Chapter 7
RESPIRATION (Respirasi)
The need for energy leads to
Gl u c os e
Photosynthesis
Animals
in
RESPIRATION
Types of cell respiration adaptation for Large Surface area Aerobic include
in
Plants can be at
involve
Compensation point
Respiratory structures of Protozoa Insects Fish Amphibians c o m p a r i s o n
Anaerobic occurs under Conditions Conditions Smoking Significance
Humans
The process of Energy production Health of respiratory organs affects rate of on the rate of effects
occurs under and its
how
on
Gaseous exchange
Vigorous exercise & other factors Regulatory mechanisms
Breathing mechanisms
7.1 UNDERSTANDING THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS IN ENERGY PRODUCTION
STATE THAT ALL LIVING PROCESSES REQUIRED ENERGY
Understanding the respiratory process in energy production
Transmission of nerve impulses
Muscle contraction
Active transport of biochemical substances
Energy Requirement
Formation of new protoplasm for growth
Cell division
Synthesis of proteins
IDENTIFY THE MAIN SUBSTRATE FOR PRODUCING ENERGY
The main substrate required in cellular respiration for producing energy is
Digestion of chd Photosynthesis in plants
STATE THE TWO TYPES OF RESPIRATION
TYPES OF RESPIRATION
1. External respiration
1. Is MECHANICAL process of taking air into lung
2. Internal respiration
1. Is BIOCHEMICAL process which occurs in living cell to RELEASE ENERGY inform of ATP
EXPLAIN WHAT CELL RESPIRATION IS
CELL RESPIRATION ( Internal Respiration )
The biochemical process in which energy is made available to all living cell
INVOLVE
1. of oxidizing GLUCOSE molecules to CO2, water, energy inform of ATP
glucose
oxidize
CO2
water
Energy (ATP)
2. Or internal resp. , tissue resp. ,cellular resp.
N
A A TYPES OF CELL RESPIRATION
E
R
E
R
O
B
O
B
I
C
RESPIRATION
I
C
RESPIRATION
Aerobic respiration
Breaking down of glucose in the PRESENCE of OXYGEN to release chemical energy In mitochondria
Anaerobic respiration
Occur in the ABSENCE of OXYGEN to release energy In cytoplasm
EXPLAIN THE ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM GLUCOSE DURING THE PROCESS OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION
ENERGY PRODUCTION IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION
FOOD -CARBOHYDRATES OXIDATION OF AIR CONSIST OF O2
GLUCOSE
MOLECULES
Releases of -- Energy-- Water-- CO2
Small portion = heat Larger portion = ATP from ADP phosphate bond broke down - energy
STATE THE CONDITIONS LEADING TO ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN CELLS
CONDITIONS LEADING TO ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN CELLS
Called ANAEROBES 1. VIGOROUS PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES (RUNNING IN A RACE) 2. ROOT OF PLANTS IN WATERLOGGED SOIL 3. MICROORGANISM (yeast) anaerobic and aerobic
4. SOME BACTERIA -obligate anaerobes
EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN YEAST
Absence of oxygen yeast converting glucose ethanol + CO2 Known as alcoholic fermentation or anaerobic resp
Glucose partly broken energy released lesser Widely used in baking industry
zymase
EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN HUMAN MUSCLES
Virgorous activity marathon, race Heart not able to provide sufficient O2 to muscle Muscle carry out ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Only small proportion of energy utilize from glucose
Initial stage: do aerobic respiration
Exercise PROGRESS [O2] drop because exceeds its supply
Decreasing O2 level, aerobic respiration , ATP reserved
Glucose LACTIC ACID. Small amount of energy released (150kJ = 2 ATP)
Insufficient O2 to break down lactate Oxygen debt build up in body
HIGH LEVELS of lactic acid lead to muscle fatigue and cramps
After vigorous activity, a person breathes more rapidly and deeply than normal to inhale more O2
The recovery period use to PAY BACK O2 debt
O2 dept paid back when all lactic acid is processed
WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATIONS FOR AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
CHEMICAL EQUATION FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION
CHEMICAL EQUATION FOR ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION in yeast
CHEMICAL EQUATION FOR ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION in muscle
COMPARE AND CONTRAST AEROBIC RESPIRATION WITH ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Similarities
Both are cellular respiration Glucose is the main substrate Energy is produced
Comparing and contrasting aerobic respiration with anaerobic respiration Aerobic Respiration Aerobic respiration occur in mitochondria.
Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic respiration occur in cytoplasm. Anaerobic respiration without utilising oxygen.
Aerobic respiration requires a continuous supply of oxygen.
The human experience normal breathing
The human experience fast and deep breathing
Aerobic respiration produces 38 ATP molecules.
Anaerobic respiration produces 2 ATP moleculues.
Aerobic respiration produces energy, water and carbon dioxide.
Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid, ethanol and energy in muscles.
a process of obtaining oxygen & delivering it to the cells for cellular respiration mechanical process to take in oxygen through diffusion across respiratory surface
is
Respiration Is needed to produce energy
2 stages
for is biochemical process to convert chemical energy in food molecules to Readily used energy Internal respiration
maintaining body temperature
is External respiration
is divided into
aerobic respiration carry out A series of biohemical reactions
carrying out living processes
anaerobic respiration break down glucose to produce
to Lactic acid & energy generate ATP
7.2
ANALYZING THE
RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES AND BREATHING MECHANISM IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL
STATE THE RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE IN HUMAN AND SOME ANIMALS
ORGANISM
RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE
Human Protozoa Insects Fish Amphibians
Lungs Plasma membrane Tracheal system Gills Skin and lungs
MAKE AN INFERENCE ON VARIOUS ADAPTATION OF THE RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES
RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE
Is specialised structure used by organism to help it respire
RESPIRATORY SURFACE
Is the surface which gas exchange occur
Small organism
Has simple respiratory structure
COMPLEX ORGANISM
Develop specialised organ for respiration for gaseous exchange Multicellular more complex form than unicellular Smaller surface area to volume ratio Longer distance if diffusion is only method Skin of some multicellular impermeable to gases Central body of these organism separate from the environment
DESCRIBE THE CHARACTERISTIC OF RESPIRATORY SURFACE IN HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANISM
characteristic of respiratory surface
Large total surface area
For gaseous exchange
Respiratory surface
Permeable
Minimize distance gas need to diffuse
Thin wall of respiratory surface
To diffuse O2 and CO2
Larger organism
For gas to dissolve
Moist respiratory surface
Good blood supply as transport medium Good ventilation mechanism
Surface area per volume Compare the two objects below. Which object has bigger surface area per volume? What conclusion can you made from here?
The larger the size of organisms, the smaller the surfaces area per unit volume of the organisms.
Unicellular organisms: plasma membrane provide enough surface area for gases transport through simple diffusion.
Larger organisms: need specialised respiratory structures for efficient gaseous exchange.
DESCRIBE THE BREATHING MECHANISM IN HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANISM
The human respiratory system
nasal cavity buccal cavity
pharynx epiglotis
larynx trachea ribs intercostal muscles bronchus lung
bronchiole
diaphragm
The human respiratory system
nasal cavity buccal cavity
pharynx epiglotis
larynx trachea ribs intercostal muscles bronchus lung
bronchiole
diaphragm
trachea
ribs
bronchus
intercostal muscles
bronchiole lung
diaphragm
bronchiole
rings of cartilage
alveoli
Gaseous exchange across the surface of the alveolus and blood capillaries in the lungs
Blood leaving the blood capillary has a higher partial pressure of oxygen and a lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide
inhaled air
alveolus
exhaled air
Blood entering the blood capillary has higher partial presure of carbon dioxide and a lower partial pressure of oxygen Carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood plasma
capillary wall blood capillary
High partial pressure of oxygen, low partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Oxygen diffuses into red blood cells
deoxygenated red blood cell
The human breathing mechanism
Rib cage moves upwards as the external intercostal muscles contract
air moves in lungs ribs diaphragms diaphragm contracts, moves down and flattens
air moves out
Rib cage moves downwards as the external intercostal muscles relax
diaphragm relaxes and curves upwards
Gaseous Exchange
What happen to your breathing rate after completing vigorous exercise? Why?
How about your heartbeat? Do you notice the change in the rate of your heartbeat? Your heartbeat becomes faster or slower? Why?
COMPARE AND COMNTAST THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WITH THAT OF OTHER ORGANISM
Insect respiratory structure
Tracheal system
spiracles - openings on the sides of the thorax and abdomen usually one pair of spiracles per segment The tracheae are invaginations of the cuticular exoskeleton that branch throughout the body with diameters from only a few micrometers up to 0.8mm. The smallest tubes, tracheoles, penetrate cells and serve as sites of diffusion for oxygen and carbon dioxide
Fish respiratory structure
gills
Fish gills
The gills of bony fishes are covered by an operculum. They are four in number with intervening gill slits Branches of the afferent and efferent branchial arteries pass out to the tip of a gill filament on each side. A rich capillary network, cross-connecting these branches and at right angles to them, occupies each lamella. the water flows directly opposite to the flow of blood in the lamellar capillaries.
Amphibian
Frogs have three respiratory surfaces :
skin:
Frogs can breathe through their skin while they are in wet places. They can also exchange gases between the blood vessels in it, and with its outer environment. There are also mucus glands in the skin, these keep the skin moist. Their skin absorbs a lot of dissolved oxygen from the surrounding atmosphere.
the thin membranes lining its mouth and pharynx. the lungs.
Adult frogs have poorly developed lungs. Their lungs are used on dry land while the frogs are active. Gas exchanged by the lungs is used to make the vocal cords vibrate. They are located in the larynx, and are necessary for the sound generated by a frog.
