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IMPLEMENTATION OF OSPF ON IPv6

Team Members:A.Rohith (08AU1A0407) G.Nitesh Goud (08AU1A0421) J.Hiren Kumar (08AU1A0424) K.Krishna Kumar Gupta (08AU1A0434)

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Internal Guide K.Anjani Kumar

TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

OSI model consists of 7 layers. TCP/IP protocol consists of 4 layers.

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APPLICATION PRESENTATION SESSION APPLICATION TRANSPORT NETWORK PHYSICAL + DATA LINK

OSI Model

TRANSPORT NETWORK DATA LINK PHYSICAL

TCP/IP Model

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 Router Switch Hub

works in layer 3. works in layer 2.

works in layer 1.
SEGMEN T PACKET

DATA

Each

packet has an IP address.

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IP ADDRESSING
IPv4 32 bit dotted(.) IP address IPv6 128 bit colon(:) IP address are classified into two types:
1.

Public IP address 6/15/12

IPv4 PUBLIC IP ADDRESSES RANGES:

CLASS PRIORITY BITS

PUBLIC IP ADDRESSES

0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 B 10 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 C 110 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 v D D-Multicast and E-Reserved, They are not used. 1110 224.0.0.0 CLASS PRIVATE IP IPv4 PRIVATE IP239.255.255.255 ADDRESSES RANGES: ADDRESSES E 1111 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 A 1.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 B 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 6/15/12

Subnetting
Subnetting is another method of managing IP addresses.This is a method in which IP addresses are divided into smaller pieces, has prevented complete IP address exhuastion. When is subnetting necessary? Subnetting is required when one network number needs to be 6/15/12

NETWORK ELEMENTS HUB:

It works as broadcast. It transfers information to all PCs which are connected to it. Passive hub Active hub
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This is classified into two types:1) 2)

SWITCH:

It works with flooding and unicast. Un-managed switch Managed switch.

Switch is of two types:1) 2)

In managed switch, it can be configured 6/15/12 as the data will not such

ROUTERS
Routers are of 3 types :1) 2) 3)

Core router Distribution router Access router.

core router

Distribution router

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1)

Access layer : Small organization ex: 1600,1700,1800,2500 series.

2) Distribution layer : Medium size organization ex: 2500,2800,3600,3700,3800 series. 3) Core layer : very large organization and ISPs 6/15/12

INTRODUTION TO ROUTERS
Router works in layer 3.
Rou ter 1 WAN Pc 3
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Switch 1 Pc 1 Pc 2

Rou ter 2

Switch 2 Pc 5 Bangal ore Pc 6

Pc 4

Hydera bad

Cisco Router Memories

Memory Name RAM Content
1.

2. 3.

NV RAM ROM

1.

Active program and operating system instruction. Running configuration files. Routing table. Start up configuration files. POST (power-on-self-test). Startup / power-up utilities. Limited version of IOS. IOS
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1. 2. 3.

FLASH

1.

Conditions For Routing:

The

IP address of LAN interface of router should belong to the same network of LAN. serial IPs of directly connected routers must belong to the same network. IP address in the LAN of every branch must belong to different networks. interfaces of routers should be in different networks. 6/15/12

The

The

All

INTRODUCTION TO IPv6
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IPv6 Features:1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

Larger address space Global reachability Auto-configuration Efficient routing Easy mobility Better security.

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IPv6 Header:VERSION TRAFFIC FLOW LABLE(20) (4) CLASS(8) PAYLOAD LENGTH NEXT HEADER HOP LIMIT (8) (16) (8) SOURCE ADDRESS (128) DESTINATION ADDRESS (128)

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WHY IPv6?
128 bits (os and 1s binary) 2^128 = 3.4*10^38 IP addresses Each person in this world will get 5.5*10^28 IP addresses Colon hexadecimal system (:) 128 bits are divided in 8 blocks
(where as in IPv4 32 bits are divided into 4 blocks.)

Each block has 16 bits.

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1st IP address 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:00 00:0000

0001 0010 . . . . 000A . . . 000F

2^12 8 = 3.4*1 0^38

Last IP address FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:F 6/15/12

Rules Of IPv6:1.

Case insensitive:-

capital letters can be written as small letters.

Ex

2001 : 1224 : 4567 : ABCD : 1234 : CD00 : 3456 : A123 : 1234 : cd00 : 3456 : a123

2001 : 1224 : 4567 : abcd

2.

Leading zeroes can be omitted:

2001 : 9 : 123 : ABCD : 1234 : 3456 : 1 : 3456

Ex: 2001 : 0009 : 0123 : ABCD : 1234 : 3456 : 0001 : 3456

3.

Successive block of zeroes can be represented with double colon (::) (but use only once)
2001 : 0 : 0 : ABCD : 1234 : 0 : 6/15/12 0 : 3456

Ex: 2001 : 0000 : 0000 : ABCD : 1234 : 0000 : 0000 : 3456

IPv6 Addressing

Link local address LLA prefix is FE80:0:0:0::/64

Unique local address (private IPs) ULA prefix is FC00:0:1:2::/48

Global unique address (public IPs) GUA prefix is FC00:0:0:0/64

SCOPE:-

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IPv6 Addresses
Prefix 64 bits Interface identifies 64 bits

1st part of IP address is prefix 2nd part of IP address is interface identifies Here 1st 64 bits are generated by ISP 2nd 64 bits are generated by pcs automatically.

64+64 =128

Ex:

FE80 : 0 : 0 : 0 : : / 64
Pref 6/15/12 ix Interface Identifies

IPv4 addresses IPv6 addresses 1. Internet address class 1. N/A 2. Multicast address(224 . 0. 0 . 0 / 4) 3. Broadcast address 4. Unspecified address is 0.0.0.0 5. Loopback address is 127 . 0 . 0 . 1 6. Public IP address 7. Private IP address 6/15/12 2. IPv6 multicast address (FF00 : : / 8) 3. N/A 4. Unspecified address is : : 5. Loopback address is : : 1 6. Aggregately global unicast address 7. Unique local address

IPv4 Addresses and IPv6 Equivalents

Neighbor Discovery Protocol

NDP is used by host to
i. ii. iii.

auto configuration of IP address To determine MAC address To discover neighboring routers. NDP is also used by routers

i. ii.

For advertising IP address in auto configuration To determine MAC address (if the router doesn't know the MAC 6/15/12 address of the other router )

AUTO CONFIGURATION
1. Stateless:

Receipt of Router Advertisement messages with one or more Prefix Information options Use of a stateful address configuration protocol such as DHCPv6 Receipt of Router Advertisement messages and stateful configuration 6/15/12 protocol

2. Stateful:

3. Both:

ROUTING
Identifying shortest path and delivering the packets is called Routing. Routing is of 3 types:1. 2. 3.

Static routing Default routing Dynamic routing

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Static Routing:Static routing is not used in internet it is used in a group.

Default Routing:If the router hasn't been programmed with a rule on how to route packets to this particular destination, then the router send the packet to the default route.

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 1. 2.

Dynamic Routing Protocol into two types: :This is divided

Distance vector routing protocol (RIP) Link state routing protocol (OSPF)

Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP)

RIP OSPF

EIGRP Exterior Gateway Protocol BGP (boarder gateway protocol)

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OPEN SYSTEM PATH FIRST (OSPF)

It is a dynamic routing protocol OSPF is a link-state protocol As long as every OSPF router has an identical link-state database, every router can calculate the shortest paths to the desired destination, using the Dijkstra Shortest Path First algorithm.

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Operation Of OSPF
OSPF routers typically go through the following stages to maintain the operation of an entire network: Neighbor discovery Database synchronization Route calculations

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OSPF Challenges
OSPF faces several key challenges in supporting today's networks: Scalability Quick convergence Load balancing Security

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IMPLEMENTATION OF OSPF and IPv6

OSPF has been adapted to support IPv6 in RFC 2740 (OSPFv3). All fundamental mechanisms of OSPF remain unchanged, such as flooding, areas, DR election, SPF route calculation, etc.
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Conclusion
By using OSPF the packets can reach its destination with

High speed Shortest distance High security High reliability

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Concluding Remark

Thank you!

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