Bash shell scripting
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This document discusses shell scripting and provides information on various shells, commands, and scripting basics. It covers: - Common shells like Bourne, C, and Korn shells. The Bourne shell is typically the default and fastest, while the C shell adds features like alias and history. - Basic bash commands like cd, ls, pwd, cp, mv, less, cat, grep, echo, touch, mkdir, chmod, and rm. - The superuser/root user with full privileges and password security best practices. - How login works and the difference between .login and .cshrc initialization files. - Exiting or logging out of shells.
Bash shell scripting
- 1. BASH SHELL SCRIPTING Name: Vikas Tiwari En-roll: 14486SC029
- 2. SHELLS A shell is the user interface or set of programs user to interact with Unix and process commands Common shells are: Bourne C Korn
- 3. BOURNE SHELL (SH) Written by Steven Bourne of Bell Labs Both a command interpreter and a high- level programming language Typically the default Unix shell Fast Approximately 20 times faster than C shell because it is similar.
- 4. C SHELL (CSH) Written by Bill Joy at University of California at Berkeley Slower and more complex than Bourne shell, but has facilities to make it more user friendly Alias History Job control Filename completion
- 5. KORN SHELL (KSH) Written by David Korn of AT&T, released in 1986 Includes features of both the Bourne and C shell Introduces several new user interface features including command line editing Adds features that improve its usefulness as a programming language Report formatting capabilities Built-in arithmetic Data types
- 6. SOME BASH COMMANDS cd (change directory): change the current working directory to ‘directory’ cd… using for one step back.
- 7. SOME BASH COMMANDS ls (list) : showing listing of the current folders
- 8. SOME BASH COMMANDS pwd (print working directory): print name of current working directory. cp (copy): Create copy of files and directories
- 9. SOME BASH COMMANDS mv (move): move from one directory place to another either rename of the current folder/file
- 10. SOME BASH COMMANDS less: view the contents of a text file one screen at a time. cat: used to in display files on print screen grep: allow you to search one file or multiple file for line that contain a pattern
- 11. SOME BASH COMMANDS Echo: places a string on the computer terminal.
- 12. SOME BASH COMMANDS touch: very quick way to create new, empty files. mkdir: make a directory.
- 13. SOME BASH COMMANDS chmod: allow to access the permissions to the file and directory.
- 14. SOME BASH COMMANDS rm (remove): use in remove file, directory.
- 15. SUPERUSER A user with essentially all privileges Often referred to as root privileges Allowed access to all files Allowed to run all commands System administrator has superuser privileges Can be very dangerous, all the Unix built in protections are by- passed
- 16. PASSWORD SECURITY Unfortunately, password security is a necessity Good passwords have several characteristics Minimum of six characters Mixture of alpha and numeric characters Mixture of upper and lower case No real words Susceptible to a dictionary attack It is also good practices to avoid: Family names Birthdates Pet’s names Any other personal data
- 17. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU LOGIN? Unix runs the login program If it exists, .login script is executed Then the shell specified in /etc/passwd is executed and user is placed in his HOME directory If it exists, .cshrc (if csh is your default shell) is executed So what’s the difference? Why to initialization files? .login is executed only at login .cshrc is executed every time a new shell is spanwned
- 18. EXIT OR LOGOUT exit terminates your current shell If it is also your login shell, exit will exit and logout logout terminates a login shell
- 19. SCRIPTING BASICS Shell scripts are text files that contains a series of commands or statements to be executed. Shell scripts are useful for: Automating commonly used commands. Performing system administration ad troubleshooting Creating simple applications Manipulations of text or files. Application prototyping
- 20. CREATING SHELL SCRIPTS Step 1: Use a text editor such as vi to create a text file containg commands. First line contains the magic “shbang” sequence :#! #!/bin/bash Comments your scripts Comments start with a# Create shell scripts which is self documenting. If you this pressing key followed by the Enter key on the most keyboards. This will enable you to enter one command that spans multiple lines.
- 21. CREATING SHELL SCRIPTS CONT. Step 2: Make the script executable $ chmod a+x myscript.sh To execute the new scripts: Place the scripts file in a directory in the executable path –OR- Specify the absolute path or relative path to the script on the command line.
- 22. CONTROL STRUCTURES The three types in shell programming: Sequential structures – the program flows one line after another Selection structures – code execution based on a logical decision. if, if/else, if/elif/else and conditional operators. Repetition structures (loos) –code execution is repeated based on a logical decision for, while and until
- 23. CONDITIONAL EXECUTION Commands may be executed conditionally, based on the exit states of the previous command. && logical AND || logical OR Examples: $ grep vikas passwd || echo ‘No vikas!’ $cp –a /tmp/*.o . && echo ‘Done!’ This structures can be used in the command line as well.
- 24. SELECTION STRUCTURES: IF/THEN/ELIF if selection structures execute the body of the structure only if the condition tested is true. if condition then statement1 statement2 ……………….. fi
- 25. SELECTION STRUCTURES: IF/THEN/ELIF CONT. Sometimes, you may wish to specify an alternate action when the condition fails. Here's how it's done. if condition then statement1 statement2 ……………….. else statement3 fi
- 26. SELECTION STRUCTURES: IF/THEN/ELIF CONT. alternatively, it is possible to test for another condition if the first "if" fails. if condition1 then statement1 statement2 ………………… elif condition2 then statement3 statement4 ………………… elif condition3 then statement5 statement6 ………………… fi
- 27. REPETITION STRUCTURES: THE FOR-LOOP The for repetition structure provides a method for iterating, or looping, through a list of values and executing commands on each of these values. A loop requires a) Start point Process/Logic/statements to be repeated b) Some hint or condition which changed the initial condition which started the loop c) Termination condition for variable in list-of-values do commands … done
- 28. SELECTION STRUCTURES: THE WHILE-LOOP The while loop structure provides a useful method for performing a set of commands while a condition remains true. The syntax is: while condition do commands Done While loops are known as sentinel structures. An until loop works in exactly the same way, except that it continues to execute as long as the command following the until statement executes successfully; that is it will stop the loop when the command succeeds.
- 29. Thank You!