OSI network layer

CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Chapter 5

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OSI network layer

OSI model layer 3 TCP/IP model Internet layer Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical
HTTP, FTP, TFTP, SMTP etc

Data stream Segment

Application Transport Internet Network Access

TCP, UDP

Packet
Frame Bits

IP
Ethernet, WAN technologies

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Network layer topics

IP version 4 the most common layer 3 routed protocol Dividing hosts into groups why and how

Routing sending packets the right way

Routing how routers learn routes IP addressing in chapter 6

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Purpose of layer 3
Decide how to get the data from source to destination, then route it.

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Layer 3 protocol
A layer 3 protocol such as IP version 4 must: Provide an addressing scheme to identify networks and individual hosts Encapsulate a segment from layer 4 into a packet and include addresses Direct the packet across one or many networks to the destination host Decapsulate (remove the packet header) and give the segment to layer 4.

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Network layer protocols

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) the most common Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) designed to replace version 4 eventually Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) AppleTalk

Connectionless Network Service (CLNS/DECNet)

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IP characteristics
Designed with low overhead for speed it does only what it needs to do. Connectionless does not set up connection with destination before sending packet. Best effort (unreliable) no guarantee of safe delivery, no checking or resending.

Independent of media, but does need to know maximum packet size.

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Network layer encapsulation

Segment from transport layer

Packet header added to make IP packet

Sent to data link layer for further encapsulation into frame

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IPv4 packet header fields

IP address of source host, needed so reply can be sent. IP address of destination host, needed so routers can find route.

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IPv4 packet header fields

Reduced by 1 at each router. Packet dropped if it goes to 0. TCP or UDP used in Transport layer.

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IPv4 packet header fields

Priority for QoS. E.g. voice data has higher priority than e-mail. For checking if header has been corrupted.

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IPv4 packet header fields

Shows if packet has been fragmented or must not be fragmented. If router has to split a packet, this gives order for putting pieces together.

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IPv4 packet header fields

Version 4. Header length. Length of whole packet.

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IP header

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Splitting up networks
Fully switched network, each device has its own bandwidth. You could have hundreds of computers. Why split it up? Too large to manage efficiently Too much broadcast traffic - congestion Too many addresses for switches to remember

Lack of security
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How to split the network

Geographically different sites Purpose what software and shared resources do people use? How much bandwidth do they use? Ownership different companies or departments in a company, security requirements

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Use a router
Limits broadcasts Can provide security Addressing scheme based on networks - hierarchical

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IPv4 hierarchical address

32 bits in four 8-bit octets, written in decimal Network part then host part Here network part (prefix) is 24 bits /24 Length of network part can vary.

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Message to same network

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Message to different network

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Default gateway
Each PC is configured with an IP address and a default gateway. The default gateway is the IP address of a router port on the same network as the PC. It is the routers job to handle messages to other networks.

Each router port is on a different network and has a different IP address.

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Hops
A packet may pass through many routers on its journey. The trip from one router to the next is called a hop and the next router is called the next hop router. Each router looks at the IP address in the packet header and decides what to do with the packet next.

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Routing table and forwarding

Each router has a routing table. This contains a list of known networks and the best way to get there outgoing port and address of next-hop router. The router looks at the IP address of a packet. It decides which network this address is on. If it knows the network it forwards the packet. If it does not know the network it drops the packet.

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Directly connected

The networks of the routers own interfaces go into the routing table.

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Other networks
Routes to other networks can be configured by an administrator (static routes) Or they can be learned from another router using a routing protocol (dynamic routes) A router can have a default route. Packets for unknown networks go on this route instead of being dropped.

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Routing table entries

Directly connected shown by C

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Routing table entries

Static, configured by administrator, shown by S

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Routing table entries

Default, configured by administrator, shown by S*

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Routing table entries

Learned from another router using RIP routing protocol, shown by R

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Router has a route

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Routing protocols
Routers learn routes from each other and put them in their routing tables. A routing protocol is the set of rules they use to swap information. These routes are dynamic routes

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Static routes
Entered by administrator

Dynamic routes
Learned from other routers Start the protocol then it runs by itself

Time consuming, different for each router

Must be updated if routes change

Little processing No bandwidth used Gives nothing away

Automatically updates when routes change

More processing Uses bandwidth Gives away information

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Summary
Hierarchical Design model addresses performance, scalability, maintainability & manageability issues.
Traffic Analysis is used to monitor network performance. Hierarchical Design Model is composed of 3 layers:
Access Distribution

Core

Switches selected for each layer must meet the needs of each hierarchical layer as well as the needs of the business.
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Labs & Activities

Type PT Lab PT Lab Detail 1.2.4 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3

Mandatory* Mandatory Mandatory Review carefully

* If no previous Packet Tracer experience, else strongly recommended

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