Zend Framework Workshop

Zend Framework WorkshopBy Kevin SchroederTechnology EvangelistZend Technologies

About meKevin SchroederTechnology Evangelist for ZendProgrammerSys AdminAuthorIBM i Programmer’s Guide to PHPYou want to do WHAT with PHP? Race Ferraris on the weekendMy Honda has a dismal win record

Follow us!Zend Technologieshttp://twitter.com/zendhttp://twitter.com/kpschrade (me!)www.eschrade.com

A quick note on Zendcon… BE THERE!!Learn PHP best practices

Deploy and scale large PHP applications

Explore new technologies like NoSQL and Cloud Computing

Learn how to effectively leverage Zend Framework and Zend Framework 2.0What does Zend doZend FrameworkZend Studio (8.0 in public beta 1)Zend ServerMonitoring,Code tracing (freaking cool!!)Job queuingHA Session ClusteringZend Server Cluster ManagerLots and lots of trainingPHP, Zend Framework certifications

AgendaThe BasicsIntroductionCoding StandardsInstalling Zend FrameworkAutoloadingZend_SessionZend_ConfigZend_MailZend_ValidateZend_FilterZend_TranslateZend_FormMVCA little more advanced

Zend_Service_TwitterWhy do we use PHP?

Sample PHP Script<html><head></head><body><?phpfunction questionp($input) { return strrpos ( $input, '?' ) === strlen ( $input ) - 1;}?><?phpif (! isset( $_POST ['submit'] )) {// if the "submit" variable does not exist the form has not been submitted, so display form?><form action="<?phpecho $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; ?>"method="post">Enter your question: <input name="question" size="50"><input type="submit" name="submit" value="Ask"></form><?php} else {// if the "submit" variable exists the form has been submitted, so look for and process form data,// displaying the resultif(questionp($_POST['question'])) {if(rand(0, 1)): echo 'yes'; else: echo 'no'; endif;} else {echo 'Don\'t you know what a question is?'; }}?PHP: Past and Present| 8

Anatomy of a PHP ApplicationPHP: Past and PresentPresentationApplication ControlDatabase AccessBusiness LogicPresentationApplication ControlBusiness LogicPresentation| 9

Anatomy of a PHP ApplicationPHP: Past and Presentindex.php3index.php3index.php3index.php| 10

Anatomy of a PHP ApplicationPHP: Past and Presentindex.php3index.php3index.php3index.phpindex.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php| 11

Anatomy of a PHP ApplicationPHP: Past and Presentindex.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.phpindex.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.phpindex.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.phpindex.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php| 12

Anatomy of a PHP ApplicationPHP: Past and Presentindex.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3index.php3| 13|

Anatomy of a Modern PHP Application | 22-Sep-10PHP: Past and PresentPresentationSomething.phtmlSomething.phtmlSomething.phtmlSomething.phtmlSomething.phtmlSomething.phtmlSomething.phtmlSomething.phtmlApplication ControlSomething.phpSomething.phpSomething.phpSomething.phpSomething.phpSomething.phpSomething.phpSomething.phpBusiness LogicSomething.phpSomething.phpSomething.phpSomething.phpSomething.phpSomething.phpSomething.phpSomething.phpDatabase AccessSomething.phpSomething.phpSomething.phpSomething.phpSomething.phpSomething.phpSomething.phpSomething.php| 14

Zend FrameworkMake everything as simple as possible, but no simpler. - Albert Einstein

PHP ProblemsHow can we promote reuse and standards in a strong culture of decentralization?How can we propagate best practices across a community of cowboy coders numbering in the millions?How do we manage the newfound complexity of large PHP applications?How do we promote integration with commercial technologies in a community that has been developed in parallel to these technologies?How do we write better PHP applications? | 22-Sep-10Name of this section| 16

The Answer?Name of this section| 17

What is Zend Framework?An open source, MVC-based, full-featured PHP frameworkA set of use-at-will components; a component libraryA vehicle through which Zend disseminates best practicesA communityA philosophyA standardA gateway to the larger PHP community | 22-Sep-10PHP: Past and Present| 18

What sets ZF apart?High quality code; all components have unit test coverage of > 80% (both lines and branches) and the tests are run against the framework continuouslyA use-at-will architecture that allows developers to mix and match their favorite technologiesA contribution process that both guarantees quality and encourages active community contributions while protecting against intellectual property claimsWe only tackle problems when we can bring value that isn’t currently available in the PHP communityWe believe that web services must be first-class citizens for today’s Web 2.0 applications | 22-Sep-10PHP: Past and Present| 19

Our Technology Partners… and more

Supported by All Popular PHP IDEs

74% of all Zend Framework Applications are Business-Critical* Zend Framework Developer Survey, Dec. 2009

Dojo Integration+In May, 2008 Zend announced a collaboration between the Zend Framework and Dojo Toolkit projects. Zend Framework 1.6 contains the first integration points between these 2 projects:JSON-RPC Serverdojo.data EnvelopesDojo View HelperDijit integration with Zend_Form & Zend_ViewDojo Library Re-distribution

Autumn, 2008Download & InstallZend FrameworkDownload the latest version of Zend Framework and extract the contents of the library folder to your project's library directoryhttp://framework.zend.com/downloadYou should now find the top-level Zend directory which contains all Zend Framework components under your library directoryThat's it! Zend Framework is now installed and ready to use

Autumn, 2008What’s in Zend Framework?Simple, convenient object-oriented solutions to common web application development tasks:MVC web app framework(model-view-controller)Database accessLucene-compatible Search engineInput filtering and validationAuthenticationAccess controlSession handlingI18N, locales, translationPDF file reading and writingHTTP clientForm HandlingXML-RPCREST web servicesRSS and Atom feedsLoggingMail reading and sendingCachingConfiguration filesCommand-line option parsingMUCH, MUCH more!

Autumn, 2008Zend Framework Overview

Don’t start with MVC firstThere are MANY libraries that you can utilize firstA trustworthy saying“Don’t use a framework until you know why you need a framework”Don’t use MVC until you know you need MVCOr have at least experienced the pain of managing a large application without it

Things to knowAll ZF-based classes start with Zend_If you build a library that utilizes ZF, do not prefix your classes with that (breaks coding standards)Use the autoloaderUse plugin loadersStart small

Coding StandardsFiles with ONLY PHP code start with <?php and have no closing tagIndentation uses 4 spaces, tabs not allowedLines end with Unix EOLClass naming standards changed after 1.9 to prepare for PHP 5.3 and ZF 2Function/method declarations Anything marked private/protected is prefaced with an underscore (private $_var = null)Numbers are permitted in variable/method/function names, but are not recommended

Coding StandardsGlobally defined variables/functions are allowed, but not recommended (use registry/static methods instead)Variables/methods/functions are named using camelCaseThere is some debate one what a camel looks like when using an acronym (e.g. PDF)Global constants are allowed, but discouraged. Use class constants insteadClass constants should be UPPER_CASE_WITH_UNDERSCORE“Variable substitution is {$allowed} but not ${allowed}”‘If no variable substitution is needed then use single quotes’For arrays, negative index keys are not allowed

Coding StandardsOne class per fileBracesFinal brace is always on its own lineMethod/function calls start on the next lineConditional statements/loops start on the same lineBreak clauses MUST have a defaultAll functions/methods/class members MUST have a PHPDoc blockRead the coding standards at http://framework.zend.com/ in the docs

How to start?Start simple, use utility classesZend_LoaderZend_DateZend_ConfigZend_SessionZend_TranslateZend_ValidateZend_FilterZend_Form (!)Others

Zend_LoaderUsed to include files for classes that have not been loaded yetIt searches the include_path for the requested class Two types of loadersAutoloaderJust a standard autoloaderPluginLoaderUsed for loading classes based off of a prefix

Zend_Loader_AutoloaderInitializeZend_Loader_Autoloader::getInstance();Register pseudo namespaceZend_Loader_Autoloader::getInstance() ->registerNamespace('Myapp_');Set the autoloader for all namespacesZend_Loader_Autoloader::getInstance() ->setFallbackAutoloader(true);

Zend_Loader_PluginloaderUsed to load named classes, not autoloadUsed extensively by several ZF components

Zend_Loader_Pluginloader/library/MyApp/MyComponent/Classone.php/library/MyApp/AnotherComponent/Classtwo.php$loader = new Zend_Loader_PluginLoader();$loader->addPrefixPath( 'MyApp_MyComponent', 'MyApp/MyComponent');$loader->addPrefixPath( 'MyApp_AnotherComponent', 'MyApp/AnotherComponent');

Zend_Loader_Pluginloader$loader->load('Classone');$loader->load('Classtwo');

Zend_SessionUse this instead of $_SESSION. Why?Works much better for complex applicationsAllows for easier separation of components$ns = new Zend_Session_Namespace('Component-1');$ns = new Zend_Session_Namespace('Component-2');

Zend_SessionGood API (standard session ext has very minimal API)public function lock();public function unlock();public function apply($callback);public function applySet($callback);public functionsetExpirationSeconds( $seconds, $variables = null);public function setExpirationHops( $hops, $variables = null, $hopCountOnUsageOnly = false);

Zend_ConfigProvides a way of dealing with configurationA consistent API for getting and setting valuesImplements Countable, Iterator (uses SPL)Existing mechanismsPHP Arrays (great with opcode caches)INI FilesXML FilesYour own (Don’t use the DB)

Zend_ConfigGenerally used forDatabase adapter credentialsCaching optionsPathsZend_Application uses a LOT of configuration

Using Zend ConfigYou can retrieve data by section

Using Zend_ConfigYou can have inheritance between sectionsBest practice: inherit from [production]

Zend_ValidateUsed to provide integratable validation toolingDon’t build it yourself!!Some example validatorsEmail AddressCredit CardString LengthHost nameAnd about 80 othersChainable using new Zend_Validate()

Zend_Validate – Building your ownMust implement Zend_Validate_InterfaceZend_Validate_Abstract is a better choice to extendConstructor is optional, used for passing options

Zend_FilterUsed to filter dataSome examplesHtmlEntitiesEncrypt/DecryptStripTagsStripNewLines

Zend_FormNew to ZF 1.5 (one of the best features)HandlesRendering the formEscaping your outputFiltering your inputValidating your data

Zend_Form – Simple usage$form = new Zend_Form();$form->setMethod('POST');$form->setAction('/submitform.php');$form->setView(new Zend_View());$form->addElement('text', 'email');$form->addElement('text', 'name');$form->addElement('submit', 'submit');echo $form;

Zend_Form – Less simple usageForms and form elements have a LOT of options$form->addElement( 'text', 'email', array( 'label' => 'Email', 'required' => true ));

Zend_Form – Adding validators$form->addElement( 'text', 'email', array( 'label'=> 'Email', 'required'=> true, 'validators'=> array( 'EmailAddress' ) ));Don’t use validator objects; name them insteadBut make sure to test that they work

Zend_Form – Adding filters$form->addElement( 'text', 'name', array( 'label'=> 'Name', 'required'=> true, 'filters'=> array( 'Alpha' ) ));

Zend_Form - trickAll of the configuration parameters are passed to getters and settersWant to know what configuration options are available? Look at the setterssetLabel() = array(‘label’ => ‘name’)setValidators()setName()setOrder()setRequired()

Zend_Form – Architecting your appBest practicesSubclass Zend_FormVery reusableVery testableCreate forms to match your existing data structureHave pre-defined forms that match up to existing modelsLet the designers worry about layoutZend_Form allows for CSS heavy design (ok, that’s good and bad )

Zend_Form – Architecting your appIf using with MVCPlace in /application/formsPreface with Form_Use a plugin loaderIf notPlace it in a standard library path and use the autoloader

Zend_LogConceptsLogger – usually an instance of Zend_LogWriter – the mechanism which writes the log entry to the storage mediumMust extend Zend_Log_Writer_AbstractFilter – used to determine IF a log entry should be sent to the writerMust implement Zend_Log_Filter_InterfaceFormatter – creates the text string that will be sent to the writer

Zend_LogSeveral logging levels (BSD syslog)EMERG - Emergency: system is unusableALERT - Alert: action must be taken immediatelyCRIT - Critical: critical conditionsERR - Error: error conditionsWARN - Warning: warning conditionsNOTICE - Notice: normal but significant conditionINFO - Informational: informational messagesDEBUG - Debug: debug messages

Zend_LogAvailable writersDbFirebugMailMockCan write to multiple writers at a timeEach writer can have multiple filtersNull

MVCModelAn object that represents a unit of data/functionalityViewThe user interfaceControllerWhere your business logic lies

MVCIt’s best to not use “pure” MVCUse the “thin controller” architecturePlace as much of your business logic in the model as possibleReduces code duplicationEnhances code testability

Zend_ControllerComponent where the Controller portion of MVC residesSeveral conceptsFront ControllerAction ControllerPluginsHelpers

Zend_Controller – Start to finishFront controllerRouterDispatcherAction controller

MVC Request Lifecycledispatch() – Starts the dispatch processrouteStartup() – Called prior to parsing the URL for the requestrouteShutdown() – Called immediately after the module, controller and action have been determineddispatchLoopStartup() – Called immediately before the dispatch loop startspreDispatch() – Called at the beginning of each dispatch loop

MVC Request Lifecycleinit() – Called from inside the controller’s constructorpreDispatch() – Called for each action helper that is currently initializedpreDispatch() – A hook on the current controller object *Action() – The individual action that was requested during the routing processpostDispatch() – A hook in the current controller object

MVC Request LifecyclepostDispatch() – Called for each loaded action helperpostDispatch() – Called for each plugindispatchLoopShutdown() – The last hook to be executed

Front ControllerThe “access point” for the application

Action ControllersExtends Zend_Controller_ActionAccess $_GET, $_POST via request objectPass output/headers to response object

Accessing an action controller

Controller PluginsAllows you to execute functionality at some point along the execution chainPlugins are typically not interactive like helpersNeed to extend Zend_Controller_Plugin_Abstract

ControllerPlugin - Exampleclass Esc_Application_Plugin_Maintenance extends Zend_Controller_Plugin_Abstract{ public function routeShutdown(Zend_Controller_Request_Abstract $request) { $request->setActionName('index'); $request->setModuleName('default'); $request->setControllerName('maintenance'); } }

Controller HelpersInject on-demand functionality into action controllersCacheContext Switching (“Do I use HTML, JSON, XML?”)View RendererBuild your ownMinimize the need to extend Zend_Controller_ActionHas init(), preDispatch(), postDispatch() hooksOnly called if a helper object has been instantiated

Controller Helpers – Building your ownMust extend Zend_Controller_Action_Helper_AbstractMust be registered with the helper brokerZend_Controller_Action_HelperBroker::addPath( APPLICATION_PATH.'/helpers', 'Helper');Call from the controller$this->_helper->Sendemail( 'Kevin Schroeder', 'kevin@zend.com', 'We did something in the last request');

Zend_ViewUsed to handle the view (user interface) from BLOlder style apps have the two mixedCan be used separately from MVC (if you like)Useful if you want to re-use view helpers or form componentsIf using MVC, generally stored in controllers/../views/script

Zend_View – Step 1: Assigning data$data = array( array( 'author' => 'Kevin Schroeder', 'title' => 'The IBM i Programmer\'s Guide to PHP' ), array( 'author' => 'Kevin Schroeder', 'title' => 'You want to do WHAT with PHP?' ));Zend_Loader::loadClass('Zend_View');$view = new Zend_View();$view->books = $data;echo $view->render('booklist.php');

Zend_View – Step 2: Rendering data<?php if ($this->books): ?> <table> <tr> <th>Author</th> <th>Title</th> </tr> <?phpforeach ($this->books as $key => $val): ?> <tr> <td><?php echo $this->escape($val['author']) ?></td> <td><?php echo $this->escape($val['title']) ?></td> </tr> <?phpendforeach; ?> </table><?php else: ?><p>There are no books to display.</p><?phpendif;?>

Using the ViewRendererAn action helper that is loaded by defaultExecutes in the postDispatch() hookExamines the controller/action combination and automatically runs the proper view scriptIndexController::indexAction()/views/scripts/index/index.phtml

View HelpersView helpers make your life easierUsed to provide additional functionality similar to an action helper, but for the viewReferenced via the $this object when in a viewLoaded using a plugin loaderUsed to keep logic out of the view (very important)Try to limit views to if and foreach statements

View Helpers ExamplesEasy translation integrationecho $this->translate('Hello World');Capturing JS so it can be output elsewhere<?php $this->headScript()->captureStart(); ?>alert('Hello World');<?php $this->headScript()->captureEnd(); ?>

View HelpersYou can build your own!Does not need to implement any interface or abstract classGenerally placed in /views/helpers (configurable)Must have a method name defined as the same name of the classMy_Helper_Sendemail must have a method called sendemail().class My_Helper_Sendemail{ public function sendemail($to, $subject, $message) { // Haven't gotten to Zend_Mail yet :-) mail($to, $subject, $message); }}

Using PartialsPartials are used to render small, re-usable portions of the viewHandled via a view helperPartialPartialLoopVery useful for any iterative functionalityArraysZend_Db_Table_RowsetAnything implementing the Iterator interface

The ModelUnlike other frameworks it is any class that represents your data or business logicCould be a service objectCould be a text fileCould be an LDAP entryCould be a Zend_Db object

Zend_DbDatabase abstraction layer (as opposed to access abstraction layer)Several different database vendors are supportedAbstractions for common functionality such as select, insert, update, delete, limit, offset or transactionsConnects to the database on demandAdapter instance is usually created via Zend_Db::factory()Integrated database profiling

Zend_Db_SelectProvides a vendor-independent mechanism for creating select statementsVery useful, but be careful of the unintended consequences of abstraction$select->from('table') ->where('table_id = ?', $_GET[‘val']);Output: SELECT `table`.* FROM `table` WHERE (table_id = ?)Supports multiple join types, where, group by, order, etc.

ORMUses the Table/Row Data Gateway Design PatternsOne class to represent the tableOne class to represent a row in the table

ORM – The TableTable classes extend Zend_Db_Table_AbstractHandles references to other tables class Model_DbTable_Comment extends Zend_Db_Table_Abstract{ protected $_name = 'comment'; protected $_rowClass = 'Model_Comment'; protected $_referenceMap = array( 'Content' => array( 'columns' => 'content_key', 'refTableClass' => 'Model_DbTable_Content', 'refColumns' => 'content_key' ), );}

ORM – The RowModel classes extend Zend_Db_Table_Row_Abstractclass Model_City extends Zend_Db_Table_Row_Abstract{}Row data is accessed via a __get callGood idea to use getters and setters to access them(great for code completion)

Fetching Data$dbTable = new Model_DbTable_Comment();$comment = $dbTable->find($_GET['id']);$dbTable = new Model_DbTable_Comment();$select = $dbTable->select() ->where('active = ?', $_GET['active']);$comment = $dbTable->fetchRow()->current();

ORM - RelationshipsRetrieve an instance of the row classCall a wacked method call which calls __call() and figures out which db table object to load and query on.class Model_DbTable_Comment extends Zend_Db_Table_Abstract{ protected $_name = 'comment'; protected $_rowClass = 'Model_Comment'; protected $_referenceMap = array( 'Content' => array( 'columns' => 'content_key', 'refTableClass' => 'Model_DbTable_Content', 'refColumns' => 'content_key' ), );}

Calling a related object$tabs = $comment ->findModel_DbTable_TagViaModel_DbTable_TagContent();Write a getter that defines that in your modelclass Model_Content extends Esc_ModelAbstract{ public function getTags() { return $this ->findModel_DbTable_TagViaModel_DbTable_TagContent() }}

Unit TestingWhy Unit Test?Simplify maintenanceIt defines expectations It describes behaviors identified by the application It tells us when new changes break existing code and behaviors

TermsUnitThe piece of code you are testingTestA piece of code that calls the piece of code you’re testingAssertionValidating return types or results of the testCode CoverageA report on which lines of code have been testedUsed to determine additional tests that need to be writtenContinuous IntegrationThe continuous application of quality control, i.e. unit tests

Testing the modelThe easiest of allTest classes typically extend PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase

Testing the controllerSetting up the testTest class extends Zend_Test_PHPUnit_ControllerTestCaseIf testing Zend_Application make sure you add the bootstrap in the setUp() methodMake sure you reset() your testsResponseRequestLayoutHelper Broker

Testing the controllerYou can testRouting (also good for checking authorization)Response codesOutput (we’ll look at that next)

Testing the viewBest tested through the controllerDefine which HTML elements need to be present on the page and verify that they exist or have certain valuesCan be done usingCSS SelectorsXpath Queries

Zend_LayoutImplements Two Step View patternSame name as a dance in Texas, but that’s not important

Zend_ApplicationUsed for defining an application contextZend_Controller_Front just handled the brokering of the requestZend_Application handles Bootstrapping (dev/testing/staging/production)Creating the autoloaderDispatchingResource creation

BootstrappingImplements Zend_Application_Bootstrap_BootstrapperUsed to bootstrap (set up the environment) and then execute the requestMost applications can simply extend Zend_Application_Bootstrap_BootstrapThis is what we will assume you are using

BootstrappingResource methodsUse the resource autoloader Zend_Application_Module_Autoloader placed in _initAutoload()OrderZend_Application::bootstrap()Bootstrap class instantiatedAny methods starting with _init() are called and the return value is placed in a containerAction retrieves the resource through calling getInvokeArg() and naming the resource

BootstrappingBootstrap class is instantiated every time so DON’T put everything there (horrible for performance, PHP loves lazy loading)One option is to override hasResource() method in Bootstrap so that it instantiates a resource only when it is neededBest practice? Don’t know. Kevin’s practice? Yes. Therefore it is good

ResourcesPluggable pieces of functionality tied to the applicationTies functionality directly in with the configurationSample of existing pluginsCachemanagerDbLogFrontcontrollerTranslate

Service TheoryMany services have a very similar execution flowReceive requestFind class that can service the requestInstantiate object that can handle the requestReturn result to clientWhy re-invent the wheel?

Zend_ServerBase component for several service-oriented componentsPrimarily used for reflection and a standard interfaceActual implementation is left to component

Zend_*_ServerSeveral components implement Zend_Server_AbstractUseful for standardized web service implementationforeach (glob(APPLICATION_PATH.'/mappers/*.php') as $dir) {$name = substr(basename($dir), 0, -4); $class = 'Mapper_' . $name; $serviceHandler->setClass($class, $name);}echo $serviceHandler->handle();Using data mappers are your key to happiness$serviceHandler = new Zend_Json_Server();$serviceHandler = new Zend_Amf_Server();$serviceHandler = new Zend_Xml_Server();

Writing Re-usable ModelsWrite your application logic once, but use it in many different waysWhy? MVC is only one consumerCan be called by job scripts, message systems, queues, etc.Service endpoints can act as consumers(Hint: JSON-RPC is a good way to feed your Ajax applications)112

The individual resources and units of work in your application

E.g. user, team, backlog, sprint, etc.

E.g., object relations, transactions, queries

Public API of the application; i.e., the behaviors you wish to expose

Logic for injecting dependenciesService Layer in Perspective

Benefits to Service LayersAllows easy consumption of the application via your MVC layer

Zend Framework Workshop

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