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)
6. www.programmingsimplified.com/c-program-example
7. http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.html
8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/datatypes in c language
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_C-based_programming_languages
10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)

function, storage class and array and strings

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function, storage class and array and strings