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    Balancing of Machinery

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    Sehran Amjad
    The document discusses balancing of machinery, including the purposes of balancing to reduce vibration, methods of static and dynamic balancing for rigid disk-like and non-disk rotors, and an example of calculating the mass-radius product and location needed for static balancing of a two-mass rotor system.

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    Balancing of Machinery

    Uploaded by

    Sehran Amjad
    422 views24 pages
    The document discusses balancing of machinery, including the purposes of balancing to reduce vibration, methods of static and dynamic balancing for rigid disk-like and non-disk rotors, and an example of calculating the mass-radius product and location needed for static balancing of a two-mass rotor system.

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    The document discusses balancing of machinery, including the purposes of balancing to reduce vibration, methods of static and dynamic balancing for rigid disk-like and non-disk rotors, and an example of calculating the mass-radius product and location needed for static balancing of a two-mass rotor system.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    422 views24 pages

    Balancing of Machinery

    Uploaded by

    Sehran Amjad
    The document discusses balancing of machinery, including the purposes of balancing to reduce vibration, methods of static and dynamic balancing for rigid disk-like and non-disk rotors, and an example of calculating the mass-radius product and location needed for static balancing of a two-mass rotor system.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 24
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways from the document are that balancing of machinery is important to reduce vibrations, and there are different methods like static and dynamic balancing that can be used depending on the type of rotor.

    The purposes of balancing machinery are to make the center of mass of machine elements coincide with their rotating centers in order to reduce vibrations. Imbalances can occur due to asymmetries, uneven material distribution, machining errors, improper assembly, etc.

    The different methods of balancing discussed are balancing of rotors and mechanisms. Balancing of rotors includes static balancing of disk-like rigid rotors as well as dynamic balancing of non-disk like rigid rotors.

    The Theory of Machines and Mechanisms

    Chapter 6. Balancing of Machinery


    Sun Zhihong [email protected] 62373317 62373319 Room307,No.3 Teaching Building

    Todays Topics
    Purposes of balancing Methods of balancing Balancing of rigid disk-like rotors
    Static balancing Dynamic balancing

    Purposes of Balancing
    Making machine elements center of mass coincide with their rotating centers The center of mass of some machine may not coincide with their rotating centers, the reasons are:

    The asymmetry of the structure Uneven distribution of materials Errors in machining , casting and forging Improper boring By keys By assembly

    Method of Balancing
    Balancing of rotors Balancing of mechanisms

    Balancing of Rotors
    What is rotor?
    Any link or machine member that is in pure rotation is called rotor.

    Rigid rotors
    If the rotating frequency of a rotor is less than (0.6~0.75)nC1 ( the rotors first resonant frequency)the rotor is supposed to have no deformation during rotation, it is called rigid rotor.

    Balancing of Rotors
    Flexible rotors
    If the working rotating frequency of the rotor is higher than (0.6~0.75)nc1,then the rotor will have large elastic deformation due to the imbalance during rotation. The elastic deformation makes the eccentricity larger than the original one. So that a new imbalance factor is added and the balancing problem become more serious and complicated. Such rotor is called flexible rotor.

    Types of Rigid Rotor


    1.

    Disk-like rigid rotor:


    The axial dimension B is smaller compared to the diameter D ( usually B/D0.2 ) The mass of such rotors are assumed practically lie in a common transverse plane. Such as cams, gears, pulleys, flywheels, fans, grinding wheels, impellers, etc.

    Types of Rigid Rotor


    2. Non-disk like rotor:

    when B/D>0.2, such as camshafts, spindles in machine tools(), axels of electric motors, etc.

    Balancing of Disk-like Rotor Static balance/single plane balance

    m1

    r1
    o

    r2 r3
    m3

    m2

    A rigid rotor rotates with a constant angular velocity . Due to some reasons, there are three unbalance masses m1, m2, m3 at radial distance r1, r2, r3. Centrifugal forces produced by m1, m2, m3 are miri2. All centrifugal forces Fi in this disk-like rotor are planar and concurrent. If Fi=0, then the mass center of the system coincides with the shaft center and the rotor is balanced. Other wise, it is called imbalance.

    Static balance/single plane balance

    m1

    r1
    o

    r2 r3
    m3

    m2

    Since the imbalance can be shown statically, so it is called static imbalance. In order to balance the disk-like rotor, a fourth mass mc with rotation radius of rc is added to the system to make: Fi + Fc = 0 Mc is called counterweight. Such balance is called static balance. Because, Fi + Fc = 0 That is, mcRc2 + miRi2=0 miRi - is called mass-radius product()

    Break mcRc , miRi into x and y components: mcRcx+ (m1R1x+m2R2x+m3R3x)=0 mcRcy+(m1R1y+ m2R2y+m3R3y)=0 So, mcRccosc= - (m1R1cos1+m2R2cos2+m3R3cos3) =-

    m1
    r1 r2

    m2

    miRi cosi miRi sini

    o
    r3

    mcRcsinc= - (m1R1sin1+m2R2sin2+m3R3sin3) =-

    m3

    Mass-radius product is :

    mcRcy=[(- miRi cosi )2+( miRi sini )2]1/2


    Angle between rc and x coordinate:
    c=arctan(

    (1)

    miRi sini

    miRi sini

    (2)

    Notice: the proper quadrant of c must be determined by the signs of both the numerator and denominator of equation (2).

    Static Balance/Single Plane Balance


    y
    rc c
    r2

    m2 2

    m1 r1

    1 o
    r3

    m3

    Usually the counterweight mc are placed at as large a rotating radius as is practicable to minimize the amount of the added mass. In practice, rotors are often balanced by removing mass in the direction of imbalance (e.g. drilling a hole as the open circle mc), rather than by adding counterweights to it. Any number of masses in a disk-like rotor can be balanced by adding a single mass or removing a mass at an appropriate position. This is also called single-plane balance.

    Static Balancing Machine


    The static balancing machine has two hard horizontal parallel rails. The rigid rotor for test is laid on the rails. If the centre of mass of the system coincides with the axis of rotation, the rotor will not roll regardless of the angular position of the rotor.

    Static Balancing Machine


    The experiment can be conducted as follows:

    Roll the disk gently by hand The disk will rock until it comes to rest . The lowest angular location of the mass centre is indicated. A trial weight (e.g. a lump of plastic) be attached to the highest point of the disk. The corrections must be made by trial and error until the disk does not roll from any initial location. This will determines the amount and the location of unbalance. The balancing may be achieved by drilling out material or adding mass.

    Example of Static Balancing


    Given : The system shown in the right

    figure has the following data: m1=1.2kg R1=1.135m @113.4 m2=1.8kg R2=0.822m @48.8 =40rad/sec Find: The mass-radius product and its angular location needed to statically balance the system.

    Example of Static Balancing Solution (1) Resolve the position vectors into x, y components: [email protected], R1x=-0.451m, R1y=1.042m

    [email protected], R2x=+0.541m, R2y= 0.618m


    (2) So the mass-radius product of the counterweight is: mbRbx = -(m1R1x+m2R2x) = -[(1.2)(-0.451)-(1.8)(0.541)]

    = -0.433kg.m
    mbRby = -(m1R1y+ m2R2y)= -[(1.2)(1.042)-(1.8)(0.618)] = -2.363kg.m
    2.363 b arctan 259.6 0.433 mb Rb (0.433) 2 (2.363) 2 2.402kg m

    Example of Static Balancing


    (3) If a value for Rb=0.806m is desired, the mass required for this counterweight design is:
    mb=(2.402kg-)/(0.806m)=2.980kg

    m1 m2
    r1

    at a chosen CG radius of: Rb=0.806m

    rb

    r2

    mc

    Balancing of non-disk like rigid rotor


    dynamic balance/two-plane balance
    F2
    m2

    s
    m1=m2, r1=r2 r1 So, m1r1=m2r2 m1 The disk-like rotor is statically balanced. F1 But, when it rotates, the centrifugal forces:

    r2

    F1=m1R12 F2=m2R22 will act outwards. They are not collinear and will produce a resultant couple whose direction changes during rotation.

    The couple will act on the frame and tend to produce rotation vibration of the frame.

    Balancing of non-disk like rigid rotor


    dynamic balance/two-plane balance
    F2
    m2

    s
    r1
    m1

    r2

    F1

    This kind of imbalance can only be detected by means of a dynamic test in which the rotor is spinning. It is called dynamic imbalance. The left rotor is statically balanced and dynamically unbalanced. The criterion for the balancing of a non-disk rigid rotor is: Both the vector sum of all inertia forces and the vector sum of all moments of inertia forces about any point must be zero, i.e.
    Fi=0 and Mi=0

    Dynamic Balance
    m1=1kg, m2=2kg, r1=300mm, r2=150mm, m1r1, m2r2x45315P, Q (mbrb)P(mbrb)Q

    Dynamic Balance
    P,Q
    m1r1=1300=300kgmm m2r2=2150=300kgmm

    P
    (m1r1)200=(m1'r1')300, (m2r2)100=(m2'r2')300, m1'r1'=300/300200=200kgmm m2'r2'=300/300100=100kgmm m1"r1"=300/300100=100kgmm m2"r2"=300/300200=200kgmm

    Q
    (m1r1)100=(m1"r1")300, (m2r2)200=(m2"r2")300,

    Dynamic Balance
    P

    x x'=arctan[(mb'rb')y/(mb'rb')x]=198.43 Q

    x x''=arctan[(mb''rb'')y/(mb''rb'')x]=161.57

    Homework
    Page 151
    6-1, 6-2

    Page 152:
    6-4, 6-6

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