![Pengaturcaraan PHP
In many instances, two separate scripts for handling HTML forms can be used:
one that displays the form and another that receives it. While there's certainly
nothing wrong with this method, you may find your scripts run more efficiently
when the entire process is in one script.
To have one page both display and handle a form, use a conditional.
Pengaturcaraan PHP
To determine if the form has been submitted, set a $_POST variable
(assuming that the form uses the POST method, of course). For example, you
can check $_POST['submitted'], assuming that's the name of a hidden input
type in the form.
5](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dynamicwebsite-121217012215-phpapp02/85/Dynamic-website-5-320.jpg)
![Pengaturcaraan PHP
If you want a page to handle a form and then display it again (e.g., to add
a record to a database and then give an option to add another), use
Using the preceding code, a script will handle a form if it has been
submitted and display the form every time the page is loaded.
Pengaturcaraan PHP
Write the conditional for handling the form. As mentioned previously, if the
$_POST ['submitted'] variable is set, we know that the form has been
submitted and we can process it. This variable will be created by a hidden
input in the form that will act as a submission indicator.
6](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dynamicwebsite-121217012215-phpapp02/85/Dynamic-website-6-320.jpg)
![Pengaturcaraan PHP
Pengaturcaraan PHP
You can also have a form submit back to itself by having PHP print the
name of the current script — stored in $_SERVER['PHP_ SELF'] — as
the action attribute:
<form action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; ?>"
method="post">
9](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dynamicwebsite-121217012215-phpapp02/85/Dynamic-website-9-320.jpg)
Dynamic website
- 1. Including Multiple Files Pengaturcaraan PHP Pengaturcaraan PHP Every PHP script can consist of a single file that contains all of the required HTML and PHP code. But as you develop more complex Web sites, you'll see that this methodology has many limitations. PHP can readily make use of external files, a capability that allows you to divide your scripts into their distinct parts. Frequently you will use external files to extract your HTML from your PHP or to separate out commonly used processes. 1
- 2. Pengaturcaraan PHP PHP has four functions for using external files: include(), include_once(), require(), and require_once(). To use them, your PHP script would have a line like: Pengaturcaraan PHP 2
- 3. Pengaturcaraan PHP Both functions also have a *_once() version, which guarantees that the file in question is included only once regardless of how many times a script may (presumably inadvertently) attempt to include it. In this first example, included files are used to separate HTML formatting from PHP code. Then, the rest of the examples in this lesson will be able to have the same appearance without the need to rewrite the HTML every time. The concept results in a template system, an easy way to make large applications consistent and manageable. In our example, we've used a Cascading Style Sheet file to control the layout of all pages. The style sheet code is referenced in each HTML file for consistent styles and formatting throughout the Web site. 3
- 4. Pengaturcaraan PHP Using PHP Redux Pengaturcaraan PHP 4
- 5. Pengaturcaraan PHP In many instances, two separate scripts for handling HTML forms can be used: one that displays the form and another that receives it. While there's certainly nothing wrong with this method, you may find your scripts run more efficiently when the entire process is in one script. To have one page both display and handle a form, use a conditional. Pengaturcaraan PHP To determine if the form has been submitted, set a $_POST variable (assuming that the form uses the POST method, of course). For example, you can check $_POST['submitted'], assuming that's the name of a hidden input type in the form. 5
- 6. Pengaturcaraan PHP If you want a page to handle a form and then display it again (e.g., to add a record to a database and then give an option to add another), use Using the preceding code, a script will handle a form if it has been submitted and display the form every time the page is loaded. Pengaturcaraan PHP Write the conditional for handling the form. As mentioned previously, if the $_POST ['submitted'] variable is set, we know that the form has been submitted and we can process it. This variable will be created by a hidden input in the form that will act as a submission indicator. 6
- 9. Pengaturcaraan PHP Pengaturcaraan PHP You can also have a form submit back to itself by having PHP print the name of the current script — stored in $_SERVER['PHP_ SELF'] — as the action attribute: <form action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; ?>" method="post"> 9
- 12. Making Sticky Forms Pengaturcaraan PHP Pengaturcaraan PHP You've certainly come across sticky forms, even if you didn't know that's what they were called. A sticky form is simply a standard HTML form that remembers how you filled it out. This is a particularly nice feature for end users, especially if you are requiring them to resubmit a form (for instance, after filling it out incorrectly in the first place). To preset what's entered in a text box, use its value attribute: 12
- 13. Pengaturcaraan PHP To have PHP preset that value, print the appropriate variable: Pengaturcaraan PHP 13
- 15. Pengaturcaraan PHP Creating Your Own Functions Pengaturcaraan PHP 15
- 16. Pengaturcaraan PHP PHP has a lot of built-in functions, addressing almost every need. More importantly, though, it has the capability for you to define and use your own functions for whatever purpose. The syntax for making your own function is The name of your function can be any combination of letters, numbers, and the underscore, but it must begin with either a letter or the underscore. The main restriction is that you cannot use an existing function name for your function (print, echo, isset, and so on). Pengaturcaraan PHP In PHP, function names are case-insensitive (unlike variable names), so you could call that function in several different ways such as: 16
- 19. Pengaturcaraan PHP Creating a Function That Takes Arguments Pengaturcaraan PHP 19
- 20. Pengaturcaraan PHP Just like PHP's built-in functions, those you write can take arguments (also called parameters). For example, the print() function takes what you want sent to the browser as an argument and strlen() takes a string whose character length will be determined. A function can take any number of arguments that you choose, but the order in which you put them is critical. To allow for arguments, add variables to your function's definition: Pengaturcaraan PHP You can then call the function as you would any other function in PHP, sending literal values or variables to it: 20
- 22. Pengaturcaraan PHP Setting Default Argument Values Pengaturcaraan PHP 22
- 23. Pengaturcaraan PHP Another variant on defining your own functions is to preset an argument's value. To do so, assign the argument a value in the function's definition: The end result of setting a default argument value is that that particular argument becomes optional when calling the function. If a value is passed to it, the passed value is used; otherwise, the default value is used. Pengaturcaraan PHP You can set default values for as many of the arguments as you want, as long as those arguments come last in the function definition. In other words, the required arguments should always be first. With the example function just defined, any of these will work: However, greet() will not work, and there's no way to pass $greeting a value without passing one to $name as well. 23
- 27. Returning Values from a Function Pengaturcaraan PHP Pengaturcaraan PHP Some, but not all, functions return values. For example, print() will return either a 1 or a 0 indicating its success, whereas echo() will not. As another example, the strlen() function returns a number correlating to the number of characters in a string. To have your function return a value, use the return statement. 27
- 28. Pengaturcaraan PHP The function can return a value (say a string or a number) or a variable whose value has been created by the function. When calling this function, you can assign the returned value to a variable: $my_sign = find_sign ('October', 23); or use it as a parameter to another function: print find_sign ('October', 23); Pengaturcaraan PHP 28
- 30. Pengaturcaraan PHP Variable Scope Pengaturcaraan PHP 30
- 31. Pengaturcaraan PHP Variable scope is a tricky but important concept. Every variable in PHP has a scope to it, which is to say a realm in which the variable (and therefore its value) can be accessed. For starters, variables have the scope of the page in which they reside. So if you define $var, the rest of the page can access $var, but other pages generally cannot (unless you use special variables). Since included files act as if they were part of the original (including) script, variables defined before the include() line are available to the included file. Further, variables defined within the included file are available to the parent (including) script after the include() line. Pengaturcaraan PHP All of this becomes murkier when using your own defined functions. These functions have their own scope, which means that variables used within a function are not available outside of it, and variables defined outside of a function are not available within it. For this reason, a variable inside of a function can have the same name as one outside of it and still be an entirely different variable with a different value. This is a confusing concept for most beginning programmers. 31
- 32. Pengaturcaraan PHP To alter the variable scope within a function, you can use the global statement. In this example, $var inside of the function is now the same as $var outside of it. This means that the function $var already has a value of 20, and if that value changes inside of the function, the external $var's value will also change. Pengaturcaraan PHP 32
- 35. Date and Time Functions Pengaturcaraan PHP Pengaturcaraan PHP PHP has several date- and time-related functions for use in your scripts. The most important of these is the aptly named date() function, which returns a string of text for a certain date and time according to a format you specify. The timestamp is an optional argument representing the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch (midnight on January 1, 1970) for the date in question. It allows you to get information, like the day of the week, for a particular date. If a timestamp is not specified, PHP will just use the current time on the server. 35
- 36. Pengaturcaraan PHP There are myriad formatting parameters available, and these can be used in conjunction with literal text. For example, Character Meaning Example Y year as 4 digits 2005 y year as 2 digits 05 n month as 1 or 2 digits 2 m month as 2 digits 02 F month February M month as 3 letters Feb j day of the month as 1 or 2 digits 8 d day of the month as 2 digits 08 l (lowercase L) day of the week Monday D day of the week as 3 letters Mon g hour, 12-hour format as 1 or 2 digits 6 G hour, 24-hour format as 1 or 2 digits 18 h hour, 12-hour format as 2 digits 06 H hour, 24-hour format as 2 digits 18 i minutes 45 s seconds 18 a am or pm am A AM or PM PM 36
- 37. Pengaturcaraan PHP You can find the timestamp for a particular date using the mktime() function. Pengaturcaraan PHP Finally, the getdate() function can be used to return an array of values for a date and time. For example, This function also takes an optional timestamp argument. If that argument is not used, getdate() returns information for the current date and time. 37
- 38. Pengaturcaraan PHP The getdate() function returns this associative array. Key Value Example year year 2005 mon month 12 month month name December mday day of the month 25 weekday day of the week Sunday hours hours 11 minutes minutes 56 seconds seconds 47 Pengaturcaraan PHP 38
- 42. Pengaturcaraan PHP Date – “time()” To display current time and date Syntax : time(); Example : echo time(); Output = 23 // sample output: 1060751270 //this represent August 12th, 2003 at 10:07PM Pengaturcaraan PHP Date – “mktime” To display date and time in timestamp Syntax : mktime(); Example : echo mktime(); or $tarikh = $mktime(4,15,0,8,23,2003); $tarikh = date(“d/m/Y”,mktime()+50); 42
- 43. Pengaturcaraan PHP Others Syntax : $tomorrow = mktime (0,0,0,date("m") ,date("d")+1,date("Y")); $lastmonth = mktime (0,0,0,date("m")-1,date("d"), date("Y")); $nextyear = mktime (0,0,0,date("m"), date("d"), date("Y")+1); Sending Email Pengaturcaraan PHP 43
- 44. Pengaturcaraan PHP Using PHP makes sending email very easy. On a properly configured server, the process is as simple as using the mail() function. The $to value should be an email address or a series of addresses, separated by commas. The $subject value will create the email's subject line, and $body is where you put the contents of the email. Use the newline character (n) within double quotation marks when creating your body to make the text go over multiple lines. Pengaturcaraan PHP The mail() function takes a fourth, optional parameter for additional headers. This is where you could set the From, Reply-To, Cc, Bcc, and similar settings. For example, 44
- 45. Pengaturcaraan PHP To use multiple headers of different types in your email, separate each with rn: Pengaturcaraan PHP 45
- 48. End Pengaturcaraan PHP 48