Scribd
Upload
1K views60 pages

Chapter7 PER UNIT Analysis

This document discusses per unit analysis, which is a method of normalization used in power system calculations involving multiple transformers and voltage levels. It involves selecting base values for voltages, currents, impedances, power, etc. and defining all quantities as ratios to these base values. This allows circuit analysis to be performed using simple diagrams by expressing all values in consistent per unit terms. Several examples are provided to illustrate the procedure of selecting appropriate bases, drawing the impedance diagram, and solving for desired per unit quantities before converting back to actual values if needed.

Uploaded by

Se Samnang
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1K views60 pages

Chapter7 PER UNIT Analysis

This document discusses per unit analysis, which is a method of normalization used in power system calculations involving multiple transformers and voltage levels. It involves selecting base values for voltages, currents, impedances, power, etc. and defining all quantities as ratios to these base values. This allows circuit analysis to be performed using simple diagrams by expressing all values in consistent per unit terms. Several examples are provided to illustrate the procedure of selecting appropriate bases, drawing the impedance diagram, and solving for desired per unit quantities before converting back to actual values if needed.

Uploaded by

Se Samnang
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 60

PER UNIT Analysis

In power system calculations a normalization of


variables called per unit normalization is almost
always used.
It is especially convenient if many transformers
and voltage levels are involved.
The idea is to Dick base values for quantities
such as voltages, currents, impedances,
power, and so on, and to define the quantity in per
unit as follows.

A very important point is that the base
variables are chosen to satisfy the same
kind of relationship as the actual variables.
For example, corresponding to the
equation between actual variables
(complex numbers),

Equation (5.21) has the same form as (5.19),which
implies that we can do circuit analysis using (5.21)
exactly as with (5.19).
The p.u. subscript indicates per unit and is read
"per unit."
If the network includes transformers, there is
an advantage to picking different bases for
the two sides of the transformer.
Suppose that we make the ratio of voltage
bases equal to the connection-induced
voltage ratio in the per phase equivalent
circuit, or what we will take to be equivalent,
The ratio of secondary and primary (open-
circuit) voltage ratings of the three-phase
banks.
Let S
B
be the same on both sides.
For example, consider a transformer bank
connected Wye -wye.
Figure 5.23 Pick convenient bases V
1B
,
S
B
,I
1B
and Z
IB
for side 1.
Then, we get for the corresponding
quantities on side 2,
All quantities on the left side are now
normalized with respect to the bases sub 1;
all on the right side with respect to the
bases sub 2.
In particular, we get
And
(5.23) and (5.24), we can redraw Figure
5.23 to show relations between per unit
quantities, without an ideal transformer.
Consider next the case of a wye-delta
transformer bank.
Assume that the system is normal and we
are able to use the simplified per phase
diagram.
In this case in Figure 5.21 we remove the
30
o
phase shift.
Relating the bases as described previously
we again get Figure 5.24.
Again, relating bases by n, we get Figure 5.24
except that


For the delta-wye case, using the simplified
per phase diagram and relating the bases by
we get Figure 5.24, with the same
values of X
lpu
.and X
mpu
. as in the delta-delta
case.
PER UNIT THREE PHASE QUANTITIES
Three-phase quantities may also be
normalized by selection appropriate
three-phase bases.
In a very natural way we define
where S
B
and V
iB
are the per phase quantities
discussed earlier, and the V
ll
iB
refer to the
line-line voltages.
Since
we see that numerically, the difference
between per phase and three-phase
quantities expressed in per unit may be
unimportant.
Power engineers sometimes need not
specify whether a per unit voltage is line-
line or line-neutral.
For example, if we say that the voltage
(magnitude) is 1 p.u., this means that the
line-line voltage (magnitude) is 1 p.u.
(i.e., equal to its base value) and that
the line-neutral voltage (magnitude) is
also 1 p.u i.e. equal to its base value).
A similar is permissible relative to three-
phase and single-phase power.
Consider also the formula for Z
B
' We
can
calculate Z
B
using either single-phase or
three-phase quantities.
Example
Given three single-phase transformers with
the following nameplate ratings, find the
impedance diagram for the wye-wye, wye-
delta, delta-delta. and delta-wye
connections, picking the voltage and power
bases for the three-phase bank "induced" by
the nameplate ratings,
What is meant by "induced" will be clearer
from the example.
(5.31)
Nameplate ratings (1 transformers)
1000 kVA
13.2-66kV
X
L
= 0.1 p.u.
X
m
= 100p.u.

Solution
The significance of the per unit reactance
specified in the nameplate ratings is the
following.
The manufacturer has picked impedance
bases in accordance with the nameplate
volt-ampere and voltage ratings.
Thus for the 1<> transformers, we have
We have been using models in which the reactance
are in the primary. Thus, the "actual" reactance
(referred to the primary) are

Now consider the three-phase
interconnections of these single-phase
transformers.
If we connect the primaries in wye (the
secondary can be wye or delta) and pick
S
3
B
and V
ll
1B
induced by the nameplate
ratings, we get S
3
B
= 3 x 1000kVA and

Then, using (5.31),we find that Z
1B
= 174
Then
KV
V
LL
B
2 . 13 3
1
=
in the impedance diagram. Of course, these are
just the per unit values supplied by the
manufacturer.
if the primaries of the single-phase transformers
are connected in delta and we pick
(so that 1 p.u. of the line voltage corresponds
to rated voltages on the transformer
primary), then

In the simplified circuit diagram for the delta-
delta and delta-wye connections, we find that
the per unit reactance are

Thus we get, in every case, the same per unit
values for X, and X
m
as in the case of the
single-phase transformer.
In all four cases we have the impedance
diagram shown in Figure E5.11.
The interesting result of Example is that, provided
that we use the bases induced by the nameplate
ratings, the per unit reactances have the same
numerical values in the wye-wye, wye-delta, delta-
wye, and delta-delta connections, as in the
single phase case.
Example
CHANGE OF BASE
With several items of equipment, with
different ratings, it is not usually possible to
pick base values so that they are always
the same as the nameplate ratings.
It is then necessary to recalculate the per
unit values on the new basis.
The key idea is that Z
pu
depends on Z
B
but,
of course, Z
actual
does not.
We note the relationship between old and
new values:
Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z Z Z Z
New
B
Old
B
Old
Pu
New
Pu
New
B
New
Pu
Old
B
old
Pu actual

=
= =
S
S
V
V
Z old
B
New
B
New
B
old
B
old
pu
2
(
(

=
(5.32)
(5.33)
Example
PER UNIT ANALYSIS OF NORMAL
SYSTEM
If we have a normal system, we can
greatly simplify the solution of the
usual power system problem by using
an impedance diagram.
The rationale was described in Section
5.5 and the procedure is summarized
as follows.
Procedure for a per unit analysis
1. Pick a volt-ampere base for the whole
system.
2. Pick one base voltage arbitrarily. Relate all
the others by the ratio of the magnitudes of
the open-circuit line voltages of each
transformer bank.
3. Find the impedance bases in the different
sections and express all impedances in
consistent per unit terms.
desired.
4. Draw the impedance diagram for the
entire system, and solve for desired per
unit quantities.
5. Convert back to actual quantities if
desired.

In step 1 it is convenient to pick the
three-phase volt-ampere rating of one of
the generators or transformer banks.
In step 2 it is convenient to pick as a
base voltage the rated voltage of the unit
picked in step 1.
In this case in step 3, the manufacturer's
specification of impedance in per unit be
used directly.
If not, in step 3 use (5.33). In step 4
we note that the impedance diagram
will not have phase shifters or ideal
transformers.
Finally, we note that for a normal
system the procedure described in
step 2 is feasible; we get a consistent
set of base voltages.
The procedure is illustrated in the next
two examples.
Example 5.1
Consider a system with one-line diagram shown in
Figure E5.14(a).
The three phase transformer nameplate rating are
listed. The transformer reactance are given in
percent; 10% = 0.1p.u.
The transmission line and load impedances are in
actual ohms.
The generator terminal voltage (magnitude) is
13.2kV (line-line).
Find the generator current, the transmission-line
current, the load current, the load voltage, and the
power delivered to the load.
Solution

The system is normal, and we can ignore
transformation-induced phase shifts.
We wish to derive an impedance diagram.
In Figure E5.14(a), three sections (1, 2, and
3) are identified.
We will need to pick appropriate bases for
these three sections.
To do the circuit analysis it is convenient to
pick E
s
=0.96L0
o
p.u. but since this choice is
arbitrary, there is no significance to the
absolute phases of the quantities resulting
from the analysis.
Step 4: We are now able to draw the
impedance diagram [Figure E5.14(b)].
The points labeled KLMN correspond to the
points similarly labeled on the one line
diagram.
Note that the same I
pu
represents different
actual currents in sections 1,2, and 3
because the base values are different.
Calculating the load voltage,
The element values shown are expressed in
per unit.
We next find Ipu by circuit analysis.
Example 2
Consider the same basic system as in
Example 5.1 but with these changes. The
generator voltage and load impedance are
not specified. Instead we are given the
following information. The voltage
(magnitude) at the load is 63 kV and the
three-phase load power is 5.0MW at a PF of
0.9 lagging. Find the load current, the
generator voltage and the generator power.
Solution
Using the same choice of bases as in Example
5.1 we have

Thus we can solve for Ip.u We get I
pu
= 0.608.
Since PF = 0.9 lagging implies that the
current lags the voltage by 25.84,we have in
fact, I
pu
= 0.608 Altering the
impedance diagram in Example 5.1to fit the
present case we have the circuit shown in
Figure E5.15. It is now easy to find E
spu
o
84 . 25 Z
We now can calculate actual quantities by
multiplying the per unit values by the
appropriate bases. We get

Example 3
Prepare a per phase schematic of the system
shown in Figure E5.16 and show all
impedances in p.u. on a l00-MVA, 132-kV base
in the transmission-line circuit. The necessary
data for this problem are as follows:
Determine the p.u. impedance of the load for
the following cases:
a. Load modeled as a series combination of
resistance and inductance
b. Load modeled as a parallel combination
of resistance and inductance

Solution
This example illustrates the various steps in
deriving the p.u. representation of the system.
Note that the data presented are in p.u on a
base specified for each component.
This would be typically provided by the
manufacturer. In the following analysis, we will
convert all these quantities to a common
system base that has been specified in the
transmission circuit.
Note: Once the base voltage is specified in
the transmission-line circuit, the base
voltage in all other circuits is determined by
the ratio of the magnitudes of the open
circuit line voltages of the appropriate
transformer bank connecting the circuits.
This is step 2 in the procedure described
earlier.

We now proceed to convert all the
parameter values to p.u. on the common
base specified.

The p.u. impedance of the transmission
lines connecting the load bus to the
high voltage buses is given by



The base impedance in the load circuit is
the same as the base impedance in the
transmission-line circuit.

You might also like