BASIC TRANSFORMER

THEORY
W. H. Kersting
New Mexico State University
[email protected]
(505) 646-2434
Ideal Transformer Windings
Subtractive Polarity
N
1
N
2
Subtractive Polarity Observations

Primary winding (#1) is wound such that
the top of the winding is brought over the
top of the core
Secondary winding (#2) is wound such that
the top of the winding is brought over the
top of the core
Primary Connected to a Source
-
+
I
1
E
1
N
2
N
1
0
1
0
1
Primary Connected to a Source
Basics
Exciting current will flow in the primary
winding
The flow of current will cause a magnetic
flux to flow in the core of the transformer
The magnetic flux will link with the
secondary coil
Primary Equations
The primary current I
1
is sinusoidal such that:


1 max
1 cos( ) i I t e =

This creates a sinusoidal flux in the coil:


1 max
cos( ) t | | e =


Applying Faradayss Law to coil #1:


1
1 1 1 max
sin( ) 1 cos( 90)
d
e N N t E t
dt
|
e e e = = = +

This demonstrates that the primary current will lag the
primary ideal voltage by 90 degrees.
Secondary Induced Voltage
-
+
I
1
E
1
N
2
N
1
0
2
0
1
0
1
Secondary Induced Voltage
The flux changing with time is linked to the
secondary coil
The changing flux will induce a voltage on
the secondary coil
The polarity of the secondary voltage is
such that a secondary current will flow in
such a direction as to oppose the changing
flux from the primary
Secondary Polarity
-
+
I
1
E
1
N
2
N
1
0
2
0
1
I
2
E
2
+
-
0
1
Secondary Polarity
For the windings specified, the secondary current
must set up a flux to oppose the primary flux
Apply the right hand rule (wrap fingers in the
direction of the current flow and the thumb will
point in the direction of the flux)
For this case the current must flow out of the top
of the coil so that the plus sign of the secondary
voltage will be on the top

Polarity Marks
-
+
I
1
E
1
N
2
N
1
0
2
0
1
I
2
E
2
+
-
0
1
Meaning of Polarity Marks
Polarity marks are place on the positive
terminal of the primary and secondary
voltages
Primary current flows into the primary
polarity mark and secondary current flows
out of the polarity mark
The primary coil looks like a load while the
secondary coil looks like a source
Voltage Equations
With the polarities set, Faradays Law can be
modified by eliminating the minus sign


1
1 1
1 1
1
d
e N
dt
d e
dt N
|
|
=
=


The secondary induced voltage is given by:


1
2 2
1
2 2
1
1 2
1 2
d
e N
dt
e
e N
N
e e
N N
|
=
=
=


Using the RMS voltages:


1 2
1 2
E E
N N
=

Complex Power
For the ideal transformer, the complex power
in will equal the complex power out

*
1 1 1
*
2 2 2
* *
1 1 2 2
S E I
S E I
E I E I
=
=
=

But:

2
2 1
1
N
E E
N
=

Therefore:

* *
2
1 1 1 2
1
* *
2
1 2
1
1 1 2 2
N
E I E I
N
N
I I
N
N I N I
=
=
=

Always Equations
Subtractive Polarity


+ +
- -
I
1
E
1
E
2
I
2



No matter how the transformer is connected the relationship
between the primary and secondary voltages and currents will
always be:


1 2
1 2
1 1 2 2
E E
N N
N I N I
=
=


This says that the voltages with polarities as shown will always
be in phase and the currents with directions as shown will
always be in phase.




Ideal Transformer Windings
Additive Polarity
-
+
I
1
E
1
N
2
N
1
0
2
0
1
E
2
0
1
-
+
I
2
Additive Polarity Observations
Primary winding (#1) is wound such that the top
of the winding is brought over the top of the core
Secondary winding (#2) is wound such that the top
of the winding is brought behind the top of the
core
Position of the polarity marks on the secondary
change, same theory and equations apply

Always Equations
Additive Polarity

+
-
I
1
E
1
E
2
-
+
I
2



No matter how the transformer is connected the relationship
between the primary and secondary voltages and currents will
always be:


1 2
1 2
1 1 2 2
E E
N N
N I N I
=
=


This says that the voltages with polarities as shown will always
be in phase and the currents with directions as shown will
always be in phase.

Referring Impedances

+ +
- -
I
1
E
1
E
2
I
2
Z
N
1
N
2
2


Secondary Equations:


2 2 2
E Z I =


But:
1
2 1
2
N
I I
N
=
and
1
1 2
2
N
E E
N
=


Therefore:
2
2 1
1 2 1 2 1 1 1
2
t
N
E Z I n Z I Z I
N
| |
= = =
|
\ .


Where: The turns ratio =
1
2
t
N
n
N
=


And: The referred impedance =
2
1 2 t
Z n Z =




Application of Referred
Impedance


+ +
- -
I
1
E
1
E
2
I
2
Z
N
1
N
2
2
Z
1
I
1
+
-
E
1



Step 1:
1
2
t
N
n
N
=


Step 2:
1
1
1
E
I
Z
=


Step 3:
2 1 t
I n I =



Exact Equivalent Circuit
G -jB
Z
+
-
+
-
I I
E
1
E
2
-
V
+
+
-
V
p
p
p
Z
s
s
c m
I
2
I
s
=
1
n
t
:
1
I
ex
+
-
V
m
General Solution


G -jB
Z
+
-
+
-
I I
E
1
E
2
-
V
+ +
-
V
p
p
p
Z
s
s
c m
I
2
I
s
=
1
n
t
:
1
I
ex
+
-
V
m


Given: V
s
and I
s

Required: V
p
and I
p


Solution: 2 s s s
E V Z I = +
and 2 s
I I =


1 2 t
E n E =
and 1 2
1
t
I I
n
=



1 m
V E =
and
( )
ex c m m
I G jX V =



1 p ex
I I I = +
and
p m s p
V V Z I = +



Referred Z Solution

G -jB
+
-
+
-
I I
E
1
E
2
-
V
+ +
-
V
p
p
Z
p
c
m
1
n
t
2
Z
s
n
t
: 1
I
2
= I
s
I
ex
s
+
-
V
m


Given: V
s
and I
s

Required: V
p
and I
p


Solution: 2 s
E V =
and 2 s
I I =


1 2 t
E n E =
and 1 2
1
t
I I
n
=



2
1 1 m t s
V E n Z I = +
and
( )
ex c m m
I G jX V =



1 p ex
I I I = +
and
p m s p
V V Z I = +




Approximate Solution
-jB
+
-
+
-
I
-
V
+
+
-
V
Z
I
G
E
E
= I
I
p
p
c
m
T
1
1
2
2 s
s
I
ex



Given: V
s
and I
s

Required: V
p
and I
p


Solution: 2 s
E V =
and 2 s
I I =


1 2 t
E n E =
and 1 2
1
t
I I
n
=



2
1 1 p t s
V E n Z I = + and
( )
ex c m p
I G jX V =



1 p ex
I I I = +





Other Operating Parameters

Compute input complex power:
*
1000
s s
p p p
V I
S P jQ

= = + kW + j kvar


Compute output complex power:
*
1000
s s
s s s
V I
S P jQ

= = +
kW + j kvar


Compute efficiency:
100
s
p
P
Eff
P
=
%

Compute voltage regulation:
100 100
p
s
NL FL t
reg
FL s
V
V
V V n
V
V V

= =
%
Short Circuit Test

+
-
+
-
-
+ +
-
V
I
E
E
sc
sc
1
2
P
sc
Z
T
=
R
T
+ j
X
T
I
sc
V
s
= 0
n
t
: 1
n
t

1. Assumption: neglect shunt admittance branch
2. Connect primary to an adjustable source and adjust so that I
sc
is equal to rated
primary current
3. Measure: V
sc
, I
sc
and P
sc

4. Then:
2
sc
T
sc
P
R
I
=
and
sc
T
sc
V
Z
I
=


1
cos
T
T
R
Z
u

| |
=
|
|
\ .
and
( ) sin
T m
X Z u =


/
T T T T
Z Z R jX u = = +

Impedance Diagram
X
T
R
T
0
Z
T
Open Circuit Test
-jB
+
-
+
-
I
-
V
+
+
-
V G
E
E
I
p c
m
1
1
2
oc
oc
I
ex
P
oc
n
t
: 1


1. Assumption: neglect series impedance
2. Connect the secondary to an adjustable source and adjust voltage to rated
secondary voltage
3. Measure: V
oc
, I
oc
and P
oc

4. Then:
( )
2
oc
c
t oc
P
G
n V
=
and
2
oc
t oc
m
t oc
t oc
I
n I
Y
n V
n V
| |
|
\ .
= =

1
cos
c
m
G
Y
|

| |
=
|
|
\ .
and
( ) sin
m m
B Y | =


/
m m c m
Y Y G jB | = =



Admittance Diagram
G
c
B
m
Y
m
0
Exact Equivalent Circuit

G -jB
Z
+
-
+
-
I I
E
1
E
2
-
V
+
+
-
V
p
p
p
Z
s
s
c m
I
2
I
s
=
1
n
t
:
1
I
ex
+
-
V
m


With Z
T
and Y
m
known from the short-circuit and open-circuit tests, if necessary, the
parameters of the exact equivalent circuit can be approximated by:


1
2
p T
Z Z = and
2
1
2
T
s
t
Z
Z
n
=



m m
Y Y =

Example
Given: The Rating of a Single-Phase Transformer
kVA 100 V
hi
7200 V
low
240
Compute the turns ratio:
n
t
V
hi
V
low
n
t
30 =
Compute the rated pri mary current :
I
rated
kVA 1000
.
V
hi
I
rated
13.9 = A
Short Circuit Test
Perform the short-ci rcui t test:
+
-
+
-
-
+
+
-
V
I
E
E
sc
sc
1
2
P
sc
Z
T
=
R
T
+ j
X
T
I
sc
V
s
= 0
n
t
: 1
n
t
Measurements: V
sc
250 I
sc
13.9 P
sc
1275
Calculate Series Impedance
Compute resistance: R
T
P
sc
I
sc
2
R
T
6.599 = O
Compute impedance magnitude: Z
mag
V
sc
I
sc
Z
mag
17.9856 = O
Compute the impedance angle: u acos
R
T
Z
mag
u
deg
68.475 = degrees
Def ine series impedance: Z
T
Z
mag
e
j u
.
.
Z
T
6.599+ 16.7313j = O
Open Circuit Text
Perform the open-ci rcui t test:
-jB
+
-
+
-
I
-
V
+
+
-
V G
E
E
I
p c
m
1
1
2
oc
oc
I
ex
P
oc
n
t
: 1
Measurements: V
oc
240 I
oc
13.5 P
oc
355
Calculate Shunt Admittance
Compute conductance: G
c
P
oc
n
t
V
oc
.
2
G
c
6.84810
6
= S
Compute admittance magnitude: Y
mag
I
oc
n
t
2
V
oc
.
Y
mag
6.2510
5
= S
Compute the admittance angle: | acos
G
c
Y
mag
|
deg
83.7096 = degrees
Def ine the shunt admittance: Y
m
Y
mag
e
j |
.
.
Y
m
6.84810
6
6.212410
5
j = S
Load Analysis
Transformer analysis using the approximate equivalent circuit:
-jB
+
-
+
-
I
-
V
+
+
-
V
Z
I
G
E
E
= I
I
p
p
c
m
T
1
1
2
2 s
s
I
ex
Load
Define "load": kVA
load
95 V
load
240 PF
load
.9 lag
Load Voltage and Current
Compute l oad vol tage and current:
V
s
V
load
e
j 0
.
.
V
s
240 =
arg V
s
deg
0 =
I
s
kVA
load
1000
.
V
load
e
j acos PF
load
.
.
I
s
395.8333 =
arg I
s
deg
25.8419 =
Compute Primary V and I
-jB
+
-
+
-
I
-
V
+ +
-
V
Z
I
G
E
E
= I I
p
p
c
m
T
1
1
2
2 s
s
I
ex
Load
I
2
I
s
I
2
395.8333 =
arg I
2
deg
25.8419 =
E
2
V
s
E
2
240 =
arg E
2
deg
0 =
E
1
n
t
E
2
.
E
1
7200 =
arg E
1
deg
0 =
I
1
I
2
n
t
I
1
13.1944 =
arg I
1
deg
25.8419 =
Compute Input V and I
-jB
+
-
+
-
I
-
V
+
+
-
V
Z
I
G
E
E
= I
I
p
p
c
m
T
1
1
2
2 s
s
I
ex
Load
V
p
E
1
Z
T
I
1
.
V
p
7376.3418 =
arg V
p
deg
1.2486 =
I
ex
Y
m
V
p
.
I
ex
0.461 =
arg I
ex
deg
82.461 =
I
p
I
1
I
ex
I
p
13.4536 =
arg I
p
deg
27.4816 =
Compute Operating
Characteristics
-jB
+
-
+
-
I
-
V
+
+
-
V
Z
I
G
E
E
= I
I
p
p
c
m
T
1
1
2
2 s
s
I
ex
Load
Compute compl ex power input: S
p
V
p
I
p
.
1000
S
p
87.0215+ 47.7025j = kVA
Compute compl ex power output: S
s
V
s
I
s
.
1000
S
s
85.5+ 41.4095j = kVA
(continued)
Compute effi ciency: Eff
Re S
s
Re S
p
100
.
Eff 98.2516 = %
Compute vol tage regul ation: V
NL
V
p
n
t
V
NL
245.8781 =
V
FL
V
s
V
FL
240 =
V
reg
V
NL
V
FL
V
FL
100
.
V
reg
2.4492 =
Homework Problem
A 50 kVA, 2400-240 volt transformer has the
following test results:
Short Circuit: V=60.0 V, I=20.8 A, P=750 W
Open Circuit: V=240 V, I=5.97A, P=213 W
Determine the parameters of the approximate
equivalent circuit

HW (continued)
The transformer serves a load of 45 kVA, at 235
volts and 0.85 power factor lagging
Compute the input and output voltages and
currents
Compute the input and output complex powers
Compute efficiency
Compute voltage regulation